final

Question 1

why are younger people having less sex

Answer 1

could mean that there is less peer pressure around sex, covid, hookup culture, surging anxiety rates, widespread antidepressant use, internet porn, increased frequency of masturbation, helicopter parents, careerism, smartphones, news cycle, info overload, sleep deprivation. masturbation rates are still high

Question 2

masturbation

Answer 2

encourages self acceptance as a sexual being, - partnered or multiple-partnered masturbation can alleviate performance pressure while providing erotic fantasy material for all partners. Mutual masturbation is one of the safest forms of sexual activity, as penetration does not occur and fluids are typically kept outside the body.
- suggest that educated people masturbate more than less educated people and that women (but not men) who are religious are less likely to masturbate than women who are not religious

Question 3

justin lehmiller

Answer 3

• Justin Lehmiller: most common fantasy themes are muiltparnter, BDSM, taboo sex acts, new positions or toys or settings, passion or romance or intimacy, non monogamous relations, gender bending and homoeroticism

Question 4

sexual touching

Answer 4

manual stimulation, foreplay is used to describe intimate touching that proceeds penetrative forms of sex. Many people, however, enjoy it all on its own, especially since it is less likely (but not impossible) to lead to pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections
- The first includes oral, non-genital contact, such as kissing, sucking, and nibbling of the lips, neck, earlobes, chest, and abdomen. Some people also extend this to include kissing and sucking fingers, toes, or buttocks. oral, non genital contact

Question 5

oral sex

Answer 5

• Oral sex is mouth-to-genital stimulation (lips, teeth, and tongue included).
• Many men love receiving fellatio and, anecdotally, find the ingesting of their semen by a partner to be an especially erotic sign of acceptance of their sexuality. Many people who perform fellatio also thoroughly enjoy it, and feel aroused by the power they feel in arousing their partner.
• Cunnilingus – mouth stimulation of the vulva
• Fellatio – mouth stimulation of the penis
• Analingus – mouth stimulation of the anus
• Sixty-Nining (69) – simultaneous mouth-genital stimulation

Question 6

intercourse

Answer 6

• Vaginal intercourse: penis-vagina
• Anal intercourse: penis-anus
• Pegging: typically refers to someone without a penis using a strap-on to penetrate the anus of someone with a penis
• Strap-on sex: typically refers to someone without a penis using a strap-on to penetrate the vagina or anus of someone without a penis
• Double-ended dildo: typically refers to two people using a long dildo to simultaneously penetrate each other vaginally or anally

Question 7

coitus

Answer 7

penis in vagina, emotional issues, position is personal preference

Question 8

Positions

Answer 8

• The missionary position is the most popular sexual position in heterosexual couples and involves two people facing each other during coitus.
• Missionary can also allow for deep penetration and relatively rapid thrusting. As such, it may not be suitable for men who believe they ejaculate too quickly. most liket to lead to pregancy
• The receptive partner on top position allows the person being penetrated to control the rate and depth of thrusting. For people with a vulva, it also allows them or their partner to stimulate the clitoris during coitus.
• Some people also refer to this as riding referring to the receptive partner sitting on the penis.
• A variation of this position is the reverse cowgirl
  doggy: The position involves the penetrative partner inserting themselves or an object into the receptive partner from behind. In heterosexual couples, it provides the best angle for the tip of the penis to stimulate the G-spot, which is located on the front wall of the vagina. The female can control/optimize this angle by lowering or raising the angle of her own back/body. The penetrative partner is also able to reach and stimulate the clitoris and women’s breasts in this position. good for controlling the speed of the thrusting and depth of penetration.
• The spoons position (Figure 13.14) allows both partners to be on their sides. It is less tiring and thus is useful during pregnancy or in case of illness. Also, it can be sustained for longer periods.
• A variation of the spoons position is the X position in which the partners engage each other by creating an X with their legs

Question 9

fetishes

Answer 9

• Fetishes are attractions or sexual desires that are often related to parts of the body or accoutrements that adorn the body such as lingerie or jewelry

Question 10

kinks

Answer 10

• A kink refers to anything that is considered an unconventional sexual practice. The use of this term is subjective depending on a person’s interpretation of what falls outside the norm. People may describe themselves as kinky based on any number of sexual practices. Some might include BDSM, watersports, public sex, and more.

Question 11

types of fetishes

Answer 11

• Foot fetish: most common, Freud say feet are a symbol of the penis,
• Objectophilia: involves a strong sexual desire, attraction, and often a feeling of commitment toward an inanimate object. Occasionally, however, the object can involve a well-known landmark (e.g., one woman fell in love with and married the Eiffel Tower) or even a tree. Data does suggest that many objectophiles have autism spectrum disorder, which makes establishing social relationships with people very difficult
• Furries: Furries are diverse groups of people who enjoy dressing up as animal characters that have human personalities and characteristics.
• These groups use anthropomorphic methods of bringing the characters to life. In other words, furries use human characteristics such as intelligence, walking on two legs, and interacting with others while maintaining some of the personas of the animal they are dressed up as.
• Hentai: anime porn
• Infantilism: infantilism is a fetish that involves fantasies of a return to infancy. An adult who engages in this type of sexual activity is sometimes called an adult baby. The acronym ABDL refers to adult-baby diaper lovers. Infantilism does not involve pedophilia, although the two are often confused. Often, infantilism will have a counterpart known as a daddy or mommy who acts out the role. These interactions may or may not involve sex depending on the relationship dynamic
• Asphyxiophilia: chocking or cutting off oxygen for sexual pleasure.
• Urophilia: practice of urinating on someone or being urinated on
• Looner fetishism: sexually aroused by smelling, inflating, playing with, bouncing on, and/or popping ballons or watching someone else

Question 12

BDSM

Answer 12

(kink) but bondage, dominance, discipline, submission, sadism, and masochism are commonly assumed.
- A sadist is a person who enjoys inflicting pain, and a masochist is a person who enjoys having pain inflicted on them
- Consent is an important aspect of BDSM play. Many BDSM communities emphasize the importance of consent because it allows participants to build trust and immerse themselves in the activities
- Both bottoms and tops report increases in relationship closeness and decreases in psychological stress after acting out scenes.
- Bottoms appear to enter an altered state called transient hypofrontality, commonly referred to as “sub space”, in which sensations of pain are reduced and feelings of floating, feelings of peacefulness, feelings of living in the here and now, and time distortions are all increased. Tops, in contrast, enter the altered state known as flow which is associated with focused attention, a loss of self-consciousness, and optimal performance of a task

Question 13

paraphilic disorders

Answer 13

• any unusual sexual desire that plays a central role in a person’s life is a paraphilia, otherwise referred to as a kink. Fetishes and BDSM activities in most contexts are examples, therefore, of paraphilias (or kinks). A paraphilic disorder, on the other hand, is an unusual sexual desire that plays a central role in a person’s life and causes that person significant psychological distress, is illegal, or involves other, non-consenting people. As opposed to paraphilias which are considered psychologically healthy ways to add creativity to one’s sex life, paraphilic disorders require clinical intervention.

Question 14

types of paraphilic disorders

Answer 14

• Exhibitionistic: milder, non-clinical form is a somewhat common form of sexual expression, and might, for example, involve being aroused by showing off one’s naked body to a partner. An exhibitionistic disorder typically involves non-consenting, unsuspecting others. Scatalogia is an auditory form of exhibitionistic disorder in which a person becomes sexually aroused by saying sexually obscene things to a non-consenting person.
• Voyeuristic: person becomes sexually aroused by watching people undress and/or engage in sexual activity.
  In its clinical form, voyeuristic disorder involves a perpetrator watching a person who is unaware of their presence (or camera) and who consequently has not consented to being watched. A perpetrator will typically masturbate while watching the victim from some hidden vantage point, such as from a peep-hole into a dressing room or bathroom, an open bedroom door, or the street
• Frotteuristic: Frotteurism is a disorder in which a person obtains sexual pleasure by rubbing against an unsuspecting victim. Frotteurism usually occurs in a crowded space such as a subway car (as seen in Figure 14.8), elevator, or crowded bar. Usually, the perpetrator, a male, will rub his penis, hand, or leg against a woman’s genitals, buttocks, or breasts. Often the perpetrator will then ejaculate either into a condom put on in advance or onto the woman’s clothin
• Pedophaliac: - A pedophile is a person who is sexually attracted either primarily or exclusively to prepubescent children. In most cases, pedophiles are identified as men
  
  • such a person has a paraphilia (i.e., pedophilia) but does not have a pedophilic disorder unless he is distressed by this attraction, or is at risk of acting on the attraction. Perhaps unsurprisingly, many researchers disagree with this standard and believe that any adult who is sexually attracted to children to any extent has a pedophilic disorder, regardless of whether or not the adult is at risk of acting on it
• Others: necrophilia, zoophiles, somnophilia

Question 15

etiology and genetics

Answer 15

premise that kinks and paraphilic disorders run in families, and the data are particularly strong in the case of pedophilic disorder. not certain whether this predisposition is a result of genes or the environment or a combination of the two.
- differences in white brain matter are thought to be predictive of pedophilia
- Impulsivity levels might predict whether someone acts on an urge as opposed to predicting the nature of the urge itself.

Question 16

learning of paraphilic

Answer 16

learned: enabling nonsexual stimuli to become sexualized for certain individuals. Classical conditioning is probably most relevant when explaining the development of certain unusual fetishes that typically occur around the time of puberty.
social: This finding is called the cycle of abuse and is most prominent in the link between child sex abuse and adult pedophilia. It is not known why some sexually abused children grow up to abuse others whereas some do not.
courtship disorder: . The concept is that each of these paraphilic disorders mirrors a typical dating behaviour but in a completely disordered way. For example, flirting and dating follow an obvious sequence for most people; however, for some, the sequence gets cognitively disorganized and thus expressed inappropriately. As a result, these fall under the broader category of a courtship disorder
lack of alternative: disorders occur when normal expressions of sexuality are blocked. For example, this may be because the person has severely limited social skills that make them incapable of forming normal sexual relationships. As a result, they turn to atypical alternatives, usually during adolescence. Some, including the Pope himself, have hinted that Roman Catholic priests who molest children do so because of their inability to marry and enjoy normal adult sexual contact. Another example might be zoophilia/bestiality in remote regions where farming is prevalent and human contact is limited.
other: - It is probable that other personality factors and types of mental illness make sexual paraphilias more likely. Impulsivity disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, mood disorders, and attention deficit disorder also appear to be intricately linked with paraphilic disorders.

Question 17

behaviour therapy

Answer 17

: aversion therapy, where a highly aversive stimulus (the smell of ammonia or disgusting images) might be paired with something previously viewed as sexually desirable (prepubescent girls) in order to break the cognitive association between young girls and sex. Masturbatory reconditioning is another form of behaviour therapy in which a person might be told to masturbate to the inappropriate stimulus (e.g., young girls), but at the point of orgasm told to switch his fantasies to a more appropriate stimulus (

Question 18

cognitive behaviour

Answer 18

Cognitive therapy strives to correct disordered thinking in the mind of the patient. Cognitive therapy also attempts to instill empathy in the mind of the perpetrator for his victims, forcing him to truly imagine what the experience feels like from their perspective. Relapse prevention therapy encourages patients to identify the triggers in the environment that set off the inappropriate behaviour. The triggers might include factors that cause stress, feelings of isolation, or sadness. The therapy can also include thought stopping, where the patient is trained to have a rule.

Question 19

Drugs

Answer 19

SSRIs have the side effect of reducing sexual desire

Question 20

surgical castration

Answer 20

Surgical castration, the removal of testicles, eliminates the ability to produce testosterone and leads to an eventual cessation of all sexual desire, as well as the ability to have an erection and to ejaculate. The procedure is used as an absolute last resort for sex offenders. Many therapists, therefore, remain opposed to this treatment method for ethical reasons.alternative is prison

Question 21

three categories

Answer 21

: 271- basic sexual assault (any sexual touching or intercourse without consent, sometimes described as assault of a sexual nature that violates the sexual integrity of the victim), 272- sexual assault with a weapon or threatened violence, 273- aggravated sexual assault, in which the victim is wounded, disfigured, or their life is endangered

Question 22

rape types

Answer 22

statutory rape. This refers to any sexual contact between an adult (18+) and a person under the age of consent, which is 16, regardless of whether or not there was consent.
- Date rape is not a legal term, but it is used to describe situations in which a consensual sexual interaction is already underway when the rape occurs. Date rape does not necessitate that two people are on a formal date of any kind. Date rape includes acquaintance rape, a broader term that refers to any rape where the perpetrator was a friend or acquaintance of the victim. Most sexual assaults are, in fact, instances of acquaintance rape.

Question 23

rape

Answer 23

• this agreement was not obtained through force, threat of force, fraud, or the exercise of authority by someone in a position of power over the victim. It also specifies that someone cannot consent if they are intoxicated or unconscious, and that no one can use the defense of mistakenly believing someone consented if that belief is based on their own intoxication, if they were reckless about whether or not the person was consenting, or if they ignored verbal or non-verbal indications that there was a lack of consent, or they didn’t take proper steps to ensure there was consent.

Question 24

SA

Answer 24

most are not reported, - Younger adults have higher rates than older adults
- Women with a disability have a rate of 94 incidents
- Indigenous people: experience higher rates of sexual assault
Gay and bisexual men are much more likely to be sexually assaulted than straight men
Bisexual women have the highest rates of sexual assault
- sexual assault victims are at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the context of rape, PTSD produces a specific set of long-term effects known collectively as rape trauma syndrome, the symptoms of which include the following: Feelings of numbness or disconnection, alternating with flashbacks and preoccupation with the rape incident, Self-blame, Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Sleeplessness, Inability to concentrate, Headaches, Digestive disturbances

Question 25

reporting

Answer 25

• One of the main challenges to addressing the issue of sexual assault is reporting.
  Belief the offender wouldn’t be punished, Shame or embarrassment, Feeling they wouldn’t be believed, Not wanting the hassle of dealing with police or the court process,
• Less than 1% of sexual assaults lead to a conviction, Feeling shame and self-blame, Feeling young or powerless, Common belief that women false report sexual assault cases 71% of survivors
• negative experience when reporting assaults to the police, Re-victimization when the assault goes through the legal process, Immigration status: fear of victimization or even deportation for reporting, Women of colour reporting rape found their claims were not taken seriously by legal authorities, psychological responses including shock, denial, embarrassment, grief, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Question 26

conviction

Answer 26

• To convict someone of sexual assault, it is usually necessary to show that the victim made it clear to their rapist that they did not willingly engage in sex, or that the perpetrator did not . In most situations, this unwillingness is reflected either in the victim’s physical actions or words at the time of the incident or in the physical condition of the victim. The courts realize, however, that in many situations trying to use physical force to prevent being raped is either impossible or dangerous.

Question 27

models of sexual assault

Answer 27

biosocial - evolutionary: suggest that teh desire to rape results from similar evolutionart adaptation and function of hyper active male sexual desire but is not true as it would predict uniform rates of rape and aggression across all societies
Individual differences model-personal characteristics: Rapist has PD, majority do not suffer from major mental health disorder. tend: lower SES, lower eduction, insecure attachment. 2 clusters of personality variables: hostile masculinity and impersonal sex and those associated with 4 major stages taht culminate in a rape = motivation, overcome internal inhibitions (she wanted), overcome external inhibitions, find opportunities/select victims
Social learning models-rape culture: tendency for men to commit sexual assault is smt that they are taught to do, due to messages that permate culture and society introduced by feminists who viewed rape as motivated by a mans desire to control and have power over women adn not by a desire for sex

Question 28

consent

Answer 28

• Consent as invitation
• Exit consent: safe words,

new date vs longer term partners
different sexual act s
unique subcultural norms
individual verbal/eye contact preferences
individual triggers/glimmers

Question 29

violent resistance

Answer 29

primarily defensive or reactive on the part of the victim, usually a woman. Many theorists propose that the reason statistics show equal numbers of women and men committing IPV is because women are more likely to be engaging in violent resistance

Question 30

common couple violence

Answer 30

arises in the context of a specific argument in which one or both of the partners lash out physically at the other. This type of violence has a lower per-couple frequency, is not as likely to escalate over time, is not as likely to involve severe violence, and is more likely to be mutual. It also does not involve the control tactics which are integral to intimate terrorism.

Question 31

intimate terrorism

Answer 31

primarily perpetrated by men against women, but can also occur in same-sex relationships. Violence is used as part of a general pattern of control over one’s partner. It usually escalates over time, is not mutual, and is more likely to involve serious injury. It involves the type of emotional abuse that can gradually alter women’s views of themselves, their relationships, and their place in the world.

Question 32

mutual violent control

Answer 32

pattern in which both partners are controlling and violent; the pattern can be viewed as two intimate terrorists battling for control. This pattern is rarer than the other categories of violence described above, and has not been the subject of as much research.

Question 33

cycle of abuse

Answer 33

the cycle of abuse and helps to explain why so many women in particular get trapped in abusive relationships
- Tensions-building phase (weeks)—abuser is moody, suspicious, commits minor assaults; victim tries to appease abuser
- Violent Incident—abuser commits major assault; victim fights back, tries to flee, calls police
- Reconciliation phase (months)—abuser tries to make amends, declares love; victim recants charges to police, lies about the cause of injury
- Calm—incident is forgotten, no abuse taking place, also known as the honeymoon phase
- Each time the cycle is repeated it tends to become shorter. Eventually, violence may occur weekly/daily as it grows more intense over time.

Question 34

leaving

Answer 34

• Reasons for not leaving: shame, social isolation, sanctity of marrriage, economic dependence, fear of retribution, learned helplessness

Question 35

intimate parnter stalking

Answer 35

, the stalker is a current or former boyfriend/girlfriend or spouse. Oftentimes, the stalking begins to occur before the relationship has ended, and is an expression of suspicion and desire for control. Other times it begins after a rejection has occurred, in an effort to see if the victim truly means to go through with the breakup. Many of these types of stalkers engage in obsessive thinking and have tendencies toward exploitation and coercion.

Question 36

delusional stalking

Answer 36

This type of stalker has the delusional belief that the victim is either in love with them or would fall in love with them if they were simply to meet. Celebrities are at particularly high risk for delusional stalking

Question 37

grudge stalking

Answer 37

This type of stalker is pursuing the victim as a means of revenge for either an imagined or actual injury. Grudge stalking is the least likely to be sexual or romantic in nature. It usually involves co-workers, employers, etc

Question 38

power in educationa and workplace

Answer 38

• Being in a position of power makes people more likely to harass. Research suggests that power makes people more impulsive, less concerned with social conventions, and less focused on how their actions impact others (Popovich & Warren, 2010). Power also makes people more focused on themselves, more likely to objepoctify others, and more likely to overestimate how much others like them.
• they found that the leaders were much more likely to act on their misperceptions by touching their subordinate’s leg or engaging in eye gazing.
• Sexual harassment frequently affects students in primary and secondary school settings,
• The most common types of sexual harassment that youth experience take the form of unwelcome sexual jokes, comments, or gestures; being called gay or lesbian in a negative way; and being shown sexually suggestive pictures against one’s will. Other types of sexual harassment that youth experience include unwelcome sexual touch, being physically intimidated in a sexual way, being forced to look at a person’s genitals, being forced to do something sexual, or having unwanted sexual material sent to you or posted about you.

Question 39

forms of Sexual harrassment in workplace

Answer 39

o Quid pro quo harassment is arguably the most obvious form of sexual harassment, as it involves the suggestion, whether implicit or explicit, that granting sexual favours will lead to certain tangible rewards. A huge number of quid pro quo harassment claims involving major public figures have come to light
o Hostile-environment harassment involves a pattern of unwelcome sexual attention that makes life difficult for the victim. It is harder to prosecute since it involves more general behaviours versus an explicit deal or threat. This doesn’t make it any less pernicious, however. Offenders may use sexual jokes or behaviours in an effort to intimidate or belittle their victim. Often times, this is done under the guise of flirtation or flattery so that victims feel less able to take a stand against it.
o Gender harassment is a form of hostile environment harassment that appears to be motivated by hostility toward individuals who violate gender ideals rather than by desire for those who meet them. This is supported by studies that show that females who violate traditional gender roles by acting assertive, confident, and dominant are more likely to be harassed than those who acted more in line with feminine ideals (Berdahl, 2007). It is also supported by evidence that women who work in male-dominated industries are more likely to be sexually harassed than men in those industries and by women in female-dominated industries. This has been found to be true in both college and work environments.

Question 40

history of sex work

Answer 40

• Pre-Confederation – Laws against ‘vagrancy’, ‘streetwalking’, and ‘bawdy houses’; enforcement is sporadic, port towns especially (like Halifax!)
• 1867 – Provisions against ‘defilement’ of women under 21 & living off the avails
• 1892 – First Criminal Code finalized, refinement of these laws but mostly women selling sex are charged (not their exploiters)
• 1982 – Charter of Rights and Freedoms
• 1983 – Special Committee (Fraser Report) reviews law, over next years changes made: vagrancy law repealed, replaced by ‘communication’; and other laws made gender inclusive (selling, procuring, living off the avails)
• 2010 – ON. Superior Court, Bedford v. Canada, finds 3 laws – communicating, living off the avails, keeping a ‘common bawdy house’ – prevent sex workers from operating in a safe environment, and so violates their Charter human rights
• 2013/14 – Supreme Court overturns these 3 laws; Harper government replaces with ‘End Demand’ model law, Bill C-36 the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act, with promise to review in 5 yrs (they didn’t)

Question 41

legal

Answer 41

• Prior 2010, there were three laws concerning sex work in the Criminal Code: communicating, living off the avails, and keeping a common bawdy house.
• When sex workers are prohibited from hiring any third-party workers (because those people would be ‘profiting’ from the sex work and therefore considered ‘pimps’) this limits worker’s ability to hire security, can criminalize non-exploitative personal and professional relationships, and disincentivizes migrant sex workers reliant on third parties from reporting offences, since this puts them at risk of deportation

Question 42

full crimializatin

Answer 42

, buying and selling sex is illegal. This means that every form of sex work is criminalized, without exception.

Question 43

partial criminalization

Answer 43

that some aspects of sex work are legal and others are not. For example, it might be legal to buy and sell sex, but illegal to profit off of the sex work of someone else, to or to engage in sex work in certain areas.

Question 44

the end demand/nordic model

Answer 44

criminalizes clients and does not criminalize workers, however under this model workers are greatly harmed and are very often still arrested, charged, or punished in some way. This model is supported by many groups that feel sex work should not exist, either because they believe that sex outside of a committed relationship is immoral, that sex work is misogynistic and represents men’s desire to degrade and control women, or that sex work inherently exploitative. This last belief has intensified in recent years as sex work has been increasingly conflated with human trafficking

Question 45

legalization

Answer 45

removes criminal penalties for certain incidents of buying and selling of sex, but only provided the participants comply with certain regulations such as registration, sexual health testing, or only working in specific location

Question 46

Decriminalization

Answer 46

means there are no special laws regarding sex work; any concerns are covered by law, removing state regulation of the work itself (this is what sex workers want)

Question 47

sex work types

Answer 47

Street based sex workers:
Brothels and massage parlours:
Escort services:
Exotic dancers and strippers:

Question 48

men in sex work

Answer 48

less violence than women, less stigma. Rentboy.com. One major difference is that men in sex work can focus their energies on gay villages or other gay spaces. For instance, some men will work in bathhouses (where permitted), gay resorts, or online gay websites and apps. Longer term relationships to develop among men that service male clients. Men who cater to clients who are women may be referred to as gigolos or male escorts. Male escorts usually cater to other men. They may be called rent-boys, hustlers, or masseurs. Men who strip in gay bars are often called gogo boys. Male sex workers who cater to men may or may not be gay or bisexual themselves. Straight sex workers who have sex with men are often referred to as gay-for-pay or trade.

Question 49

trans women in sex work

Answer 49

One group that is disproportionately represented in sex work is trans women. Though trans people of all genders engage in sex work, trans women make up the vast majority. In Canada, there are no good numbers on the gender breakdown of sex workers, however some estimate that about 20-25% are either men or trans. Trans people face significant discrimination in the workplace, as well as housing, banking, and healthcare, and as a result may find it difficult to gain consistent employment.

Question 50

clients

Answer 50

• Johns
• It is difficult to determine exactly who pays for sex because 1) sex work takes many forms and 2) many people do not want to disclose that they have paid for sex.
• The study further reported that among men who sought out street-based sex workers, there were two distinct types of clients: 1) experimenters, those who visit sex workers in addition to a stable relationship and held relatively negative views of women, and 2) regulars, those who held more liberal views, enjoyed variations in sex and found relationships to be a burden, and viewed sex work as a normal exchange of goods or services.
• Though there may be trends, there is no common characteristic found among all clients; they are as varied as the sex workers they see.

Question 51

anti trafficking laws

Answer 51

• Most laws to stop trafficking harm consenting sex workers, especially migrant workers, as well as survivors of trafficking
• By making it dangerous to report unsafe working conditions for fear of deportation, and defining trafficking so broadly they obscure the actual causes and solutions of trafficking and divert resources
• Many anti-trafficking campaigns also harm women, especially single/migrant women more broadly

Question 52

recommendations for sex trafficking

Answer 52

• Promote clear distinctions between human trafficking, sexual exploitation, and sex work: The conflation of these distinct phenomena fosters harmful policies and practices which exacerbate precarious working conditions, violate sex workers’ human rights and hinder anti-trafficking efforts.
• Take a worker-centred and human rights-based approach to preventing trafficking and exploitation in the sex industry: Anti-trafficking frameworks based on criminalisation not only foster and promote human rights abuses; they fail to address structural barriers (e.g. lack of labour protections, lack of access to justice, services, and social protection, stigma and discrimination, poverty, isolation, criminalisation and fear of arrest) that create vulnerability to trafficking.

Question 53

erotica

Answer 53

• Erotica is generally thought to be more artistic in that it seeks to tell a story or evoke emotions from art or sculptures while having a sexual undertone. However, the distinction between porn and erotica is often a matter of opinion, and some would argue it is a classist distinction that values certain kinds of media over others.

Question 54

porn types

Answer 54

• pornography may also be presented in a variety of media forms, including print, animation, written text, drawing, and painting. Works that are considered to have literary or artistic value are often labeled erotica.

Question 55

porn effects

Answer 55

• That report found no reason to restrict pornography sales and distribution for consenting adults but debate still rages about whether or not porn is beneficial or harmful.
• Despite there being thousands of research articles on porn use and impacts, we know relatively little with any certainty, as these studies produce contradictory and conflicting results. One reason there is no consensus is that it is very hard to interpret and compare porn effects studies, because researchers foundational concepts and measurements are not standardized, but based on their subjective biases about sex
• They will label pornography with name calling, “rough sex”, or BDSM play as violent, even if the performers have consented to film that content and are appearing to take great pleasure from

Question 56

porn ethics

Answer 56

• people think of “ethical porn” as porn that portrays a certain kind of sex, or which is filmed with a certain type of storyline or aesthetic. This definition places a value judgement on specific sex acts and styles. Whether it’s deepthroat blow jobs or cunnilingus, anal sex or kissing, sensual massage or BDSM, sex acts do not have any inherent value as either empowering or degrading; what matters is whether or not they are engaged in consensually. Similarly, “feminist porn” or “porn for women” are labels that have been used to imply that the product has been made ethically and appeals to female viewers, usually by showing gentle, storyline driven sex. This assumes that all women want to see the same kind of porn, which is obviously untrue! In fact, one recent study found that women are more likely than men to seek out porn that features (consensual) aggression and “rough sex”
• ethical porn is any porn where the performers engage in consensual and negotiated sex acts, are paid a fair wage for their work, have access to appropriate occupational health and safety protections, and are treated with dignity and respect, regardless of the kind of sex portrayed or what the finished product looks like. Referencing other movements advocating for conscientious consumption, some pornographers have also referred to this as “fair-trade” porn