FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal cholesterol level?

A

less than 200 mg/dL

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2
Q

What is the noraml LDL and HDL level?

A

LDL: less than 100 mg/dL
HDL: greater than 40-60 mg/dL

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3
Q

What is the normal triglyceride level?

A

less than 150 mg/dL

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4
Q

What is the normal level of homocysteine? What does an eleveted level indicate?

A
  • indicates heart disease
    4.4-10.8
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5
Q

What is C-reative protein? What is the normal level of C-reactive protein? What does it indicate?

A

non-specific inflammatory marker
- shows inflammation at the cardiac vessels if there is a lot of plaque
0 (elevates when inflammation is present)

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6
Q

What is the normal platelet level?

A

150,000-400,000

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7
Q

What is the normal fibrinogen levels?

A

200-400 mg/dL

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8
Q

What is the normal PT/PTT/INR?

A

(prothrombin time) PT: 10-13 seconds
(partial thromboplastin time) PTT: 25-35 seconds
(international normalized ratio) INR: <2.0 seconds

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9
Q

What are markers of heart disease?

A

creatine kinase myocardial bands (CK-MB)
troponin
myoglobin
brain natriureti peptide

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10
Q

What is the normal CK-MB level?

A

0-3 ng/mL

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11
Q

What the normal troponin level level?

A

less than 0.04 mg/mL

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12
Q

What is the normal myoglobin?

A

0-85 ng/mL

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13
Q

What is the normal BNP level? What does greater than 100 indicate?

A

less than 100 pg/mL
>100 indicates HF

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14
Q

How long is a normal PR interval?

A

0.12 - 0.20 seconds

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15
Q

How long is a normal QRS complex?

A

less than 0.12 seconds

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16
Q

Whats happening during the P wave of an EKG?

A

atrial depolarization

17
Q

Whats happening during the QRS complex of an EKG?

A

ventricular depolarization

18
Q

Whats happening during the ST segment of an EKG?

A

early ventricular repolarization

19
Q

Whats happening during the T wave of an EKG?

A

ventricular repolarization

20
Q

Where does V1 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

A

4th intercostal space at the right sternal border

21
Q

Where does V2 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

A

4th intercostal space at the left sternal border

22
Q

Where does V3 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

A

midway between v2 and v4

23
Q

Where does V4 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

A

5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line

24
Q

Where does V5 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?

A

5th intercostal space, left anterior axillary line

25
Where does V6 precordial lead (chest lead) get placed?
5th intercostal soace, left midaxillary line
26
What is the normal cardiac output value?
4-8 L/min ~5L/min
27
What a good level of MAP? What does it indicate?
> 60-65 (>65) Indicated adequate perfusion
28
What are purposes of hemodynamic monitoring? (4)
- to aid in diagnosis of cardiovascular disease - guide therapies to optimize cardiac function - minimize cardiovascular dysfunction - Eval pt responses to therapy
29
What does the EKG look like in hyperkalemia?
tall tented t wave
30
What does the EKG look like in hypokalemia?
U wave
31
What are differences between TEE and TTE
TTE: transthorasic view, no prep needed, non invasive, pt doesnt need to be NPO TEE: transesophageal, needs prep, NPO required, conscious sedation