FINAL Flashcards
haplotypes are found in:
germ cell
location of chromosome
locus
where are homologous chromosomes found
diploid cells
which two nitrogenous bases form 3 bonds instead of two
G - C
What is a nucleotide
a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
what happens at the same time the DNA helices unwinds the parental DNA strands?
Single strand binding proteins stabilize the DNA
Genes can be transcribed
- from either strand of DNA
- withe different efficiencies
- so that multiple copies of RNA are made
genetic drift is a problem in what size herds?
small isolated herds
a haplotype is
alleles present on one chromosome that tend to be inherited together
nucleotide consists of
nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and pentose sugar
genotypes are found in
germ cells, diploid cells, haplotypes
what carries the anticodon
tRNA
test crosses are used to
determine if an animal is a heterozygote (carrier) in a trait with complete dominance
sex-linked inheritance
differs from the Mendelian pattern of autosomal inheritance
you would have the highest confidence if you mated to a male being tested to
homozygous recessive females
if one gene was responsible fore coat color and the phenotype were red, white and an equal mix of remand white hairs (roan) what type of trait would this be?
Co-dominance
what events occur in the nucleus
DNA replication, RNA transcription, RNA processing
The TATA box
located approximately 25 nucleotides 5’ to the initiation start site
homologous chromosomes separate in
anaphase 1
sister chromatids separate in
anaphase 2
what are the phases of the cell cycle that compromise interphase
G,S, G2
what occurs in M phase
Mitosis -> prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
chromosome components in order top to bottom
sister chromatids, p arm, centromere, q arm
what is a housekeeping gene
a gene expressed constantly
Threes processes, in order to process RNA
5’ cap, poly A tail, splicing
what avoids the law of independent assortment?
linkage disequilibrium
if 4 cats out of 50 are affected what are allele frequencies
rr affected and RR
genotypic frequency
q^2 = 4/50 = Sort of 4/50 = 0.28 = q
1-q = p -> 1-0.28 = 0.7172
1= q^2 + 2pq + p2
selection intensity increases
rate of genetic process increases
in genetic model, E is described in terms of
environment
4 path method for key equation is used when
accuracy, selection intensity, generation intensity generation interval or genetic variation differs within and between sexes
genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation differ
genetic correlation is BV
phenotypic correlation is between the performance
the risk/ breeding dogs with mutations are
would maintain more genetic diversity and starting treatment would decrease the risk
a qualitative trait
may be a threshold trait and expressed in a mutually exclusive way
threshold traits
have low selection intensity
breeding value only contains
additive
genotypic value includes
additive and non additive genetic effects
population measure of the deviations from the means of two variables
the covariance
traits with high heritability
phenotype is a good indicator of breeding value
traits with low heritability
phenotype is inaccurate predictor of breeding value
in phenotypic selection accuracy is measured by
heritability
repeatability
proportion of differences in performance that are due to differences in producing ability
increasing heritably and repeatability increase
genetic change
multiple trait selection that is best used with traits with high heritability?
phenotypic selection
number of traits increase
actual effective proportion saved increases
four ways heritability and repeatability can be improved
- uniform environment
- accurate measurements
- mathematical groups
- contemporary groups
two major causes of genetic correlation
pleiotropy
linkage disequilibrium
3 circumstances when an indicator trait is used
- accuracy selection is greater
- selection intensity > for indicator trait
- trait y is too expesinve of Dif. to measure
Violates menders law
linkage disequilibrium
what equation would be used to determine if an indicator trait is better that direct selection
ratio of response
variance
(x-X)^2 / n-1
standard deviation
sqrt of variance
covariance
sum of scp / n-1
dogs are unique in that their genome contains
large regions remain conserved across breeds, more mutations or variants for each trait than most livestock species, different genes than most other animals
once a genomic variant is associated with a trait
must be validated with an independent population and have complementary approaches with it
producing ability is calculated when
determining the genetic merit of an animal for a repaeated trait
meiosis is critical for
sexual reproduction
economic selection indexes
have an advantage in setting priorities for breeding objectives based on profitability, examples are total performance index
the cell cycle includes
dna replication, interphase, mitosis
correlated response occurs
linkage disequilibrium, pleiotrophy, indirect selection,
EPD
expected progeny difference, 1/2 BV, predicts how offspring will compare to the mean for that trait
single performance for repeated traits
P= G+ Ep+Et
traditional EDPS
based on pedigree
genomic EPDs are based
single nucleotide genetic markers
maximizes F1 hybrid vigor but doesn’t provide replacement females
terminal cross
homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis to
reduce the cell to a haploid genome
regions in linkage disequilibrium
haplotypes
where does translation occur
cytoplasm
transcription and DNA replication differ by?
DNA uses thymine instead or uracil like RNA does in transcription
what is grading up or top crossing
converts one breed population to another breed
when one gene expression affects the expression of another gene
epistasis
