Final Flashcards
1
Q
This bacteria is seen in pregnant women and grows on MacConkey agar
A
Listeria Monocytogenes
2
Q
What is the order of Neutrophil maturation in bone marrow?
A
Myleoblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, segmented Neutrophil
3
Q
What are the current test for vascular factors
A
Capillary fragility and Bleeding Time
4
Q
What test measures Coumadin therapy?
A
Prothrombin Time
5
Q
What factors are measured by APPT?
A
Factors, 7, 8, 13, 5, 2 and Fibrinogen
6
Q
What test is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (Clots)?
A
D-Dimer
7
Q
Clinical manifestations of this disease will very with severity. It is also hereditary.
A
Von Willebrand Disease
8
Q
This is 1) the physical closing of torn tissue 2) the biochemical release of factors to cause clots
A
Extravascular effects of coagulation
9
Q
The majority of the antigens from A group are of which subgroup
A
A1
10
Q
ABO antibodies are typically Ig____?
A
IgM
11
Q
IgG does not show what?
A
Visible agglutation
12
Q
Cross matching uses patient ______ and donor ______
A
serum, cells
13
Q
The study of the classification processes?
A
Taxonomy
14
Q
The main purpose of this marker is to monitor breast cancer patients after mastectomy
A
CA15-3
15
Q
This is the main marker for colorectal and pancreatic cancers
A
CA19-9
16
Q
Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Amicakin, Kanamycin
A
Most common aminoglycoside ABX used on inpatients
17
Q
This is derived from the iron containing heme portion of the blood
A
Bilirubin
18
Q
This stain is used to detect and differentiate parasites like malaria
A
Giemsa Stain
19
Q
This stain is used for granulocytes
A
Myeloperoxidase
20
Q
This is used to differentiate acute lymphoid leukemia from malignant lymphoma
A
TdT
21
Q
Thalassemia is a type of __________ anemia, morphologically
A
hypochromic and microcytic
22
Q
Anemia where Cells are of normal size and normal color but low quantity of them
A
Normocytic, normochromic
23
Q
Anemia where Cells are very bright in color
A
Hyperchromic
24
Q
Anemia where cells that are very large
A
Macrocytic
25
Anemia where cells are thin and pale in color
Microcytic Hypochromic
26
How are anemias classified?
by underlying cause and changes in RBC morphology
27
3 underlying causes of anemias
Blood loss, increased RBC destruction, decreased RBC production
28
Group B phenotype is most common in what population
Asian
29
BP cuff for venipuncture should be inflated to what?
60-80
30
Staph Aures is resistant to what?
All PCNs
31
These enzymes are not a component of a standard polymerase chain reaction
Restriction enzymes
32
Triple phosphate crystals appear
Rhombus shaped “coffin lid”
33
This test differentiates Urobilinogen from Porphobilirubin
Watson-Swartz Test
34
Rapid screening test for porphobilirubin
Hoesch Test
35
Reverse typing for ABO antibodies uses patient____
Serum or plasma
36
Types of Hemolysis on blood plate
Breakdown on agar plate, can be alpha, beta or gamma
37
Alpha hemolysis on agar plate
Partial breakdown on Hb
38
Beta hemolysis on agar plate
Complete breakdown of Hb
39
Gamma hemolysis on agar plate
No breakdown on Hb
40
Dolichus biflorus is used to distinguish what?
Between A1 & A2 red cells
41
Gram stain steps
methanol fixation, stain with crystal violet, rinse, flood with iodine, rinse, decolor with alcohol, rinse, counter stain with Safranin, rise, dry, observe under oil emersion
42
What stain is used to differentiate malignant cells
Sudan Black
43
What are the 6 categories of phlebotomy injury?
44
This detects an abrupt change for 3 or more consecutive days
Shift
45
This detects increase in both low and high minimally accepted values
Dispersion
46
In SPE which bands travel the farthest
Albumin
47
Which enzyme is elevated in acute pancreatitis
Lipase
48
ALP is increased in what
Liver disease
49
What is stimulated by the hormones glucagon, cortisol, and thyroxine
Glucogenisis
50
what is the chief non-protein in the blood?
Urea Nitrogen
51
What mineral is essential for myocardial contraction
Calcium
52
What level is the reduction of oxaloacetate to malate dehydrogenase
AST
53
An old brain bleed will cause CSF fluid to look be what color?
Yellow
54
A traumatic tap will cause CSF fluid to look be what color?
Red
55
This agar has Hemin (X factor) and V factor for growth
Chocolate
56
The 5 antisera used to determine genotype are
Anti-C, Anti D, Anti-E, Anti-c, Anti-e
57
This is the test used to see how many fetal cells are in maternal circulation
Kleihauer - Betke Test
58
A secretor has what antigens
H
59
Stain for oval fat bodies
Sudan III
60
This is the binding of an antibody or complement to a red cell
Sensitization
61
Who was responsible for the Rh theory?
Weiner
62
Who is responsible for the ABO theory?
Lansteiner
63
What is the catalase test (reaction)?
The breakdown of Hydrogen peroxide to O2 and H20
64
This bacteria is found in urine and swarms on blood agar
Proteus Mirabilis
65
What are phylum cestodes known as?
Tapeworms
66
This bacteria is + on hippurate
Campylobacter Jenjuni
67
This type of anemia is characterized by inability to produce Hgb due to low iron and is microcytic
Iron deficiency
68
This type of anemia is characterized by RBCs being destroyed faster than they can be replaced. Sickle cell and Thalassemia are 2 of them
Hemolytic Anemia
69
Sickle cell anemia is caused by abnormal Hbg what?
Hemoglobin S
70
This type of anemia is characterized by the abnormal increase storage and utilization of iron during erythropoiesis?
Sideroblastic Anemia
71
What reaction is used as a strip test for Bilirubin
Diazo reaction
72
This ratio is used to access fetal lung maturity
L/S ratio
73
This is the dissociating of an antibody complex in a solution
Elution
74
What is MCV?
Mean Cell Volume - The average of RBC volume
75
What is MCH?
Mean Cell Hemoglobin - Average mass of Hemoglobin PER red cell
76
What is MCHC?
Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration -average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of PACKED red cells
77
What is RDW?
Red Cell Distribution Width - The coefficient of variation of red cell volume
78
These groups of anemias demonstrate mild to severe microcytosis and hypochromia and result from a disorder in the synthesis of hemoglobin
Thalassemias
79
This is a test method used to detect cells that have been coated with antibodies
DAT
80
Prothrombin time measures which pathway?
Extrinsic pathway
81
What measures factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Prothrombin Group
82
APTT measures factors XII, XI, IX, VIII, V, II and what
Fibrinogen
83
What is the mathematical indicator for PT testing system for Vitamin K deficiencies?
ISI - International sensitivity index
84
ELISA tests what response
Immune
85
What term is used to describe the aggregation of soluble test antigens
Precipitation
86
What is the source of the antibody for performing the forward group ABO/D typing?
Commercial antisera (Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D)
87
The purpose of the reverse group testing (ABO serum testing) is to detect what?
ABO antibodies
88
A full dose of RhIG provides protection for up to how much D-positive red cells?
15mL
89
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is what?
A condition when a mother makes an antibody to red cell antigens from the fetus
90
The immunodominant sugar for the B antigen is what
D-galactose
91
Which test is used to detect antibody bound to red cells in-vivo and uses the AHG reagent?
Direct antiglobulin test (DAT)
92
How long can FFP be stored if it was frozen within 8 hours of collection
1 year
93
MacConkey Agar is what type of media?
differential and selective
94
Which agar is used for the isolation of enteric pathogens such as Salmonella and Shigella?
Hektoen Enteric Agar
95
Normally sterile body fluids, bone and bone marrow and solid tissues should be examined for which pathogens?
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides spp, Enterobacteriaceae
96
What medium is best for Mycobacterium tuber culosis
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
97
What has a metallic sheen when grown on Eosin-methylene blue agar
E. Coli
98
India ink stain is a rapid test for what
Cryptococcus neoformans
99
Acid fast staining method using fluorochromes, auramine, and rhodamine is a rapid screening method for detection of what species of bacteria
Mycobacterium spp
100
Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA) inhibits growth of gram negative organisms except?
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
101
The interpretative categories of susceptible, intermediate and resistant are developed based on ?
extensive studies that correlate MIC
102
Which of the following tests may be useful for differentiating Campylobacter jejuni from other organisms
Hippurate hydrolysis
103
What is a high molecular weight glycoprotein that is normally secreated by the renal tubular epithelial cells
Tamm-Horsfall protein
104
Bilirubin is converted to urobilinogen where?
Intestines
105
What is the inactive state of a parasite?
Cyst
106
What is a disadvantage of the zinc sulfate floatation method in fecal specimens?
Some helminth eggs do not concentrate well with the method
107
What test is used for detection of group A Strep and influenza A
Optical immunoassay (OIA)
108
What is a test system to assess platelet-related primary hemostasis with greater accuracy and reliability than bleeding time>
Closure Time
109
What is selected as the method of choice by CLSI for measuring ESR?
Westergren method
110
Which stain is the most sensitive and specific for granulocytes?
Myleoperoxidase
111
Which stage of the neutrophil has a nucleus with fine chromatin nucleoli and agranular cytoplasm?
Myeloblast
112
The Jendrassik-Grof and Evelyn-Malloy are most commonly used methods to measure what?
Bilirubin
113
The most common method of illuminating specimens on a microscope?
Kohler Illumination
114
What is 40 degrees Fahrenheit in Celsius
4
115
Define directly proportional
When on value goes up by a certain percentage, the other goes up by the same percentage
116
A differential shows a shift to the left with all stages of granulocyte maturation. What condition is this?
Chronic myelogenic leukemia
117
This method is popular for waived, OTC testing
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
118
Which combination of ABX could possibly be used for Tx if resistant to gentamicin?
Ampicillin and Streptomycin
119
This bacteria is gram+, catalase +, coagulase +, Beta-hemolytic and occurs in clusters
Staphoccocus Aures
120
This refers to the correctness of a test result
Accuracy
121
The bacteria is Gram +, Catalase-, Alpha Hemoytic, Optochin + and occurs as diplococci and in chains
S.Pneumoniae
122
This appear on red cells with G6PDH deficiency anemia
Heinz bodies
123
These RBC inclusions will appear with b12 deficiency anemia
Cabot ring
124
This marker is used to detect early reoccurrence of breast cancer in pts previously treated for it
CA27.29
125
Tumor marker for ovarian cancer
CA125
126
Selective media _____ growth of certain organisms
Inhibits
127
Differential media ______between 2 or more groups
differentiates
128
Blood agar used primarily for
Staphyloccus aureus and Streptococcus
129
This antibody test is important because it detects antibodies that have attached to red cells either in vivo or in vitro but do NOT demonstrate visible agglutination in testing?
IgG
130
Indirect immunofluorscent tests for ANA are based on the use of fluorescein-conjugated anti globulin and are extremely sensitive. If an individual has Sjögren’s syndrome, what flourscent pattern would you expect to see?
Nucleolar patterns
131
What is the technique that uses conjugated antibody to detect antigen-antibody reactions that can be seen with a fluorescent microscope?
Direct Immunofluorescent assay (DAT)
132
What molecular technique can determine single-base mutations that include sickle cell anemia and hemophilia A?
Southern Blot
133
What antibodies of the ABO blood group system typically cause rapid hemolysis of red cells is an incompatible unit of blood is transfused?
IgM
134
The substance in which a solute is dissolved?
Solvent
135
The most common method of illuminating specimens on a microscope is?
Koehler illumination
136
5 situations that may result in a difficult vein puncture
IV lines, edema, scarring or burn patients, dialysis patients, mastectomy patients
137
Which of the following instruments ionizes the target molecules then separates and measures the mass to charge ratio?
Mass spectrometry
138
In what manner is the uptake by a sample following electrophoresis and staining related to the sample concentration?
Directly proportional
139
The comparison of an instrument measurement or reading to a known physical constant
Calibration
140
What refers to the reproducibility of test results?
Precision
141
What is released from the platelets as they adhere to the margins of the injury on the wall of a blood vessel? It promotes local, direct, biochemically stimulated narrowing of the torn blood vessel and of a locally intact blood vessel in the same vicinity of the injury?
Serotonin
142
Prothrombin time measures what pathway
Extrinsic
143
Current tests for platelets
Platelet count, platelet aggregation assays, platelet adhesion, and clot retraction
144
The mononuclear phagocytes that are important in the defense against microorganisms, including mycobacteria, fungi, bacteria, protozoa and viruses are?
Monocytes and macrophages
145
Which erythrocyte index is used to calculate rdw?
MCV
146
Which development stage of the megakaryocyte is 25-50 um in diameter and has abundant acidophillic cytoplasm and a large multi-lobed nucleus?
Granular megakaryocyte
147
Which stage of neutrophil has a nucleus with fine chromatin nucleoi and a granular cytoplasm
Myeloblast
148
When a monocyte leaves the blood and enters the tissue it matures into what cell?
Macrophage
149
As the neutrophil matures the characteristics that help distinguish the cell also change. Which neutrophil has reddish purple primary granules, also called nonspecific or azurphillic granules
Promyelocyte
150
What macrocytic anemias are the result of vitamin b12 or folic acid deficiency or a combination of both?
Megaloblastic anemia
151
Alteration in shape which include sherocytes, schistocytes, sickle cells, drepanocytes, ovalocytes, and target cells is called what
Piokilocytosis
152
What cells do not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles such as microchondria and their ribosomes are a smaller size than eukaryotic ribosomes?
Prokaryotes
153
Which happens regarding C-reactive protein following injury
Can increase 1000 times
154
This marker is most useful in ovarian and endometrial cancers
CA125
155
The main purpose of this marker is to monitor breast cancer patients after mastectomy
CA15-3
156
This is the fifth most abundant Cation in the body
Magnesium
157
This is a significant increase in the plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine, in kidney insufficiency, what is the medical term for this?
Azotemia
158
Which cardiac bio marker is freely filtered by the kidney which allows levels to return to normal 18 to 30 hours after the AMI
Myoglobin
159
This is the ability of foreign material to bond to or interact and cause an immune response. It is influenced by molecular size, foreignness, shape of the molecule and chemical composition of the substance?
Antigenicity
160
A heterogeneous group of disorders that have in common increased storage of iron, especially in the mononuclear phagocytes system are
Sideroblastic anemias
161
Morphologically anemias are generally classified as
Normochromic-normocytic, macrocytic, hypochromic-microcytic
162
An inflammation sensitive protein that can be measured by immunoassay is
C- reactive protein
163
Eosinophil
164
Macrophage
165
Platelets
166
Monocyte
167
Nucleus is 2-5 lobes
No nucleoli
Cytoplasm is orange
Many small granules
Neutrophil
168
Basophil
169
These are 10-30xs larger than rbcs
Have multi-lobed nucleus
Have increased cytoplasm, light blue and no granules
Nucleoli are absent
Megakaryocyte
170
2-3Xs larger than an RBC
Round nucleus with immature chromatin (not clumped)
Nucleoli present but less prominent
Cytoplasm faint blue with easy to stain granules
Promyleocyte
171
Round nucleus with chromatin evenly distributed
2-4 nucleoli
Blue cytoplasm with NO granules
Myleoblast
172
This term refers to abnormal variation of RBC size, and what are they
Anisocytosis
173
This term refers to abnormal RBC Color variations , and what are they
Chromia
174
This term refers to abnormal variations in RBC shapes
Pokilocytosis
175
What are RBC inclusions
Pieces of material within a red cell, can indicate different disease states
176
Hemoglobin is clustered in the center of this abnormal cell, seen in thalassemias and post-splenectomy
Target cell
177
Seen mostly in thalassemia and iron deficiency anemias
Microcytic RBC
178
The abnormal red cells are mostly seen in vitamin b12 and folate deficiency anemias, liver disease and chemotherapy pts
Macrocytic RBCs
179
MCV of 85.0 fL and MCHC of 33.0 g/dL are indicative of what type of cells?
Normocytic, normochromic
180
In fat catabolism what is produced first?
Acetoacetic Acid
181
A Western blot is used to separate and detect what?
RNA
182
The most common microscope in cellular biology that has the ability to distinguish between living and dead cells is?
Flourescent
183
In what phase of the ESR process is a rouleaux formed?
Aggregation phase
184
What are the precursors of platelets
Megakaryocytes
185
What cells can Myeloblast so become?
Basophils, eosinophils, monophils, and monocytes (which become macrophages)
186
Normal crystals found in alkaline urine
Triple phosphate, ammonium birate, calcium carbonate and amorphous phosphates
187
Lucene crystals
188
Amorphous crystals
189
Ca Oxalate crystals
190
CA phosphate crystals
191
Uric acid crystals
192
Cholesterol crystals
193
Triple phosphate crystals
194
Tyrosine crystals
195
Acyclovir crystals
196
Cystine crystals
