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REN R 350 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Heterogeneity

A

Geologic complexity that occurs over varying spatial scales

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2
Q

Withdrawals

A

total water volume removed from rivers or groundwater systems (temporary or long term)

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3
Q

Consumptive Use

A

Portion of total volume withdrawn that involves substantial evaporative, drainage, or other loss during use

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4
Q

Return Flow

A

The water delivered back to the stream or ground water withdrawn (withdrawal minus competitive use)

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5
Q

Water balance equation

A

0 = P(+) + ET(-) +Q(-) +/- S

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6
Q

watershed

A

a topographically delineated area of land that collects and discharges surface streamflow through one outlet (steam or river)

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7
Q

If P < Q + ET

A

Decrease in storage

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8
Q

if P > Q + ET

A

Increase in storage

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9
Q

Forms of Energy (3)

A
  • Radiation (Q*+)
  • Thermal energy (sensible heat) (Qh(-) Qg(-))
  • Kinetic Energy (Latent Heat) (Qe(-)
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10
Q

Transfer Mechanism of Qg

A

Conduction

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11
Q

Transfer mechanism Qh (Sensible Heat)

A

Convection

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12
Q

Transfer Mechanism Qe (Latent Heat Exchange)

A

Evaporation

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13
Q

Day time (noon, summer, warm and moist)

A

Qe > Qh > Qg

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14
Q

Day time (noon, late summer, warm and dry)

A

Qh > Qe > Qg

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15
Q

Nighttime (midnight, early summer, cool)

A

Qg > Qh > Qe

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16
Q

leaf litter

A

leaf litter acts a a thermal insulator, keeping Qg very small; acts as a vapour barrier when dry, keeping Qe small; as a result Qh is the largest mode of dissipation

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17
Q

Bowens ratio

A

Qh / Qe

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18
Q

Bowens ratio <1

A

Qh < Qe
evaporation dominates
daytime moist conditions

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19
Q

Bowens ratio >1

A

Qh > Qe
heat production dominates
night time, dry conditions

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20
Q

ea

A

ambient vapor pressure
vapor pressure in air mass at ambient temperature

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21
Q

es

A

saturation vapor pressure
max. amount of vapor pressure that can exist in air mass at ambient temperature

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22
Q

Ta

A

ambient temperature
also called dry bulb temperature

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23
Q

Td

A

Dew point temperature
Temperature where condensation occurs (es=ea)

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24
Q

Tw

A

wet bulb temperature
where evaporatice cooling depresses temperature, usually obtained with a psychrometer

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25
Q

Relative Humidity (%)

A

ea / es

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26
Q

Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD)

A

es-ea

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27
Q

Lapse Rate

A

Vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere

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28
Q

Environmental Lapse rate

A

existing (REAL) temperature profile with elevation that is present

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29
Q

Adiabatic rate

A

the rate at which air masses cool as they rise only due to changes in atmospheric pressure

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30
Q

Ta <Te

A

Stable atmosphere

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31
Q

Ta>Te

A

unstable atmosphere

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32
Q

Orographic Storms

A

Forced lifting caused by topography
air masses cool when riding up over the land surface

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33
Q

Cyclonic and frontal storms

A

forced lifting
warm air and cold air masses in collision
often involve oceanic air masses

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34
Q

Convective Storms

A

Combination of forced lifting and unstable air
heating at ground surface and above air … convective air movement occurs
atmosphere also usually highly unstable

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35
Q

Probability (p)

A

p = m / (n+1)

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36
Q

Return Period (Tr)

A

Tr = 1 / p

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37
Q

Snow Accumulation –> Influential Factors

A

Elevation
Slope and Aspect
Wind
Vegetation

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38
Q

Ablation

A

the total loss of water from a snowpack by snowmelt plus evaporation / sublimation

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39
Q

Snowmelt

A

Amount of liquid water produced by melting of snow that leaves the snowpack

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40
Q

Snowmelt Phases

A

Warming
Ripening
Output

41
Q

Cold content

A

measure of “energy” needed to raise the average temperature of a snowpack to the melting point

42
Q

Warming phase

A

increase in snowpack temperature to ) degrees (cold content)

43
Q

Ripening Phase

A

Snowmelt increases the liquid water content snow, but no output from the bottom of the snowpack

44
Q

Liquid water holding capacity

A

water held against gravity on snow crystals and in capillary channels in the snowpack

45
Q

Output Phase

A

Once ripe, any additional melt will be output from bottom of snowpack

46
Q

Interception storage capacity

A

the amount of water held in all aerial portions of the vegetation and in the litter

47
Q

Dalton’s mass transfer equation

A

early approach
E = F (VPD & wind)

48
Q

Penman Combination approach

A

combined mass transfer with energy availability

49
Q

Penman - Monteith

A

Incorporated turbulent transfer (atmospheric conductance) and stomatal behaviour (canopy conductance)

50
Q

PET

A
  • represents the max. ET possible (given the atmospheric moisture demand)
  • actual ET is generally < PET
  • usually a quick estimate for management purposes

Purely an expression of atmospheric demand for moisture

51
Q

Gravimetric (0g)

A

(mass wet - mass dry) / (mass dry)

52
Q

Volumetric (0v)

A

(mass wet - mass dry) / (volume wet)

53
Q

Total storage

A

0v x Profile depth

54
Q

storage opportunity has an inverse relationship with

A

soil moisture content

55
Q

Detention Storage

A

(SWC - FC) x Profile depth

56
Q

Retention Storage opportunity

A

(FC-FMC) x Profile depth

57
Q

infiltration process usually starts with …

A

unsaturated conditions (initially metric potential dominates)

Pressure potential dominates later on in the infiltration process

58
Q

infiltration capacity

A

maximum rate at which water can enter soil under continually flooded conditions

59
Q

capillary fringe

A

region above the water table with water drawn up by capillary action

60
Q

water table

A

the level below which the ground is saturated with water

61
Q

Cone of depression

A

lowering of the water table around a pumping well

62
Q

Sufactants

A

Wetting agents used in treating fire induced water repellency to minimize their effect on filtration

63
Q

concrete frost

A

soil is saturated before freezing (no infiltration)

64
Q

granular frost

A

soil is moist but not saturated before freezing (some infiltration)

65
Q

Possible flow pathways

A

1 - Infiltration excess overland flow
2 - baseflow - deeper groundwater flow
3 - subsurface storm flow (interflow)
4 - return flow
5 - Channel interception

66
Q

Stage

A

Measure of steam elevation relative to a benchmark or datum

67
Q

m

A

rank #

68
Q

n

A

length of record

69
Q

Probability of no occurrences in N years

A

(1 - p)^N

70
Q

Hydrologic Cycle

A

The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves; includes such processes as evaporation, precipitation, and surface and groundwater runoff

71
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

PV=nRT

72
Q

specific heat capacity

A

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance one degree

73
Q

Time of Concentration (Tc)

A

The time it takes for the hydrologically most remote drop of runoff to work its way through the system

74
Q

Measuring Discharge

A

Q = V A

75
Q

Channel interception

A

rain falling directly on the stream (very small amount)

76
Q

ephemeral streams

A

streams that carry water only occasionally after heavy rainstorms

77
Q

perennial stream

A

flows year round

78
Q

intermittent stream

A

flows only at certain times

79
Q

Bank storage

A

occurs when the flow of water in the channel rises to a elevation higher than water table to the adjacent aquifer that is discharging into the river channel

80
Q

Hortonian Flow

A

Streamflow originates from 2 sources
- base flow
- stormflow

Primary mechanism –> surface runoff (overland flow)

81
Q

Variable Source Area concept

A

most of the storm flow generated by sub-surface flows
- infiltration NOT limiting
- watershed area not a direct index of flow response
- only part of a watershed is making contributes to storm flow –> size of the area changes over time

82
Q

Tov

A

Time for overland flow form most distant part of watershed to reach outlet

83
Q

Tch

A

time it would take water at the top end of the channel to flow to the outlet

84
Q

Dendritic

A

regions with uniform, erodible geology

85
Q

Trellis

A

regions with alternating bands of hard and softer strata

86
Q

Rectangular

A

regions with right angled faults / folding

87
Q

Parallel

A

regions with pronounced local slopes

88
Q

low order watersheds

A

smaller watershed, higher stream density

89
Q

high order watersheds

A

large watershed, lower stream intensity

90
Q

Strahler

A

most common method (start at 1)
1 + 1 = 2
2 + 2 = 3
1 + 3 = 3

91
Q

Shreve

A

start at 1
add everything
1 + 1 = 2
1 + 3 = 4

92
Q

stage

A

water elevation relative to some datum or benchmark

93
Q

rating curve

A

relationship between stage and Q

94
Q

Pool

A

deep, slow

95
Q

Glide

A

Transitional (tail of pool), accelerating

96
Q

Riffle

A

Shallow, fast, turbulent

97
Q

Run

A

Fast, Steady gradient, not turbulent

98
Q

Velocity variation

A

varies depending on bed conditions
- Smooth –> low n
- Rough –> high n

99
Q

Manning-Chezy equation

A

V = A(1 . 5/ n) r ^(2 / 3) s^(1 / 2)

A = cross-sectional flow area
Wp = Wetted perimeter
r = hydraulic radius = A/Wp
s = slope gradient of water surface
n = roughness coefficient channel

REN R 350 (1 decks)

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