FINAL

Question 1

What is normal cholesterol level?

Answer 1

less than 200 mg/dL

Question 2

What is the noraml LDL and HDL level?

Answer 2

LDL: less than 100 mg/dL
HDL: greater than 40-60 mg/dL

Question 3

What is the normal triglyceride level?

Answer 3

less than 150 mg/dL

Question 4

What is the normal level of homocysteine? What does an eleveted level indicate?

Answer 4

• indicates heart disease
  4.4-10.8

Question 5

What is C-reative protein? What is the normal level of C-reactive protein? What does it indicate?

Answer 5

non-specific inflammatory marker
- shows inflammation at the cardiac vessels if there is a lot of plaque
0 (elevates when inflammation is present)

Question 6

What is the normal platelet level?

Answer 6

150,000-400,000

Question 7

What is the normal fibrinogen levels?

Answer 7

200-400 mg/dL

Question 8

What is the normal PT/PTT/INR?

Answer 8

(prothrombin time) PT: 10-13 seconds
(partial thromboplastin time) PTT: 25-35 seconds
(international normalized ratio) INR: <2.0 seconds

Question 9

What are markers of heart disease?

Answer 9

creatine kinase myocardial bands (CK-MB)
troponin
myoglobin
brain natriureti peptide

Question 10

What is the normal CK-MB level?

Answer 10

0-3 ng/mL

Question 11

What the normal troponin level level?

Answer 11

less than 0.04 mg/mL

Question 12

What is the normal myoglobin?

Answer 12

0-85 ng/mL

Question 13

What is the normal BNP level? What does greater than 100 indicate?

Answer 13

less than 100 pg/mL
>100 indicates HF

Question 14

How long is a normal PR interval?

Answer 14

0.12 - 0.20 seconds

Question 15

How long is a normal QRS complex?

Answer 15

less than 0.12 seconds

Question 16

Whats happening during the P wave of an EKG?

Answer 16

atrial depolarization

Question 17

Whats happening during the QRS complex of an EKG?

Answer 17

ventricular depolarization

Question 18

Whats happening during the ST segment of an EKG?

Answer 18

early ventricular repolarization

Question 19

Whats happening during the T wave of an EKG?

Answer 19

ventricular repolarization

Question 20

Where does V1 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

Answer 20

4th intercostal space at the right sternal border

Question 21

Where does V2 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

Answer 21

4th intercostal space at the left sternal border

Question 22

Where does V3 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

Answer 22

midway between v2 and v4

Question 23

Where does V4 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

Answer 23

5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line

Question 24

Where does V5 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

Answer 24

5th intercostal space, left anterior axillary line

Question 25

Where does V6 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

Answer 25

5th intercostal soace, left midaxillary line

Question 26

What is the normal cardiac output value?

Answer 26

4-8 L/min ~5L/min

Question 27

What a good level of MAP? What does it indicate?

Answer 27

> 60-65 (>65)
Indicated adequate perfusion

Question 28

What are purposes of hemodynamic monitoring? (4)

Answer 28

• to aid in diagnosis of cardiovascular disease
• guide therapies to optimize cardiac function
• minimize cardiovascular dysfunction
• Eval pt responses to therapy

Question 29

What does the EKG look like in hyperkalemia?

Answer 29

tall tented t wave

Question 30

What does the EKG look like in hypokalemia?

Answer 30

U wave

Question 31

What are differences between TEE and TTE

Answer 31

TTE: transthorasic view, no prep needed, non invasive, pt doesnt need to be NPO

TEE: transesophageal, needs prep, NPO required, conscious sedation