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GERO 300 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

successful aging

A

the attainment of peak physical and psychological function in old age and continued participation in social and productive activities

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2
Q

What are some critiques of the successful aging paradigm?

A
  • unrealistic portrayals of old age
  • fails to account for the multidimensional nature of successful aging
  • ignores the subjective experiences of older adults
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3
Q

cohort aging

A

occurs as cohorts advance between different aging categories

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4
Q

social aging

A

changes to roles and relationships with family, friends, and other informal supports as one ages

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5
Q

psychological aging

A

changes in cognitive abilities, adaptive capabilities, and personality as one ages

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6
Q

What are 3 factors that influence the size and age structure of population pyramids?

A
  • fertility rate - births in a population
  • mortality rate - deaths in a population
  • migration - movement of people across borders
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7
Q

what percentage of Canada’s population are older adults?

A

16%

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8
Q

sex ratio

A

the number of males for ever 100 females

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9
Q

dependency ratio

A

measures the number of dependents to the number of working-age adults

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of dependency ratios?

A
  • elderly - ratio of older adults to adults
  • child - ratio of children to adults
  • total - combined ratio of older adults and children to adults
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11
Q

life course

A

the biological, social, psychological, historical, and economic factors that shape the lives of people over time

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12
Q

transitions

A

key points in the life course where changes in social roles occur

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13
Q

countertransitions

A

changes caused by another person’s role changing

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14
Q

trajectory

A

a series of transitions

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15
Q

theory of cumulative disadvantage

A

disadvantages of an individual/group are magnified over time

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16
Q

3 types of effects

A
  • age effect - change occurring as a result of aging
  • period effect - impact of a historical event on the whole society
  • cohort effect - social change that occurs as one cohort replaces another
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17
Q

what are 3 micro theories of aging?

A
  • disengagement theory
  • activity theory
  • continuity theory
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18
Q

disengagement theory

A

a mutual disengagement of an individual and society occurs in old age so death will be less disruptive to the social system (micro)

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19
Q

activity theory

A

older adults attempt to maintain their activities or find substitutes in later life (micro)

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20
Q

continuity theory

A

older adults attempt to maintain continuity in their lives (micro)

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21
Q

what are 3 meso theories of aging?

A
  • subculture theory
  • exchange theory
  • social constructionism
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22
Q

subculture theory

A

subcultures develop among people who have similar interests/experiences or have been excluded from full participation in broader society (meso)

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23
Q

exchange theory

A

social relationships are most satisfying when both parties feel they contribute equally to the relationship (meso)

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24
Q

social constructionism

A

humans are active agents who create their own reality

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25
Q

what are 6 macro theories of aging?

A
  • modernization theory
  • age stratification theory
  • age integration theory
  • political economy theories
  • feminist theories
  • critical gerontology
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26
Q

modernization theory

A

nations can be placed on a continuum based on their level of modernization, and modernization results in a loss of status and roles for the elderly (macro)

27
Q

what factors can result in loss of status according to modernization theory?

A
  • advances in health technology
  • modern economic technology
  • urbanization
  • mass education
28
Q

age stratification theory

A

society groups people into social categories which provide them with social identities (macro)

29
Q

age integration theory

A

age stratification can create age-segregated and age-integrated institutions (macro)

30
Q

political economy theories

A

highlight the role of structural institutions and power relationships in understanding how older adults are treated in society (macro)

31
Q

feminist theories

A

focus on the gendered nature of society (macro)

32
Q

what are disabilities and the most common ways to measure them?

A
  • the inability to continue regular activities of daily living
  • activities of daily living (ADLs) - e.g. eating, bathing, mobility
33
Q

what are 2 environmental theories of biological aging?

A
  • wear and tear theory - the body operates similar to a machine and wears out over time
  • somatic mutation theory - harmful mutations caused by environmental stressors accumulate with age and damage somatic cells
34
Q

what are 5 developmental/genetic theories of aging?

A
  • autoimmune theory
  • cross-linkage theory
  • neuroendocrine theory
  • free radical theory
  • genetic control theory
35
Q

autoimmune theory

A

over time, the immune system’s protective reaction declines and the system loses its ability to distinguish between self and nonself

36
Q

cross-linkage theory

A

as we age, the body accumulates cross-linked collagen, which makes tissue stiffer and results in changes to the body

37
Q

neuroendocrine theory

A

functional loss of neurons and their hormones is central to the aging process

38
Q

free radical theory

A

unstable free radicals can damage cells or cause cell mutations

39
Q

genetic control theory

A

generic control is programmed into every cell in our bodies, creating a blueprint for aging

40
Q

lentigo

A

discolouration of the skin, caused by acucmulation of melatonin

41
Q

senile purpura

A

bruises where blood vessels have ruptured

42
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

occurs due to the slow death of nerve cells in the brain - the exact cause is unknown

43
Q

presbyopia

A

inability to focus on near objects

44
Q

cataracts

A

the lens of the eye becomes cloudy

45
Q

glaucoma

A

increased pressure in the eye due to fluid buildup; can lead to blindness

46
Q

presbycusis

A

hearing loss that occurs with age

47
Q

osteoporosis

A

a disease resulting in severe bone loss where bones become thin and porous

48
Q

arthritis

A

a condition characterized by joint inflammation resulting in pain, swelling, and deformity

49
Q

what are the two types of arthritis

A
  • osteoarthritis - degeneration at joint surfaces caused by cartilage being worn with age
  • rheumatoid arthritis - occurs when the immune system attacks the synovial membranes
50
Q

what are some potential impacts of aging on the cardiovascular system?

A
  • hypertension
  • atherosclerosis
  • congestive heart failure
51
Q

most common ways to measure health

A
  • mortality rate
  • morbidity rate
  • self-rated health
52
Q

what is the leading cause of death in Canada?

A

chronic diseases

53
Q

compression of morbidity theory

A

increased lifespan will not lead to increased disability and healthcare use because of a compression of morbidity in the last years of life

54
Q

4 key social determinants of health

A
  • lower SES
  • social support
  • gender
  • ethnicity
55
Q

2 most common types of dementia

A
  1. Alzheimer’s
  2. vascular dementia
56
Q

trait theory

A

everyone has most personality traits to some degree (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness)

57
Q

Erikson’s theory of identity development

A

over the life course, there are 8 developmental stages characterized by a series of opposing dilemmas

58
Q

Levinson’s transitions through adulthood

A

builds on Erikson’s theory and attempts to fill the gaps that occur during adulthood, and differentiates between the paths experienced by men and women

59
Q

theory of intergenerational solidarity

A

attempts to explain how supportive relationships and living arrangements change over time:
1. children live with parents
2. period of separation
3. health/economic needs of parents determine living arrangements

60
Q

what are 2 theories on why elder abuse occurs?

A
  • stressed caregiver hypothesis - the abuser is likely to be an underappreciated and overworked caregiver
  • learned violence hypothesis - abusers usually have been abused in the past
61
Q

ecological model of aging

A

behaviour and well-being are a function of the fit between the person and the environment

62
Q

theoretical model of residential normalcy

A

defines residential normalcy for older adults as places where they experience overall pleasurable, hassle-free, and memorable feelings that have relevance to them

63
Q

types of supportive housing

A
  • board/care homes - supportive living arrangements for people who cannot live on their own
  • assisted living facilities - provide support services and some personal/medical care for older adults
  • continuing care retirement communities - provide a continuum of housing/care options for older adults
  • independent living communities - offer amenities similar to other CCRCs but also activities aimed at younger, healthier residents
64
Q

1984 Canadian Health Act

A

established the publicly-funded national health insurance program we have today

GERO 300 (1 decks)

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