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Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what arises from the intermediate mesoderm

A

kidneys, gonads, and adrenals

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2
Q

what arises from the lateral plate mesoderm

A

heart, blood vessels, body cavity, and pelvic/limb skeletons

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3
Q

BMP levels of intermediate and LMP (induced)

A

high, further from the neural tube and notochord results in less BMP inhibitors and more BMPs, possibly as a result of differential expression of Fox genes

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4
Q

Pax2

A

specifies intermediate mesoderm

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5
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney

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6
Q

development of the kidney

A

occurs in 3 stages through reciprocal interactions, only the last stage is the final functional kidney

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7
Q

stages of development of the kidney

A

formation of the pronephros, mesonephros, and then metanephros

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8
Q

formation of the pronephros

A

pronephric duct cells migrate and induce the formation of pronephros, tubules of the initial kidney, which eventually results in the Wolffian duct

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9
Q

formation of mesonephros

A

grow out of the Wolffian duct in the posterior region

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10
Q

formation of metanephros

A

arises from the metanephric mesenchyme at the most posterior region of intermediate mesoderm, which induces branching and the formation of Ureteric buds

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11
Q

what specifies the identity of the kidney?

A

BMP levels and interaction of the paraxial mesoderm, which induces Lim1, Pax2, and Pax8 (which will induce kidneys in other mesoderm cells)

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12
Q

what limits the position of kidney formation?

A

Hox genes, give competence to respond and express Lim1

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13
Q

which interactions result in the final kidney development?

A

reciprocal interactions between the ureteric buds, which become collecting ducts and ureter, and the metanephric mesenchyme, which becomes the nephron. Ureteric bud branches into the metanephric mesenchyme, which then condenses and forms the nephron

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14
Q

how do the different cell populations arise?

A

differences in the time they migrated through the primitive streak

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15
Q

migration that results in Ureteric cells

A

early migration lead to less time exposed to Wnt and more time exposed to posterior FGF9 and RA, so those are high and Wnt is low

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16
Q

migration that results in metanephric mesenchymal cells

A

late migration results in longer exposure to Wnt (higher levels) and lower levels of FGF9/RA, low FGF9 and RA levels make the tissues competent to respond to the signals of the Ureteric bud

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17
Q

mechanisms of the reciprocal induction that forms the kidneys

A
  1. Metanephric mesenchyme signals the ureteric bud to branch off the Wolffian duct through GDFN secretion
  2. Ureteric bud signals the mesenchyme to survive by preventing apoptosis through secretion of Fgf2, Fgf9, and BMP7, results in a population of stem cells
  3. Mesenchyme induces the UB to branch further and further, creating ureteric bud tip cells and mesenchyme cap cells
  4. UB induces the mesenchyme to condense and develop the nephron, bud cells release Wnt signals which triggers MET in condensed cap cells, epithelium undergoes morphogenesis and tubulation to form kidneys
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18
Q

GDNF

A

glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) that gets secreted from the metanephric mesenchyme and causes outgrowth of the ureteric bud

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19
Q

which signaling factor is necessary for the MET for mesenchyme cells in the kidney

A

Notch (Wnt)

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20
Q

connection of ureter to bladder endoderm

A

to complete the filtration system, the ureter uses Eph-ephrin pathway to find the bladder

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21
Q

location of the LMP

A

furthest from the notochord/NT, lateral to the intermediate mesoderm

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22
Q

layers of the LMP

A

dorsal side is somatic mesoderm, ventral is splanchnic mesoderm, space between them becomes the coelom

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23
Q

development of the circulatory system

A

first functional system to develop in the embryo, arising from the splanchnic (ventral visceral) mesoderm

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24
Q

development of the heart

A

starts in left and right regions which later merge, heart progenitor cells migrate together through the primitive streak and then anteriorly to join the LPM creating the heart fields (cardiogenic mesoderm)

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25
Q

first heart field

A

forms the scaffold of developing heart as well as the left ventricle, expressing Mesp1 and Nkx2.5

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26
Q

second heart field

A

forms the rest of the heart as well as jaw muscles and lung mesenchyme, expressing Mesp1, Nkx2.5 AND Tbx1

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27
Q

contribution of NCCs to heart development

A

heart forms at the anterior end of the embryo specified by the pharyngeal endoderm and notochord through secretion of BMPs and Fgf8, inhibitors of Wnt and BMPs in the posterior region induce blood formation and prevent posterior heart development

28
Q

migration of cardiac precursor cells

A

cells migrate posterior along the gut endoderm by following a fibronectin gradient from the gut, each heart field migrates before merging into one, which occurs when the LPM folds to surround the embryo, mutations can prevent fusions, resulting in 2 hearts

29
Q

characteristics of cardiac progenitor cells

A

express pioneer heart factors Nkx2.5 and Mesp1, derived from earlier mesoderm precursor, and location influences identity, as they have the potential to form hemangioblasts

30
Q

hemangioblats

A

blood vessels and blood cells

31
Q

cells that arise from cardiac progenitor cells

A

endocardium, endothelium, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

32
Q

formation of blood vessels

A

2 ways, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

33
Q

vasculogenesis

A

begins the job of forming blood vessels from mesoderm hemangioblast cells, requires Fgfs and VEGF-A

34
Q

angiogenesis

A

finishes the job of vessels by remodeling and branching existing vessels, also requires VEGF-A, which is secreted by developing organs to recruit vessels to form the capillary network

35
Q

endoderm derivatives

A

GI tract, liver, lining of the organs, and lungs, patterned by overlaying mesoderm

36
Q

major functions of the endoderm

A

pattern mesodermal tissues, form epithelial layers of digestive and respiratory tubes, and form epithelial layers of certain glands (tonsils, thyroid/parathyroid, and thymus)

37
Q

endoderm structure

A

initiates as a bulk tube structure stretching from the mouth to the anus that then splits off/ branches into specific structures, touches ectoderm at the mouth and anus only

38
Q

Brachyury/TbxT

A

mesodermal cells that enter through the primitive streak express these, high BMPs and Fgfs induce TbxT

39
Q

Sox17

A

endoderm specific, high nodal from the visceral endoderm result in Sox17 as cells leave the primitive streak

40
Q

patterning of endoderm along AP axis

A

high Wnt, BMPs, and Fgfs in the posterior region due to expression of hox genes, anterior becomes the pharynx, lung, and thyroid, middle becomes the liver and pancreas, and posterior becomes intestine

41
Q

formation of endoderm

A

begins as a sheet, folding initiates at anterior (anterior intestinal portal AIP) and posterior (caudal intestinal portal CIP) ends and then fuse in the middle, shrinking the yolk sac

42
Q

oral plate

A

anterior region where endoderm touches ectoderm

43
Q

anorectal junction

A

posterior region where endoderm touches ectoderm

44
Q

pharynx

A

digestive tube located anterior to respiratory system, contains pharyngeal arches (meso/ecto) and pharyngeal pouches (endoderm)

45
Q

endoderm pharyngeal pouches give rise to

A

glands, the tonsils, thyroid/parathyroid, and thymus

46
Q

significance of pharyngeal pouches to NCCs

A

pharyngeal pouches express Shh which is a survival factor for neural crest cells that migrate through the pouches

47
Q

length of digestive tube

A

from esophagus to rectum, consists of endoderm (lining of the tube) surrounded by LPM that forms connective tissues and smooth muscles

48
Q

what specifies specifics of endoderm

A

mesodermal signaling, default state of is stomach like endo, Wnt in the posterior end induces Cdx1 and Cdx2, where high levels specify the large intestine and low levels specify small intestine, Barx1 in the stomach blocks Wnt, so anterior becomes stomach

49
Q

Cdx2 inhibits

A

stomach, liver, and pancreas

50
Q

stomach txf

A

Sox2

51
Q

pancreas txf

A

Pdx1

52
Q

liver txf

A

Hox

53
Q

small intestine txf

A

Cdx2

54
Q

large intestine/colon txf

A

Cdx1

55
Q

what causes differential Hox gene expression along endoderm

A

endoderm gradient of Shh, AP axis

56
Q

intestinal stem cell

A

interactions between smooth muscle mesoderm and endoderm keeps stem cells away from villi, stem cells express b-catenin and Sox9, villi only express Sox9

57
Q

relationship between cardiomesoderm and endoderm

A

reciprocal signaling are critical, endoderm patterns cardiogenic mesoderm and then cardiomesoderm induces liver

58
Q

what directs development of liver and pancreas

A

endoderm buds interact with mesenchyme, reciprocal signaling, notochord represses liver (high Shh) but allows pancreas to form

59
Q

development of the pancreas

A

two separate structuress, dorsal and ventral diverticula, that eventually fuse,

60
Q

pancreatic pioneers

A

Pdx1 and Ptf1a

61
Q

pancreatic cell types

A

endocrine and exocrine

62
Q

signaling for exocrine

A

+Notch results in high Ptf1a concentrations, form digestive enzymes

63
Q

signaling for endocrine

A

-Notch shuts off Ptf1a, activating Ngn3, low Ptf1a, form insulin and glucagon

64
Q

B precursor

A

cells that will make insulin, patterned further with Pax4

65
Q

a precursor

A

cells that will make glucagon, patterned further with Arx

66
Q

relationship between Pax4 and Arx

A

mutually repress each other

67
Q

how could you make b cells using a skin cell in a dish

A

make it an induced pluripotent stem cell by treating it with Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2, then pattern it as Sox17, Foxa2/HNF1B, Pdx1, low Ptf1a, Pax4

Dev Biology (5 decks)

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