FINAL Flashcards
Social actor
Traits
Emerges in infancy
Focus on the present
Motivated agent
Personal goals and plans
Emerges in middle childhood
Focus on present and future
Autobiographical author
Narrative identity
Emerges in adulthood
Focus on past, present and future
Why does McAdams not include self-esteem
Indicator of well-being rather than personality
Co-varies with extraversion strongly (.8)
Baumeister says we should focus on self-control rather than self-esteem
Definition of a personality disorder
Lasting, stable pattern of behaviour that deviates from one’s culture, manifested in inappropriate emotions, lack of control.
Recognizable by childhood or adolescence
Impairment in work and relationships
Myths of narcissim
- It’s just high self-esteem
- They’re insecure and actually have low self-esteem
- They really are great
- Some narcissism is healthy
Sociometer theory on self-esteem
Internal representation of social acceptance and rejection
Self-Determination theory on self-esteem
Healthier when not preoccupied by self-esteem, behaving according to your true self.
Qualities needed to a clinician
(Prof was inspired by movie Ordinary People)
High Intimacy and Power motives
High Agreeableness and Extraversion
Skills: empathy, listener, decoding others
Schwartz’ theory of basic values
Openness to change (hedonism, stimulation, self-direction) opposes Conservation (conformity, tradition, security).
Self-Transcendence (universalism, benevolence) opposes Self-Enhancement (achievement, power).
Occupational Preferences of 3 motives
Achievement: small businesses, research scientists, sales people
Power: manager, clergy, teacher, therapist, journalist (lawyers and doctors not that high in power)
Intimacy: counsellor, mediator
Relationship Big 5 and motives?
No strong correlation
Motives establish the goal, traits establish how the goal will be achieved
Motives= why
Traits= how
Correlates to power
Positive: volunteering, community contributions, effective leadership, acquisition of prestige symbols
Negative: aggression, exploitative, sexuality, drinking, divorce
Men show more negative aspect because they lacked responsibility training as kids
The leadership motive profile
High power
Low affiliation
High activity inhibition
Obama (same as JFK) had the right profile but his introversion might have limited his impact (introversion inhibition hypothesis)
Erikson’s psychological stages
- Trust (1styear)
- Autonomy (2)
- Initiative (4-5)
- Industry (childhood to mid-adolescence)
- Identity (late adolescence, young adulthood)
- Intimacy (young adulthood)
- Generativity (midlife)
- Integrity (old age)
5 is crucial stage: 1-4 shape it, and it shapes 6-8
James Marcia’s Identity Formation
- Exploring
- Commitment
Identity Status Categories:
- Identity Diffusion: no exploration, no commitment (24%). Apathy and Dysphoria
- Foreclosure: no exploration, commitment (28%). Confidence and sureness
- Moratorium: exploration, no commitment (27%). Anxiety and doubt
- Identity Achievement: exploration and commitment (21%). Reflective confidence
Move up as we go through Uni
Intimacy status categories
Isolate: no depth, no commitment
Stereotypes: no depth, commitment
Pre-intimate: depth, no commitment
Intimate: depth and commitment
Diffusion fits most with isolate
Achieved fits most with Intimate
Generativity
An adult’s concern for and commitment to the well-being of youth and future generations, as evidenced by teaching, mentoring and other activities aimed at passing a positive legacy to the next generation
Statuses:
- Stagnant: shallow involvement and narrow scope
- Pseudo-generative: shallow involvement, wide scope
- Conventional: Deep involvement, narrow scope
- Generative: deep involvement, wide scope
McAdam’s model of generativity
Three components:
- Generative concerns (values)
- Generative acts
- Generative strivings
Attachement Styles
Secure (60%): low N, high E & A
Anxious (25%): very high N
Avoidant (15%): low E & A
Three major needs
ARC
Autonomy
Relatedness
Competence
Three orientations
Autonomous behaviour: rare, based on one’s needs
Controlled behaviour: go-to move, feeling pressure
Impersonal behaviour: beyond intentional control
Autonomy
“To resist influence
or coercion; to defy
an authority or to
seek freedom in a
new place. To strive
for independence”
resistance to hypnotism
a strong dislike of work environments that encourage supportiveness and teamwork.
a lack of persistence in pursuing goals.
Reactive vs Reflective autonomy
Reactive: ACL, control, higher for men, high E & O, very low A, focus on me, unpleasant interaction with authority, threatened by experts, do their own research and rely on social media, low rates of vaccination
Reflective: GCOS, higher for women, no traits correlations, focus on we, better peer interaction, rely on credible experts
Milestones to developing of narrative identity
- Autobiographical memory (2-3yo)
- Theory of mind, adapt to who you’re telling the story (3-4yo)
- Story grammar, make it suspenseful (5-6yo)
- Cultural script (10-14yo)
- Autobiographical reasoning and advanced storytelling skills (12-25yo)
Reminiscence bump: 60% of life story focuses on age 16-25 (m=23)
Verisimilitude: does the story match the person telling it
Dimensions of narrative identity
- Agency (mum’s story high), correlated with good mental health
- Communion (mum’s story low)
- Redemption
- Contamination
- Coherence, relates to ego development
- Complexity
- Meaning making
Semantic vs Episodic memory
Semantic: general facts, everyday memories
Episodic: personal facts, self-defining, core memories
Hedonic vs Eudaimonic well-being
Hedonic: happiness, subjective well-being, matches with how others think you’re doing, stable over time, will always return to genetic set point. Life events only affect this for short period of time 6months, winning lottery actually has a slightly negative effect. Lowest at age 46, back up after. Elaboration of lost had bad impact
Eudaimonic: live in accord with your ideal self, psychological well-being. Elaboration of lost had good impact on long term. Life narrative
Assertiveness training
Should just be warm and friendly when meeting someone new instead of try to look smart
Assertive behavior is defined as any action that reflects an individual’s own best interest
Goal of assertiveness training is to help clients openly verbalize what they want in various life situations.
Reduce depression and anxiety + increase self-esteem and relationship satisfaction
ICBT
Helps 90% of shy people
Key is not only exposure yo feared situations, but change from safety to mastery behaviours
Intrinsic vs Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic: self-determined, as motivated agents, we feel free to pursue the goals that we find to be intrinsically valuable and rewarding. Promotion goals
Extrinsic: controlled, when we strive to meet demands, motivated agency is compromised. Prevention goals
3 dimensions the social environment presents motivated agents with
Autonomy support: people are encouraging of choice and innovation in behaviour
Structure: provide clear guidelines about what behaviours lead to what outcomes, plus give feedback
Interpersonal involvement: the degree to which significant others are interested in and devote time to the development of children
4 steps of assertive training
- Communicate needs anddesires 2. Ability to say no 3. Communicate positive and negative feelings 4 establish I begin maintain end conversations
