Final Flashcards
1
Q
Neural Communication Pathway
A
Receptor to neuron
neuron to neuron
neuron to effector (muscle to gland)
2
Q
Neural communication directional
A
receiving to output zone
from presynaptic neuron across synaptic cleft to postsynaptic neuron
3
Q
anaxonic neuron
A
have more than 2 processes and they may be all dendrites; axons are not obvious
4
Q
Bipolar Neuron
A
have 2 processes separated by the cell body
5
Q
unipolar neuron
A
have single elongated process, with the cell body located off to the side
6
Q
Multipolar neuron
A
have more than 2 processes; there is a single axon and multiple dendrites
7
Q
Features of a neuron
A
contains gated channels for electrical signal production and propagation
produces neurotransmitters for release into synaptic cleft
can carry signals a great distance due to their long axon
can integrate incoming signals and send signals of varying strength
8
Q
Subdivisions of neurons
(multiple zones)
A
Receiving zone
trigger zone
conduction/propagating zone
output zone
9
Q
receiving zone
A
dendrites and cell bodys
10
Q
trigger zone
A
initial segment of axon
11
Q
conducting/propagating zone
A
remainder of axon and telodendria
12
Q
output zone
A
axon terminals/synaptic cleft
13
Q
receiving zone structures
A
must be able to receive a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) secreted by a sensory receptor or a presynaptic neuron
plasma membrane in that area must have proper receptors
14
Q
types communication mechanisms
A
directly open a gated channel from the extracellular surface of the cell messengers
indirectly open a gated channel by activating a G-protein and second messengers
15
Q
Ions that may pass thru gated channel in the receiving zone
A
Na+
K+
Cl-
16
Q
Structures of the cell body
A
Nucleus w/ DNA
mitochondria
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi bodies
cytoskeleton
lysosomes
17
Q
cells body responsibility
A
synthesizing the neurotransmitters that are secreted at the output zone
18
Q
Trigger and conducting zone structures
A
must be capable of responding to changes in the voltage of the membrane
19
Q
Where are neurotransmitters synthesized
A
the cell body
20
Q
within a single neuron, the event that links a postsynaptic potential to an action potential is
A
ion flow
21
Q
Features of graded potentials
A
they can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
the amount of depolarization or hyper polarization depends on the intensity of the stimulus
they lose strength as they spread
they are established via ligang-gated channels
22
Q
the substance released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse in another cell is called a
A
neurotransmitter
23
Q
the opening of ________ triggers neurotransmitter exocytosis
A
voltage-gated calcium channels
24
Q
local potentials are____, whereas action potential are______
A
graded; all or none
25
summation occurs at the
axon hillock
26
_____ allows multiple sub threshold graded potentials to lead to the production of an action potential
summation
27
the opening of a ligand-gated channel will lead to
hyper polarization of a neuron and reduce a likelihood of action potential production
28
gates respond to all these stimuli
physical deformation of the plasma membrane
chemical messenger
changes in electrical potential (voltage) across the plasma membrane
ligands
29
a neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called
spatial summation
30
a sub threshold excitatory postsynaptic potential that reaches the axon hillock will cause
no action potential to be produced
31
immediately after an action potential has peaked, which gates are open
potassium
32
an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron
a voltage change from -70mV to -69.5mV
33
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with
hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
34
a neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n)
interneuron
35
unipolar neurons have only a single process leading away from the soma
true
36
most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen at the
cell body
37
structures most responsible for producing the absolute refractory period
inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium channels
38
if a series of a synapses produced both inhibitory and excitatory local potentials, the signals could be coming from ______
multiple different neurons at the same time
39
basic reflexes:
may be modified by learned behaviors
40
___ carry motor commands from the brain along the spinal cord
descending tracts
41
the ___ division tends to prepare the body for action
sympathetic
42
if a bee sting on the right thigh it causes a quick involuntary reaction of the right arm, this would be an example of
an intersegmental reflex
43
posterior root ganglia contain somas of unipolar neurons
true
44
cerebrospinal fluid fills in the space between
arachnoid mater and pia mater
45
you go to the movies after a long day and you being to nod off as soon as the movie starts. your head starts to lower a little this reflex causes your head to rise. this is called the
stretch (myotatic) reflex
46
most nerves are motor nerves
false
47
the autonomic nervous system (ANS) differs from the somatic nervous system in that the ANS does not
innervate skeletal muscles
48
during a spinal tap, a needle is inserted into the _____ to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid
subarachnoid space of the lumbar region
49
nerves are ____ of the nervous system
organs
50
the cervical plexus gives origin to the nerve(s)
phrenic
51
a stretch reflex is often accompanied by reciprocal inhibition
true
52
observed during a stretch reflex
an integration center consisting of a single synapse between a sensory and motor neuron
an initial signal triggered by a stretch of a muscle spindle embedded in the muscle
integration center within the spinal cord
53
a tendon reflex
prevents over contraction of a muscle
54
a ___ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous ____
nerve; axons
55
a patellar reflex is an example of a(n)
stretch reflex
56
sensory function involves neurons in the posterior root ganglia
touch
57
the largest and longest nerve of the body is found in the:
sacral plexus
58
as you are lifting a box someone places extra weight on top of it. for your muscles to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must
recruit more muscle fibers
59
the minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called
the threshold
60
in a skeletal muscle fiber, which of the following best describes the composition of the triad, the structures responsible for linking electrical stimulation of the muscle fiber with the contraction cycle
a transverse tubule flanked by terminal cisternae on each side
61
which fibers are primarily responsible for producing lactic acid
fast-twitch glycolytic fibers
62
the function of myoglobin in muscle fibers is to
hold a reserve supply of oxygen
63
in a relaxed muscle fiber, the myosin binding sites of actin are blocked by ____
tropomyosin
64
a single high voltage stimulation of a muscle will result in
recruitment
65
all occur during muscle contraction
the h zone narrows
thee I bands widens
the z discs move towards the m line
the sarcomere shortens
66
functions of skeletal muscle
opening the eye lids
generating heat to maintain an adequate body temperature
stabilizing joints to maintain an adequate body temperature
supporting the organs of the abdominal cavity
67
true about muscle fiber
it is multinucleate and has an abundance of mitochodria
68
the sliding filament model of contraction involves
actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening
69
all are needed to produce skeletal muscle contraction
calcium ions in the sarcoplasm
acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft
ATP
sodium ions entering the cell at the NMJ
70
creatine kinase
catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP
71
what happens to the I band when a muscle fiber relaxes
it increases in width
72
if a muscle were stretched to the point where which and thin filaments no longer overlapped, theoretically, ______
no active muscle tension could be generated
73
a reason that muscle twitches become progressively stronger in trope is
Ca2+ accumulates in the sarcoplasm faster than the sarcoplasmic reticulum can be reabsorb it
74
a skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is
partially stretched before being stimulated
75
the optimal length of a resting sarcomere would be
intermediate with overlap between the section of the thick filament with myosin heads and the thin filaments
76
the training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to
increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber
77
muscle tone refers to ______
a state a sustained partial contraction in a muscle
78
provides a site for crossing over of incoming signals from one side of the body to the other side of the cerebrum
medulla oblongata
79
monitor motor activity and make adjustments to ensure coordinated motor activity occurs
cerebellum
80
innervate motor neurons that, in turn, innervate skeletal muscles
primary motor area
81
enable recognition of visual images that have been seen before
visual association area
82
receipt of a perceptible signal from a sensory receptor in the skin
primary somatosensory cortex
83
regulates appetite
hypothalamus
84
regulates respiration
medulla oblongata
85
regulate the activity of the basal nuclei
subtantia nigra
86
provide a communication pathway between the premotor cortex and primary motor area
association tract
87
provide a communication pathway between the left and right cerebral hemispheres
commissural tract
88
filter sensory information before it reaches the cerebral hemisphere
thalamus
89
maintain a state of consciousness
reticular formation
90
enable one to form words to speak
broca's area
91
establish emotional states
limbic system
92
allow one to think rationally and predict consequences of actions
prefrontal cortex
93
produce cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexus
94
loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related with a session in the
cerebellum
95
the blood brain barrier (BBB) is the most permeable to
glucose and oxygen
96
the gray matter of the brain forms a surface layer called ____ and called deeper masses called ____ surrounded by white matter
a cortex; nuclei
97
the reticular formation is a web of ______scattered throughout the _____
gray matter, brainstem
98
in order for a motor command on the right side of the cerebral cortex to innervate a muscle on the muscle of the left side of the body, the signal must cross over to the left side CNS in the
medulla oblongata or the spinal cord
99
which of the following cranial nerves carries most of the fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS
vagus
100
cerebrospinal fluid circulated through all of the following
the cerebral aqueduct
the lateral ventricles of the cerebrum
the third ventricle of the diencephalon
the subarachnoid space of the cranial meninges
101
the brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the
reticular activating system
102
the blood brain barrier (BBB) consists of
tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls
103
mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called
baroreceptors
104
receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called
proprioceptors
105
stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior region of the left post central gyrus would produce
a sensation in the right kleg
106
peripheral adaption _____ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS
decreases
107
the link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron is called a(n)
labeled line
108
your brain is not constantly bombarded with signals telling it that you are wearing socks. This is because the touch receptors around your ankle are
phasic and fast-adapting receptors
109
nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by the way of synapses in
the thalamus
110
the term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following
temperature
pain
vibration
touch
111
the motor homunculus shows the larger structures in areas of the body that
have more motor unites
112
damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect
voluntary motor activity
113
the cerebellum adjust motor activity in response to all of the following
visual information
input from the motor cortex
input from proprioceptors
equilibrium-related sensations
114
thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are _____
third-order neurons
115
in oder for a sensation to become a perception,
it must be received by the somatosensory cortex
116
we can localize sensation that originate in different areas of the body because
sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions
117
a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of the constant stimulus is referred to as
adaptation
118
motor neurons whose cells bodies are within spinal cord are called ___ neurons
lower motor
119
the conversion of the stimulus into an action potential to be interpreted by the brain is called
transduction
120
the afferent neuron that carried the sensation and enter the CNS is a _____
first-order neuron
121
more space is devoted on the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex to this part of the body than to any of the others listed:
toes
trunk
fingers
thighs
forearms
fingers
122
most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in
the vagus nerve
123
which nerve(s) carries most parasympathetic fibers
vagus nerve (CN X)
124
Is made up of adrenergic fibers
postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
125
these are all features of the sympathetic division
it originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
It has long postganglionic fiber
its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column
it has extensive neural divergence to and a relative widespread effect
126
best describes the order of a visceral reflex
sensory receptor-> afferent nerve fiber->efferent nerve fiber->gland
127
___ is an example of cooperative between the two autonomic nervous system divisions
orgasm
128
antagonistic effects of the two division of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of the
gastrointestinal motility
129
the sympathetic and parasympathetic are subdivisions of the:
autonomic nervous system
130
postganglionic neuron of the ANS synapse with
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
131
fibers of the vagus nerve end near their target organs
true
132
___ is the background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
autonomic tone
133
the division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity and stress is the ___ division
sympathetic
134
parasympathetic tone
holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate
135
which of the following is a trait that is typical of the sympathetic division of the ANS
most presynaptic neuron fibers enter the chain ganglia
136
most preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system synapse with 10 to 20 postganglionic neurons. this results in
sympathetic nervous system having a relative widespread effect
137
all autonomic output originates in the central nervous system
true
138
the neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic-ganglia is(are)
acetylcholine (ACh)
139
most autonomic efferent pathways involve one neuron
false
140
which of the following would be associated with both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the ANS
a synapse between 2 motor neurons outside the CNS
141
the autonomic division of the nervous system directs
processes that maintain homeostasis
142
what is the primary function of melanin
provide protection against the sun's UV rays
143
serous membranes consist of
a single layer of squamous epithelium cells and a layer of areolar c.t
144
two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solution than solution B, therefore
water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
145
a positive feedback mechanism is defined as
a feedback mechanism that reinforces the change in a controlled condition
146
facilitated diffusion differs from active transport because
facilitated diffusion is passive and active transport consume ATP
147
Which of the following body systems acts as a fast-acting control system for the body
nervous
