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Gerontology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it difficult to define “getting old?”

A

Subjective, different for everyone

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2
Q

Generally, what are two contrasting outlooks on ageing that may contribute to ageist mindsets?

A

Positive: Ageing is a good experience, people live longer

Negative: Older individuals considered a “burden”

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3
Q

The stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination towards oneself or others based on age

A

Ageism

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4
Q

Among many, what are 4 noted consequences of ageism?

A

Can erode solidarity between generations

Can devalue or limit our ability to benefit from what older populations can contribute

Can impact our health, longevity and well-being

Far-reaching economic consequences

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5
Q

What are the noted impacts of losing some abilities as you age?

A

Social impact: Perhaps not as able or willing to socialize, less interaction with others

Intellectual impact: Less able to participate in intellectually stimulating activities

Financial impact: Loss of ability to make an income in the ways in which one used to

Mental/Emotional Impact: Potential to grieve the loss of certain abilities and the lifestyles associated with those abilities in addition to loneliness

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6
Q

What are three ways to combat ageism?

A

Not getting caught up in narratives and stereotypes

Value the older person for who they are, their experiences, their needs and their wisdom

Do not disregard their feelings or health issues

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7
Q

What 3 factors contributed to the development of retirement?

A

Developed due to a combination of increased life spans, the growing popularity of pension plans, and government-sponsored benefits

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8
Q

What is a commonly used definition of retirement?

A

The stage in life when one chooses to leave the workforce and live off sources of income or savings that do not require active work

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9
Q

What is the “set” retirement age in Canada?

A

65

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10
Q

What is something people who retire often struggle with?

A

Not feeling like they’re doing something significant/important

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11
Q

What are the 4 phases of retirement?

A
  1. Vacation phase
  2. Loss
  3. Trial and error
  4. Reinvention and rewiring
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12
Q

Describe the vacation phase of retirement

A

Freedom and relaxation
Lasts about a year for most

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13
Q

Describe the loss phase of retirement

A

Lose a routine, sense of identity, work relationships, purpose, loss of power
Unexpected and difficult
Feelings of fear, anxiety and sometimes depression
3 Ds

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14
Q

What are the three Ds of the loss phase of retirement?

A

Divorce: Not necessarily in terms of a marriage, but perhaps a divorce from work or regular routines and related psychological impacts

Depression

Decline: Physical and mental

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15
Q

Describe the trial and error phase of retirement.

A

Search for more meaning in life or a way to contribute

Find things that you love to do and do well

Can be some disappointment and failure involved

Important to keep trying and experiment with different activities

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16
Q

Describe the reinvention and rewiring phase of retirement.

A

Not everyone makes the transition to this stage

Consider what one’s purpose or mission is

Important to find meaningful activities that provide a sense of accomplishment

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17
Q

Not a question, just remember how important finances are for retirement lol.

A

N/A

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18
Q

What is a core issue that many elderly individuals have in relation to technology?

A

It can often be inaccessible and confusing

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19
Q

The use of digital information and communication technologies to access health care services remotely and manage health care

A

Telehealth

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20
Q

How did Covid-19 impact telehealth services?

A

Were expanded and used more regularly

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21
Q

What are some suggestions for older adults in terms of technology use?

A

Participate in training, discuss concerns, explore solutions and be involved

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22
Q

What are some suggestions for healthcare providers in terms of navigating technology use with older patients?

A

Get training, modify current tools for use with technology, talk with patients about concerns regarding technology use, direct patients to resources

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23
Q

What are some notable limitations to virtual care?

A

Does not replace in-person visits or ER visits

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24
Q

What does e-shift describe?

A

An innovative approach to providing of In-Home Community Shift Nursing for end-of-life clients, e-Shift puts a PSW at the bedside that is linked remotely to a RN through the use of smart technology

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25
Q

When cognition is weakened to a point where it impairs a person’s ability to function independently day to day

A

Dementia

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26
Q

What are the 5 key areas affected by dementia?

A

Learning and memory, language, visual and spatial, executive functions, social

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27
Q

What signs and symptoms are associated with the learning and memory component of dementia?

A

Confusion of place and time

Forgetting to take medications, repeating themselves, and forgetting appointments (with no other explanations).

Past memory (for example, from childhood) is easier to recall than more recent memories

Memory loss that disrupts daily life

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28
Q

What signs and symptoms are associated with the language component of dementia?

A

New problems with words in speaking or writing.

Problems with names, trouble expressing themselves, substituting wrong words, speech may become “choppier”

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29
Q

What signs and symptoms are associated with the visual and spatial components of dementia?

A

Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships.

Trouble driving, getting lost in familiar places.

Shrinkage of the visual field (see what’s in front of them but trouble with peripheral vision)

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30
Q

What signs and symptoms are associated with the executive function components of dementia?

A

Challenges in planning or solving problems.

Trouble with planning or organizing tasks, problems making complex decisions, challenges with preparing meals or banking

Procedures with multiple steps, even if they are familiar (for example, tying shoes), become difficult

Happens relatively quickly in terms of the progression of dementia

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31
Q

What signs and symptoms are associated with the social components of dementia?

A

Changes in personality or behaviour, socially inappropriate behaviours, unsafe decisions

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32
Q

What are the two main causes of dementia?

A

Blood vessel damage
Toxic proteins in the brain

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33
Q

Which type of dementia is associated with blood vessel damage?

A

Vascular dementia

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34
Q

What are the four types of dementia associated with toxic proteins in the brain?

A

Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s disease dementia
Louis Body dementia
Neurodegenerative disorders

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35
Q

What are 7 other causes of cognitive impairment that can often be confused with dementia?

A

Delirium (UTI, pneumonia)
Alcohol and drug use
Depression
Medications
Concussions or head injuries
Thyroid and abnormal electrolyte imbalances
Vitamin deficiency (B12)

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36
Q

What are some best practices when communicating with people living with dementia?

A

Talk slowly
Break the conversation into smaller pieces
Use the person’s name
Find other ways to get your message across

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37
Q

What are some best practices when helping a person with dementia with tasks?

A

Take them away from distractions and noise
Provide guidance or cues
Break bigger tasks into smaller steps
Offer to do a task with them but not for them

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38
Q

What are some ways in which dementia is treated/managed?

A

No cure for dementia
Possible to treat

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38
Q

How is treating dementia handled?

A

No cure for dementia
Possible to treat reversible causes
Medications to manage symptoms

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39
Q

What are the five strategies to promote brain health?

A

Physical activity and weight management
Good diet and nutrition
Blood vessel health
Reducing smoking and alcohol use
Brain and social activity

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40
Q

What is the relationship between developing chronic diseases and age?

A

The risk of developing chronic diseases and having multiple chronic conditions increases with age

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41
Q

A state of health where the person’s overall well-being and ability to function independently are reduced and vulnerability to deterioration are increased

A

Frailty

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42
Q

What can the frailty scale be used as an indication for?

A

Life expectancy and caregiver involvement

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43
Q

Family members, partners, friends or neighbours who provide personal, social, physical, and psychological support to someone in need, without getting paid

A

Caregiver

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44
Q

What are some strategies for maintaining caregiver wellness?

A

Eating healthy meals and snacks
Staying active
Adding small activities to each day
Getting adequate sleep
Asking for help

45
Q

Short-term relief for caregivers provided at home, a healthcare facility or an adult day centre

A

Respite

46
Q

How can respite care benefit the person in care?

A

Providing them with variety, stimulation, and a welcome change of routine

47
Q

Why is it important for a caregiver to take breaks in terms of impact on caring capacity?

A

If overwhelmed by the daily grind of caregiving, patience and compassion can wear thin making it harder to connect with or care for the person (compassion fatigue)

48
Q

The development of patient-centred treatment plans and delivery of care becomes a shared responsibility. The evaluation of treatment options and treatment planning is a collaborative process that involves patients and patients’ families as well

A

Multidisciplinary care

49
Q

Practice of caring for patients (and their families) in ways that are meaningful and valuable for the individual

A

Patient-centred care

50
Q

For which purpose was interdisciplinary care originally developed?

A

Care of cancer patients

51
Q

Who might be included in a multidisciplinary team?

A

Patient
Family/caregiver
Primary care physician
Care coordinators
Homecare service providers
Community support services
Palliative care team
Hospitals/ER/Clinics
Specialists

52
Q

The issue that individuals and organizations operate independently of one another, with little support or accountability for continuity of care.

A

Fragmentation

53
Q

Services and amenities provided by community-based or institutionally-based health and social service agencies and organizations.

A

Formal services

54
Q

What are the two ways in which formal services can be accessed?

A

In-home or outside the home

55
Q

What are 7 critical formal services?

A

Transportation
In-home nursing or personal care services
Home-making or housekeeping services
Home maintenance or chore services
Meals services
Senior centres
Information services

56
Q

What are three common issues affecting the elderly that make formal services and community care so important?

A

Mobility issues
Cooking or food issues
Not wanting to move away from home

57
Q

What are 5 common characteristics of high needs/complex clients?

A

Unstable medical issues
Frequent hospitalizations and ER visits
Need for personal care, ADL
High risk for placement in LTC
Caregiver Burnout

58
Q

How can a patient access home care services?

A

Valid OHIP card

Patient primary care, specialist, family member or caregiver can make a request for an assessment

Community organizations, hospital, ER, or another home care program can make a request for care.

If a secondary or tertiary party makes a request for services, patient consent is required.

59
Q

What are 5 key aspects of the role of the care coordinator?

A

Work directly with patients in hospital settings, doctors’ offices, community, schools and in homes.

Establish patient-centered care plans with the goal of maintaining autonomy, keeping the elderly at home for as long as possible.

Assess and determine eligibility for Long Term Care placement, respite services, day programs and home care services for high risk seniors.

Direct and refer to community resources.

Assist in accessing primary care

60
Q

What are 6 key services available through community and home care?

A

Care Coordination

Nursing, nutrition, occupational therapy, nutrition, physiotherapy, speech language pathology, social work

Personal Support workers

Medical supplies and equipment, drug cards.

Placement in Long Term Care and respite care.

Specialized services

61
Q

Drugs that bear a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when they are used in error

A

High-alert medications

62
Q

Team of Registered Nurses that provide care to patients with complex care needs and their families and support smooth and safe transitions from hospital to home

A

Rapid response nurses (RRNs)

63
Q

What are 5 key elements of the role of an RRN?

A

Confirming the patient’s hospital discharge care plan

Initiating communication with the patient’s primary care provider

Reviewing the patient’s medications

Helping the patient and their caregivers to understand the care plan

Identifying individuals requiring accelerated assessment by a Home and Community Care Support Services Care Coordinator

64
Q

What are the 5 eligibility criteria for the RRN program?

A

Live at home or in a retirement residence

Have multiple complex medical issues

Have multiple medications or change in medication routine

Have difficulty with disease management

Have a limited support network

65
Q

Who is the target population for Aging in Place?

A

At-risk seniors living in social housing, seniors facing access barriers to healthcare

66
Q

What are 6 services offered by AIP?

A

Onsite delivery of individual and congregate services and supports

Outreach and Intervention

Health promotion and health education

Nurse Practitioner Primary Care Outreach

Targeted enhanced services

Targeted rapid response

67
Q

Independent permanent living arrangements for persons with special needs residing as tenants in non-profit social housing settings.

A

Supportive housing

68
Q

What are 6 key features of supportive housing?

A

Permanence and affordability.

Services are multi-disciplinary.

Integration in the community.

Reduces isolation.

Person-centred model.

Services can include counseling, IADL assistance, opportunities for community involvement

69
Q

What are 4 goals of supportive housing?

A

Even quality

Universal access

Provision of appropriate choices

Improvement of existing mechanisms in providing housing assistance

70
Q

Functional abilities including bathing, dressing, getting out of bed, etc

A

Basic ADLs

71
Q

Functional abilities including meal preparation, shopping, housework, etc

A

Basic IADLs

72
Q

Functional abilities including managing money, using the phone, eating, taking medications, etc

A

Advanced ADLs

73
Q

What are the key differences between LTC and retirement homes?

A

LTC: Government-funded, guaranteed nursing and PSW services, must qualify for admission, waitlist, less costly

Retirement homes: Private, anyone can arrange for admission, usually no waitlist, personal care support not included, cost varies considerably

74
Q

What are the three key steps to choosing an LTC or retirement home?

A

Identify needs and wants, gather information and build a list, visit in person

75
Q

When is a person deemed incapable?

A

They do not understand and/or appreciate the consequences of their decision

76
Q

An assessment done in collaboration with the physiotherapist and occupational therapist examining mobility, falls, transfers, assistance with ADLs, need for equipment.

A

Functional assessment

77
Q

An assessment done examining a patient’s behaviour and its implications

A

Behavioural assessment

78
Q

What are the three core considerations of a capacity assessment?

A

Ability to understand
Ability to appreciate
Nature of the home and living situation

79
Q

What happens if a capacity assessment deems someone incapable?

A

The Power of Attorney (POA) will make the placement decisions on behalf of the person.

If no POA, the family (hierarchy) will make the decisions on the person’s behalf

If no family, the Public Guardian and Trustee can be appointed.

80
Q

Any adult who depends on others to meet everyday needs because they have a mental illness or developmental disability

A

Vulnerable adult

81
Q

Act (or lack of appropriate action) which causes harm or distress to an older person

A

Elder abuse

82
Q

What are three main causes of elder abuse?

A

Having power or control over a senior
Financial/addiction/mental health issues
Caregiver burnout

83
Q

What are the two main types of elder abuse?

A

Physical abuse and psychological/emotional abuse

84
Q

Act of violence causing or intending to cause bodily harm or physical discomfort

A

Physical abuse

85
Q

Action or comments instilling fear or emotional anguish

A

Psychological/emotional abuse

86
Q

What are three signs of physical elder abuse?

A

Unexplained injuries
Unusual bruising
“Doctor shopping”

87
Q

What are three signs of psychological elder abuse?

A

Fear of certain individuals
Abuser speaking for the senior
Not giving the senior privacy

88
Q

What is the leading cause of injury among seniors?

A

Falls

89
Q

What are 6 common causes of stress for older adults?

A

Managing chronic illness
Losing a spouse/partner
Being a caregiver
Adjusting to changes due to finances
Retirement
Separation from friends and family

90
Q

What is the NUTS acronym?

A

N= Novelty
U= Unpredictable
T= Trending on ego / personality
S= Sense of no control over situation

91
Q

Intended to allow people the ability to die with dignity when science and medicine can offer no better alternative to alleviate unbearable suffering

A

MAiD

92
Q

What are the eligibility criteria to receive MAiD?

A

Be 18+ and have decision-making capacity

Eligible for publicly-funded healthcare

Voluntary request

Informed consent

Serious and incurable illness

Advanced state of irreversible decline

Enduring and intolerable physical or psychological suffering

Cannot make a request on the basis of health inequities and social issues

93
Q

An approach that improves the quality of life of
patients and their families who are facing problems associated with a life-threatening illness

A

Palliative care

94
Q

What are the goals of palliative care?

A

Provide comfort, dignity and the best quality of life

95
Q

What are the 9 principles of symptom management?

A

Prevention

Assessment

Diagnosis

Goals of care

Managing the underlying cause and/or managing the symptoms

Non-pharm measures/environment

Pharm measures

Education/teaching

Psycho-socio-spiritual dimension

96
Q

What does the OPQRSTUV acronym stand for?

A

Onset
Provoking/alleviating
Quality
Region/radiation
Severity
Treatment
Understanding/impact on you
Values

97
Q

What does the SPIKES acronym stand for?

A

Setting
Patient’s perception
Invitation
Knowledge
Exploring/empathy
Strategy/summary

98
Q

A process that supports adults at any age or stage of health in understanding and sharing their personal values, life goals, and preferences regarding future medical care.

A

Advance care planning

99
Q

The overarching aims of medical care for a patient that are informed by patients’ underlying values and priorities, established within the existing clinical context, and used to guide decisions about the use of or limitation on specific medical interventions.

A

Goals of care (GOC)

100
Q

A designated person authorized to make decisions on behalf of a patient who is unable to make important decisions about their own personal care

A

Substitute decision maker

101
Q

A legal document that gives someone you trust the right to make financial or health care decisions for you

A

Power of Attorney (POA)

102
Q

What are 5 signs death is approaching?

A

Profound weakness and fatigue, bedbound

Total care with ADLs

Significantly decreased appetite and PO intake

Difficulties swallowing meds

Somnolence, reduced cognition, sleeping more

103
Q

What are 5 signs death is imminent?

A

Altered breathing (Cheyne-Stoke breathing)

Decreased consciousness

Cold and mottling extremities

Upper airway secretions

Decreased urine output

104
Q

Applying to a mentally incapable person and encompassing financial and personal care decisions

A

Substitute decisions act (SDA)

105
Q

Applies when a person is incapable of making a decision in the management of their property
or when a person is unable to appreciate the reasonably foreseeable consequences of a decision or lack of decision

A

Power of Attorney for Property

106
Q

What are the differences between an SDM and a POA?

A

SDM:
SDM
1. HCCA
2. A person who has been designated to make
decisions on your behalf if you are not able to make them yourself
3. Can be Court appointed
4. Can be the Public Trustee / Guardian

POA:
1. SDA
2. A person appointed to make decisions for an incapable person
3. Appointed by an executed Power of Attorney

107
Q

According to the SDA, a person is incapable of making personal care decisions if…

A

The person is unable to understand information relevant to their own health care, nutrition, shelter, clothing, hygiene, or safety

The person is unable to appreciate the reasonably foreseeable consequences of a decision

108
Q

Under the HCCA, which steps must be considered to determine if consent if required?

A
  1. Determining capacity
  2. Consent must relate to specific treatment
109
Q

What can’t an Attorney for Personal care consent to?

A

Treatments that are prohibited
Confinement, monitoring devices, drug or physical retrains

Gerontology (1 decks)

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