Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the first clues to a physician to diagnose an infection?

A

Patient Medical history, family and social history, physical examination, signs and symptoms.

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2
Q

Specimen’s are to be obtained from where?

A

The site of infection (Sites with normal microbiota, and sterile body sites)

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3
Q

Proper labeling of samples should include…

A

patient name, medical record number, patient location, collection date and time, specimen type/source, test required and name of ordering physician

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4
Q

Identification of Microbes often starts with (2)

A

Isolation and Visualization

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5
Q

What is a limitation of determining morphology?

A

Morphology is media-dependent

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6
Q

Complex Media

A

Support growth of most aerobic and facultative aerobic organisms

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7
Q

Enriched media

A

contain specific growth factors enhancing the growth of certain bacteria

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8
Q

Selective media

A

allow some organism to grow while inhibiting others

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9
Q

Differential media

A

allow identification of organism based on their growth and appearance on the media

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10
Q

Case Study - Rectal Abscess - Bacteroides fragilis (gram result and type)

A

Obligate anaerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium

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11
Q

Most pathogenic microbes can be detected in vitro in an overnight culture under aerobic conditions, except for …

A

Anaerobic bacteria
Slow-growing bacteria
Fastidious bacteria
Obligate intracellular bacteria

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12
Q

Acidic dyes stain …

A

Alkaline structures

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13
Q

Basic dyes stain …

A

acidic structures

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14
Q

Simple stains are composed of

A

single basic dye

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15
Q

Differential stains are used to …

A

distinguish between different cells, chemicals, or structures

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16
Q

Common differential stains include:

A

gram-stain
acid-fast stain
endospore stain
histological stains

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17
Q

Specials stains are used to identify

A

specific microbial structures

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18
Q

Special stains include:

A

negative (capsule) stains
flagellar stains
fluorescent stains

19
Q

Chocolate agar -

A

extreme nutrient-rich media with lysed blood cells

20
Q

Blood agar -

A

rich medium

21
Q

Hektoen agar -

A

selective/differential media to recover gram-negative all-rounders

22
Q

What are the key ingredients to conduct a PCR?

A

DNA polymerase, primers, nucleotides, buffer and template

23
Q

When a direct detection of a pathogen is not possible, what may help with the diagnosis of acute infections?

A

Detection of specific antibodies or microbial antigens

24
Q

Immunological tests are …

A

culture-independent

25
Q

Direct Agglutination

A

antibodies react with antigens on cells or acellular particle such as viruses and form agglutinates

26
Q

Indirect agglutination (or latex fixation assay)

A

Antibodies or antigens are bound to latex beads forming larger agglutinates in presence of respective antigen or antibody

27
Q

Hemagglutination assay

A

patient’s serum can be directly used to detect a specific serum

28
Q

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) use

A

antibodies to detect the presence of antigens or vice versa

29
Q

Direct ELISA

A

antigens are immobilized in the well of a microtiter plate

30
Q

Indirect ELISA

A

quantifies antigen-specific antibody rather than antigen

31
Q

3 characteristics of POC devices

A

speed, portability, convenience

32
Q

a good POC will have a high ________ and a high ________

A

Sensitivity; specificity

33
Q

5 methods of identification of microbes

A

Conventional techniques, biochemical methods based on semiautomatic and automatic systems, molecular-biological techniques, immunological techniques, and mass spectrometry (MS)-based semiautomatic methods

34
Q

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry generates

A

organism specific mass spectral fingerprints; allows species identification in less than an hour

35
Q

Innate immunity

A

fast and non-specific; produces signal molecules

36
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

takes days and is highly specific; signal molecules from the innate immune system stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses

37
Q

Immunity is

A

the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigens)

38
Q

Dysfunctions of Immunity:

A

overly active or misdirected immune responses; and immunodeficiency

39
Q

immunodeficiency:

A

primary (genetic) loss of immune function or secondary (acquired) loss of immune function

40
Q

Innate immunity Physical defenses

A

physical barriers (mucous membrane) and mechanical defenses (shedding, mucociliary sweeping, flushing of urine or tears)

41
Q

Innate immunity chemical defenses

A

chemical mediators (tears, saliva, mucus, stomach acid), antimicrobial peptides, plasma protein and inflammation-eliciting mediators

42
Q

Epidermis

A

closely packed epithelial cells mainly keratinocytes

43
Q

Dermis

A

dense, irregular connective tissue with blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands