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Digestive 2 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

3 clinical signs of liver disease

A

Gi
Pupd
Neurological

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2
Q

Leakage enzymes

A

Alt, ast, ldh, iD

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3
Q

Cholestatic enzymes

A

ALP, GGT

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4
Q

ALT

A

Liver specific

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5
Q

AST

A

More sensitive but can also be muscles or RBC

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6
Q

ALP

A

Membrane bound to hepatocyte canalicular membranes and biliary epithelial

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7
Q

GGT

A

Dogs, equine hepatopsthies

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8
Q

Other causes of enzymes increases

A

Drugs, breed related, endocrine, hypoxia, nodular hyperplasia, muscle injury, bone disorders gi disease

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9
Q

Lab work for liver function

A

Bilirubin, bile acids, bUN ammonia, albumin, glucose ch9lesterole

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10
Q

Fx of bile acids

A

Detergent, faciltiates micelle formation

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11
Q

PLE. Blood work

A

Low albumin w high globulin

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12
Q

Extrahepatic shunts

A

70%
Small breed dogs

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13
Q

Intrahepatic

A

30% cases
Large dogs

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14
Q

Clinical signs of shunt

A

Shunted growth, neuro signs head pressing, cats hypersalivatio, urinary,

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15
Q

Labs for shunt

A

Pre and post bile acids increased, increased ammonium, protein c
CBC microcytosis

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16
Q

Dx shunt

A

Ct best

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17
Q

Complications of shunts

A

Hepatic encephalopathy ie ammonia or other get to brain or urate crystals

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18
Q

Tx shunt

A

Attenuation sx, but 7 days Medical to stabilize like decrease ammonia treatunderlying and precipitation factors

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19
Q

Post sx shunt

A

Bile acids may remain high 6 month

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20
Q

Aquired shunt

A

Secondary to portal hypertension
Results in ascites, medical tx

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21
Q

Congenital pvh

A

Breeds, alt increased enzymes increased
Fasting bile normal
Small liber. on us

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22
Q

Theiler dx

A

4 weeks after injections of equine biological products
Icterus hepatic encephalopathy, ataxia
Dishrag liver

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23
Q

Tyzzer dx

A

Clostridium piliforme
Foals small rodents
Multifolcal necrotizing hepatitis

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24
Q

Hepatic abscesses cattle

A

Feedlot
Fusobact
No signs, so,e weight loss
From grain overload can seed to lungs

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25
Q

Hepatic liidopsis

A

Triglycerides accumulation in cytoplasm of hepatocytes entire liver
Obese dairy or sheep preg

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26
Q

Copper Tox sheep

A

Copper related causing cell injury and death then plasma levels rise equals massive hemolysis death

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27
Q

PA plants

A

Weight loss icterus
Cirrhosis horse
Need liver biopsy look for MEGALOCYTOSIS

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28
Q

ALT always need further dx liver evaluation

A
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29
Q

Chronic increased alt

A

Breed specific, chronic hepatitis, toxic metabolic infectious neoplasticism parasitic

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30
Q

Fibrosis

A

Detectable ecm
Activation of hepatic stellate cells

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31
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Necrosis, perm distortion

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32
Q

Role of us in liver dx

A

ID neoplasia, focal lesions, access biliary tract

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33
Q

Biopsy rules dogs

A

Multiple pieces multiple lobes, RA staining, send in unfixed for copper

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34
Q

Copper associates hepatitis

A

Free radical formation oxidative stress leads to damage

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35
Q

Tx chronic hep copper caused

A

Antioxidant
Dietary copper restrictions
D penicillamine
Steroids

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36
Q

Non copper tx chronic hep

A

Antioxidant
Urosidiol
Immune modulation

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37
Q

Prehepatic

A

Hemolysis

38
Q

Enzyme increase and Heinz body cats?

A

Acetometaphin tox
Tx n acetylcystine

39
Q

Alp and GGT are located where

A

Canicular membrane

40
Q

When are alp and GGT released

A

Intra or extra cholestasis

41
Q

Urosodiol

A

Choleretic, antipoptotic, I’m Monopod,

42
Q

Why complications with ruptured gall bladder

A

Bile salts promote vasodilation leads to hypotention

43
Q

Chloramphenicol can cause what

A

Bone marrow toxicity

44
Q

Panc inciting events

A

Ischemia, inflammation, toxins, drugs, infect

45
Q

Acinar Events of pancreatitis

A

Blocked secretion, colocalization, Enzyme activation, cell injury,

46
Q

Severity determinants of pancreatitis

A

Inflammatory cytokines, reactive o2 species, altered redox state, ischemia, apotosis

47
Q

Acute panc dog signs

A

Vt, abdomen pain, lethargy dehydration or nonspecific

48
Q

Acute panc cat signs

A

I appetite or lethargy

49
Q

Panc biopsies are

A

Expensive Invasive not easily intrepted

50
Q

Pancreatic lipase tests

A

False positives occur.
Should not normally be in circulation but released during inflammatory

51
Q

Snap tests need additional confirmation

A
52
Q

Acute panc tx

A

Fluids, antiemetic, analgesia, enteral feeding

53
Q

Chronic panc

A

Low fat diet

54
Q

Feline panc

A

Tx supportive, anagesia, nutritional but no fat restriction

55
Q

Canine EPI

A

Gsd and cavaliers, chronic weight loss w good appetite, loose yellow grey feces poor coat
Test- TLI low
Tx- replace enzymes, dietary high digestible low fiber,

56
Q

Cat Epi

A

Weight loss
TLI test

57
Q

Acute d+ resolves w/in —- independent of treatment

A

3-5 days

58
Q

Chronic diarrhea differentials

A

Parasites, non gi, neoplasia, dysbiosis, neuro, chronic enterpathy, infectious

59
Q

Reasons for not empirically deworming

A

Need for prolonged or retreatment, environmental hygiene, other animals , zoonotic

60
Q

Increased volume, Melena, vt, weight loss

A

Small bowel

61
Q

Increased frequency, hematochezia, mucus

A

Large bowel dx

62
Q

Dysbiosis

A

Increase in small intestine bacteria, disturbance to normal flora

63
Q

Diarrhea antibiotics

A

Metro, tylosin, oxytet

64
Q

Most broad spectrum small animal dewormer

A

Fenvendazole

65
Q

IBD

A

Persistent or recurring GI, inflammation on hustiology idiopathic
Tx- hydrolized diet, pred, metro some

66
Q

Granulomatus colitis

A

Young boxers, sever large intestine signs,
E. coli Invasion
Enroflax tx

67
Q

Triage

A

Mm, crt, pulse rate and quality, resp rate and effort, level of consciousness

68
Q

History er

A

Presenting complaint, progression of illness, systemic manifestation, meds, past 6 month, previous medical history, diet

69
Q

Focal abdominal pain

A

Small bowel obstruction, fb, mild panc, intussuption,

70
Q

Regional abdominal pain

A

Pyo, pancreatitis, cholecytitis

71
Q

Diffuse abdominal pain

A

Peritonitis, diffuse enreritis

72
Q

Refered gi. Pain?

A

Retroperitoneal space like vessels or kidneys, back pain

73
Q

Fast scan areas

A

Hepaticodisphramatic
Cystocolic
Hepatorenal
Splenorenal

74
Q

Us guided abdominocysesis location

A

Caudal umbilical left lateral left side

75
Q

What tubes for abdominocentesis

A

EDTA, serum tube, sterile tube culture
If red then red top for clotting

76
Q

PLE definition

A

Syndrome of excessive protein loss across the enteric mucosal

77
Q

Hallmark lab in PLE

A

Hypoalbuinemia

78
Q

PLE breeds

A

Yorkie, Wheaton Terrier, rottie Maltese lundehund sharpei, basenji, gsd border collie boxer

79
Q

PLE signs

A

Chronic or relapsing gi, d+ weight loss
Ascites

80
Q

PLE diagnosis if albumin and globulin decreased

A

Supports PLE

81
Q

Albumin major role

A

Maintain oncotic pressure within blood vessels

82
Q

Mechanisms of hypoalbuminemia

A

Decreased synthesis, increased loss, redistribution, dilution

83
Q

PLE managment

A

Diet low fat, steroid and or immunosuppressive

84
Q

3 cats icterus common dx

A

Hepatic lipidosis cholagitis and lymphoma

85
Q

Vit k

A

2 7 9 10

86
Q

Hyper echo ic

A

White / bright

87
Q

Hypoechoic

A

Black

88
Q

Hepatic lipadosis

A

Accumulation of triglycerides due to disrupted lipid metabolism leading to liver dysfunction

89
Q

Refeeding syndrome

A

Massive insulin release

90
Q

Diagnostics feline liver

A

Lipidosis-FNA
Cholanitis- culture & biopsy
Lymphomas -FNA
FIP - biopsy
Toxo- serolog or biopsy

91
Q

Most common shunt

A

Congenital extrahepatic

92
Q

Liver failure

A

70% destruction

Digestive 2 (2 decks)

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