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HSCI 130 final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 paradigms?

A
  1. Symbolic interactionist
  2. Sociology of the Body
  3. Conflict
  4. Structural functionalist
  5. Feminist
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2
Q

Symbolic interactionist key ideas

A

Peoples perception

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3
Q

Sociology of the body key ideas

A

Embodiment, Early life experiences

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4
Q

Conflict paradigm key ideas

A

power in healthcare, profit driven, inequality

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5
Q

Structural functionalist key ideas

A

Sick roles, organization, structure, harmonious

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6
Q

Healthy immigrant effect

A

Immigrants have better health than Canadians when they come to Canada, but after 10 years or so, their health declines fairly rapidly

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7
Q

Why is the healthy immigrant effect a thing?

A

When immigrants come to Canada, they must pass a health test. They have great health to past the test, then maintain it for a while as a new immigrant. Health gets worse over time due to social stresses, discrimination, bad health habits

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8
Q

Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Acronym

A

“Doctors BC”
DRSBC

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9
Q

Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Ideas

A
  1. Development of personal skills
  2. Reorienting of health service
  3. Strengthen community action
  4. Build healthy public policy
  5. Create supportive environments
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10
Q

Development of personal skills - examples

A

cooking classes, online education, health information available

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11
Q

Reorienting the healthcare system - examples

A

training of doctors, improving services

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12
Q

Strengthen community action - examples

A

health runs, community kitchens, support organizations

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13
Q

Build healthy public policy - examples

A

no smoking areas, seatbelt laws, making health choices the easiest ones

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14
Q

Create supportive environments - examples

A

community centres, workout programs

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15
Q

Attributes of the Canadian healthcare system

A
  1. Care delivery is the provinces responsibility
  2. Publicly financed
  3. Private providers
  4. Choice of practitioner
  5. 3 biggest spending categories - Hospitals, Drugs, Doctors
  6. Financed by taxes, insurance premiums, and out of pocket
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16
Q

Hans Selye

A

Father of Stress research

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17
Q

Spending on healthcare statistics (total, per person, distribution, percentages)

A
  1. Total: 228 billion
  2. Per person: 6.3k
  3. Distribution: Hospitals (29.5%) Drugs (16%) Doctors (15.2%)
  4. Overall percentage of BC budget: 43%
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18
Q

Vertical structure vs horizontal structure

A

Vertical - Macro factors/indirect
Horizontal - Micro factors/direct

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19
Q

Vertical and Horizontal structures - examples

A

Vertical - Welfare, child support
Horizontal - neighbourhood, work conditions

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20
Q

Personal determinants vs Structural determinants

A

Personal - Individual
Structural - social, others

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21
Q

Personal and social determinants - examples

A

Personal - genetics, coping skills, health practices

Structural - social/physical environment, access to health resources

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22
Q

Proximal determinants vs distal determinants

A

Proximal - (Think close proximity) - Downstream factors

Distal - (Think at a distance) - Upstream factors

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23
Q

Proximal and Distal determinants - examples

A

Proximal (close proximity) - sickness, bad habits
Distal (at a distance) - income, education, economic status

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24
Q

Primary determinants vs Secondary determinants

A

Primary - bigger factors that trickle down into secondary
Secondary - factors created by primary

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25
Q

Primary and Secondary determinants - examples

A

Primary - Socioeconomic factors, education, employment

Secondary - daily behaviour, lifestyle, self esteem

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26
Q

HIV statistics (worldwide cases, deaths per year, new cases per year)

A

WW cases - 38.4 million
deaths per year - 650k
New cases per year - 1.5 million

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27
Q

TB statistics (highest prevalence, highest per capita, worldwide cases, deaths per year)

A

Highest Prevalence - SE Asia
Highest per capita - Africa
WW cases- 10.4 million
deaths per year - 1.8 million

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28
Q

Salutogenic model of health

A

A model that helps people understand beneficial factors that make a population healthy

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29
Q

Salutogenesis

A

The origin of health

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30
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The origin of disease

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31
Q

Sense of Coherence

A

A sense of feeling put together/things are going to be alright

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32
Q

Medicare stats (first province, all provinces)

A

First province - Saskatchewan (1961)
All provinces - 1972

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33
Q

What Is medicare?

A

A government funded universal health insurance program

34
Q

Study Designs (8)

A
  1. Descriptive studies
  2. Observational studies
  3. Experimental studies
  4. Analytic studies
  5. Ecological studies
  6. Cross-sectional studies
  7. Case control studies
  8. Prospective cohort studies
35
Q

Descriptive studies

A

Describes occurrences of the disease
5Ws, person place time

36
Q

Observational studies

A

Compare patterns of disease outcomes

37
Q

Experimental studies

A

Clinical trials

38
Q

Analytic studies

A

Evaluation of association between exposures to determine if exposure causes outcome

39
Q

Ecological studies

A

Compare prevalence of disease

40
Q

Cross sectional studies

A

Study group chosen to represent a subgroup of society

41
Q

Case control studies

A

Compare control group and non control group to find odds of exposure

42
Q

Prospective cohort studies

A

Compare people with and without exposure to see disease development

43
Q

Mortality rates (5)

A
  1. Crude
  2. Case specific
  3. Infant
  4. Sex
  5. Standardized
44
Q

Iatrogenesis definition

A

Sickness or injury caused by the healthcare system

45
Q

Mark Brockman - Why is CD4 Important? (2)

A
  1. CD4 is important to fight infection
  2. CD4 count is used to track HIV progress (high count = low progress)
46
Q

Mark Brockman - What type of cells contribute to antiviral immunity?

A

CD8 T cells (search and suppress/destroy)

47
Q

Mark Brockman - What is cART and how does it work? (2)

A
  1. Greatest achievement against HIV
  2. Used to slow HIV reproduction in the body
48
Q

Mark Brockman - Why is cART unable to eliminate HIV?

A

cART is unable to locate/eliminate HIV reservoirs

49
Q

Mark Brockman - Why don’t we have a vaccine for HIV yet? (2)

A
  1. HIV is highly adaptive
  2. Reservoirs are major barrier to cure
50
Q

Ottawa charter health promo vs individual health promo

A

Ottawa charter:
- social determinants reflect outcomes
- targets the population
- action Stratagies (DRSBC)

Individual:
- lifestyle reflects outcomes
- targets individuals
- process to empower people to improve their health through education

51
Q

Gender Explanations (3 levels)

A

Individual
- display
- orientation
- identity

interactional
- how people are treated based on gender

Structural level
- gendered status
- labour division
- sexual scripts

52
Q

Unnatural causes film - main points (4)

A
  1. Social class is the biggest determinant of health
  2. Wealth = health
  3. Death cares and illness correlate to status
  4. Poor status->stress->cortisol for extended lengths->health problems (impaired immune system, shrink brain, inhibit memory)
53
Q

Mythbusters - international doctors will solve doctor shortage in rural areas. Why is this a myth? (2) Potential solution? (1)

A
  1. The only reason these doctors are in rural areas is to finish contracts or degrees
  2. They have no reason to stay as opportunities are better elsewhere/they’d like to return to home or family
  3. Encourage more people to rural communities to go into healthcare
54
Q

Mythbusters - user fees ensure better use of healthcare. Why is this a myth? (3)

A
  1. Discourages people from using healthcare
  2. Will prevent some necessary visits due to misconception
  3. Lower status people will be discouraged due to financial barriers
55
Q

John Snow - research

A
  • Thought Cholera was in the water
  • used applications of epidemiology to map out and prove his findings in the Broad street pump
56
Q

Age of AIDS - main points (3)

A
  • Stigma
  • Discrimination against groups prone to HIV
  • Uganda leading in prevention
57
Q

Canadian Health Act Acronym

58
Q

CUPPA (5) (just terms)

A
  1. Comprehensiveness
  2. Universality
  3. Portability
  4. Public administration
  5. Accessibility
59
Q

CUPPA - Comprehensiveness

A

All medically necessary services are provided

60
Q

CUPPA - Universality

A

Providing public services insurance to all Canadians equally

61
Q

CUPPA - Portability

A

All Canadians are covered under public healthcare insurance even while traveling across provinces

62
Q

CUPPA - Public Administration

A

Operated on a non-profit basis, and by a public agency

63
Q

CUPPA - Accessibility

A

Reasonable access to medical services without financial or other barriers

64
Q

Age structure - main points (3)

A
  1. Increasing (higher elderly population)
  2. Higher elderly population + lower fertility rates = Change in age structure
  3. Puts strains on healthcare system due to demanding need of elderly
65
Q

4 Gender Hypotheses (just terms)

A
  1. Role accumulation hypothesis
  2. Role strain hypothesis
  3. Risk taking hypothesis
  4. Social acceptability hypothesis
66
Q

Gender hypothesis - Role Accumulation hypothesis

A

Suggests that women taking on multiple roles is beneficial for health

67
Q

Gender hypothesis - Role Strain hypothesis

A

Suggests that women taking on multiple roles is harmful to health

68
Q

Gender hypothesis - Risk taking hypothesis (2)

A
  1. Suggests that men engage in risky activity because they are socialized to do so
  2. Suggests that women are socialized to take care of health more than men
69
Q

Gender hypothesis - Social Acceptability

A
  1. Suggests that women are more likely to take on the sick role
70
Q

Explanations of the social gradient (just titles)(4)

A
  1. Materialist
  2. Neo Materialist
  3. Psychosocial
  4. Cultural
71
Q

Social gradient - Materialist explanation

A

Stress is increased by financial problems and social isolation

72
Q

Social gradient - Neo materialist explanation

A

Health is affected by social and economic resources, and level of funding in the social structure

73
Q

Social gradient - Psychosocial explanation

A

Stress is brought on by feeling at the bottom of the social gradient

74
Q

Social gradient - Cultural explanation

A

People cope with stress and other bad circumstances with drugs and alcohol

75
Q

4 parts of exclusions (just titles)

A
  1. Exclusion from civil society
  2. Exclusion from social goods
  3. Exclusion from social production
  4. Economical exclusion
76
Q

Parts of exclusion - exclusion from civil society

A

Limitations due to gender, race, and ethnicity

77
Q

Parts of exclusion - exclusion from social goods

A

limited access to resources and services
(eg. housing for the homeless)

78
Q

Parts of exclusion - exclusion from social production

A

Limited opportunities for employment and other institutions such as higher education

79
Q

Parts of exclusion - Economical exclusion

A

Limited opportunities for adequate material conditions for living
(eg. high crime neighbourhoods)

80
Q

Rudolf Virchow - main points (3)

A
  1. Sent to investigate typhus in Poland
  2. Found that lack of democracy led to poor living conditions, then bad hygiene and health, which led to typhus
  3. Discovered cell theory

HSCI 130 final (1 decks)

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