FINAL Flashcards
What is normal cholesterol level?
less than 200 mg/dL
What is the noraml LDL and HDL level?
LDL: less than 100 mg/dL
HDL: greater than 40-60 mg/dL
What is the normal triglyceride level?
less than 150 mg/dL
What is the normal level of homocysteine? What does an eleveted level indicate?
- indicates heart disease
4.4-10.8
What is C-reative protein? What is the normal level of C-reactive protein? What does it indicate?
non-specific inflammatory marker
- shows inflammation at the cardiac vessels if there is a lot of plaque
0 (elevates when inflammation is present)
What is the normal platelet level?
150,000-400,000
What is the normal fibrinogen levels?
200-400 mg/dL
What is the normal PT/PTT/INR?
(prothrombin time) PT: 10-13 seconds
(partial thromboplastin time) PTT: 25-35 seconds
(international normalized ratio) INR: <2.0 seconds
What are markers of heart disease?
creatine kinase myocardial bands (CK-MB)
troponin
myoglobin
brain natriureti peptide
What is the normal CK-MB level?
0-3 ng/mL
What the normal troponin level level?
less than 0.04 mg/mL
What is the normal myoglobin?
0-85 ng/mL
What is the normal BNP level? What does greater than 100 indicate?
less than 100 pg/mL
>100 indicates HF
How long is a normal PR interval?
0.12 - 0.20 seconds
How long is a normal QRS complex?
less than 0.12 seconds
Whats happening during the P wave of an EKG?
atrial depolarization
Whats happening during the QRS complex of an EKG?
ventricular depolarization
Whats happening during the ST segment of an EKG?
early ventricular repolarization
Whats happening during the T wave of an EKG?
ventricular repolarization
Where does V1 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?
4th intercostal space at the right sternal border
Where does V2 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?
4th intercostal space at the left sternal border
Where does V3 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?
midway between v2 and v4
Where does V4 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?
5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line
Where does V5 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?
5th intercostal space, left anterior axillary line
Where does V6 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?
5th intercostal soace, left midaxillary line
What is the normal cardiac output value?
4-8 L/min ~5L/min
What a good level of MAP? What does it indicate?
> 60-65 (>65)
Indicated adequate perfusion
What are purposes of hemodynamic monitoring? (4)
- to aid in diagnosis of cardiovascular disease
- guide therapies to optimize cardiac function
- minimize cardiovascular dysfunction
- Eval pt responses to therapy
What does the EKG look like in hyperkalemia?
tall tented t wave
What does the EKG look like in hypokalemia?
U wave
What are differences between TEE and TTE
TTE: transthorasic view, no prep needed, non invasive, pt doesnt need to be NPO
TEE: transesophageal, needs prep, NPO required, conscious sedation
