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ANIMAL SCIENCE GENETICS 330 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

haplotypes are found in:

A

germ cell

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2
Q

location of chromosome

A

locus

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3
Q

where are homologous chromosomes found

A

diploid cells

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4
Q

which two nitrogenous bases form 3 bonds instead of two

A

G - C

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5
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

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6
Q

what happens at the same time the DNA helices unwinds the parental DNA strands?

A

Single strand binding proteins stabilize the DNA

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7
Q

Genes can be transcribed

A
  • from either strand of DNA
  • withe different efficiencies
  • so that multiple copies of RNA are made
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8
Q

genetic drift is a problem in what size herds?

A

small isolated herds

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9
Q

a haplotype is

A

alleles present on one chromosome that tend to be inherited together

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10
Q

nucleotide consists of

A

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and pentose sugar

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11
Q

genotypes are found in

A

germ cells, diploid cells, haplotypes

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12
Q

what carries the anticodon

A

tRNA

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13
Q

test crosses are used to

A

determine if an animal is a heterozygote (carrier) in a trait with complete dominance

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14
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

differs from the Mendelian pattern of autosomal inheritance

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15
Q

you would have the highest confidence if you mated to a male being tested to

A

homozygous recessive females

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16
Q

if one gene was responsible fore coat color and the phenotype were red, white and an equal mix of remand white hairs (roan) what type of trait would this be?

A

Co-dominance

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17
Q

what events occur in the nucleus

A

DNA replication, RNA transcription, RNA processing

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18
Q

The TATA box

A

located approximately 25 nucleotides 5’ to the initiation start site

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19
Q

homologous chromosomes separate in

A

anaphase 1

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20
Q

sister chromatids separate in

A

anaphase 2

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21
Q

what are the phases of the cell cycle that compromise interphase

A

G,S, G2

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22
Q

what occurs in M phase

A

Mitosis -> prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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23
Q

chromosome components in order top to bottom

A

sister chromatids, p arm, centromere, q arm

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24
Q

what is a housekeeping gene

A

a gene expressed constantly

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25
Q

Threes processes, in order to process RNA

A

5’ cap, poly A tail, splicing

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26
Q

what avoids the law of independent assortment?

A

linkage disequilibrium

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27
Q

if 4 cats out of 50 are affected what are allele frequencies
rr affected and RR

genotypic frequency

A

q^2 = 4/50 = Sort of 4/50 = 0.28 = q
1-q = p -> 1-0.28 = 0.7172

1= q^2 + 2pq + p2

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28
Q

selection intensity increases

A

rate of genetic process increases

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29
Q

in genetic model, E is described in terms of

A

environment

30
Q

4 path method for key equation is used when

A

accuracy, selection intensity, generation intensity generation interval or genetic variation differs within and between sexes

31
Q

genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation differ

A

genetic correlation is BV
phenotypic correlation is between the performance

32
Q

the risk/ breeding dogs with mutations are

A

would maintain more genetic diversity and starting treatment would decrease the risk

33
Q

a qualitative trait

A

may be a threshold trait and expressed in a mutually exclusive way

34
Q

threshold traits

A

have low selection intensity

35
Q

breeding value only contains

A

additive

36
Q

genotypic value includes

A

additive and non additive genetic effects

37
Q

population measure of the deviations from the means of two variables

A

the covariance

38
Q

traits with high heritability

A

phenotype is a good indicator of breeding value

39
Q

traits with low heritability

A

phenotype is inaccurate predictor of breeding value

40
Q

in phenotypic selection accuracy is measured by

A

heritability

41
Q

repeatability

A

proportion of differences in performance that are due to differences in producing ability

42
Q

increasing heritably and repeatability increase

A

genetic change

43
Q

multiple trait selection that is best used with traits with high heritability?

A

phenotypic selection

44
Q

number of traits increase

A

actual effective proportion saved increases

45
Q

four ways heritability and repeatability can be improved

A
  1. uniform environment
  2. accurate measurements
  3. mathematical groups
  4. contemporary groups
46
Q

two major causes of genetic correlation

A

pleiotropy
linkage disequilibrium

47
Q

3 circumstances when an indicator trait is used

A
  1. accuracy selection is greater
  2. selection intensity > for indicator trait
  3. trait y is too expesinve of Dif. to measure
48
Q

Violates menders law

A

linkage disequilibrium

49
Q

what equation would be used to determine if an indicator trait is better that direct selection

A

ratio of response

50
Q

variance

A

(x-X)^2 / n-1

51
Q

standard deviation

A

sqrt of variance

52
Q

covariance

A

sum of scp / n-1

53
Q

dogs are unique in that their genome contains

A

large regions remain conserved across breeds, more mutations or variants for each trait than most livestock species, different genes than most other animals

54
Q

once a genomic variant is associated with a trait

A

must be validated with an independent population and have complementary approaches with it

55
Q

producing ability is calculated when

A

determining the genetic merit of an animal for a repaeated trait

56
Q

meiosis is critical for

A

sexual reproduction

57
Q

economic selection indexes

A

have an advantage in setting priorities for breeding objectives based on profitability, examples are total performance index

58
Q

the cell cycle includes

A

dna replication, interphase, mitosis

59
Q

correlated response occurs

A

linkage disequilibrium, pleiotrophy, indirect selection,

60
Q

EPD

A

expected progeny difference, 1/2 BV, predicts how offspring will compare to the mean for that trait

61
Q

single performance for repeated traits

A

P= G+ Ep+Et

62
Q

traditional EDPS

A

based on pedigree

63
Q

genomic EPDs are based

A

single nucleotide genetic markers

64
Q

maximizes F1 hybrid vigor but doesn’t provide replacement females

A

terminal cross

65
Q

homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis to

A

reduce the cell to a haploid genome

66
Q

regions in linkage disequilibrium

A

haplotypes

67
Q

where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm

68
Q

transcription and DNA replication differ by?

A

DNA uses thymine instead or uracil like RNA does in transcription

69
Q

what is grading up or top crossing

A

converts one breed population to another breed

70
Q

when one gene expression affects the expression of another gene

A

epistasis

ANIMAL SCIENCE GENETICS 330 (1 decks)

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