Final Flashcards

Question

How do governments regulate access to fertility control?

Answer 1

Governments sometimes regulate access: promoting or forbidding it (Ex. Chinas one child policy). - illegal abortions are likely to have detrimental effects of women’s health and safety.

Answer 2

Infanticide: deliberate killing of offspring. - Direct: drowning, beating, smothering, etc - Indirect: Food deprivation, failure to treat sickness. - often seen as a better choice than to risk the health of other children.

Answer 3

Personality: An individuals patterned and characteristic way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Answer 4

Birth context: context of birth affects on an infants psychological development.

Answer 5

Bonding: parent infant bonding at birth or later.

Answer 6

Puberty: occurs universally and involves biological markers Adolescence: culturally defined period of maturation from puberty to adulthood.

Answer 7

Coming of age: - rite of passage, period marking the boundaries of adolescence. Most are gender specific. - Some ceremonies have sacrificial element, with symbolic death and rebirth.

Answer 8

Mana: an impersonal and powerful supernatural force that can reside in people, animals, plants, and objects

Answer 9

Totemism: mystical of spiritual relationship between and animal or plant and a group of people or kinship group

Answer 10

Monotheism: belief in a single all powerful deity

Answer 11

Polytheism: belief in many gods or goddesses

Answer 12

Animism: belief that animals, plants, and inanimate objects are animated by spirits

Answer 13

Religion: System of beliefs and practices involving supernatural beings and forces to provide meaning, peace of mind, and a sense of control over unexplainable phenomena - Ideas that make up religion are social: it is a social system that is socially enacted through these rituals and other aspects of life.

Answer 14

Functions of religion: SOCIAL 1. Social control: When backed by god authority is more compelling. Fear of divine retribution. Shifts the burden of decision making. 2. Conflict resolution: Helps deal with stress 3. Reinforcement of group solidarity: enables people to express their common identity

Answer 15

Functions of religion: PSYCHOLOGICAL 1. Cognitive: helps explain the unexplainable. Provides a framework for giving meaning to events and experiences. 2. Emotional: helps individuals cope with anxieties to try to control circumstances in their life.

Answer 16

Magic: Manipulation of supernatural forces. - Directed toward specific, immediate problems. - Magicians believe they can control nature.

Answer 17

Sorcery: manipulation of supernatural forces to do harm - Directed towards people who are disliked by sorcerer. - Personal misfortune attributed to sorcery of a rival. - Material substances and incantations

Answer 18

Witchcraft: inherent power to cause people misfortune. - Directed toward people by thinking evil thoughts. Opposes social values such as health and love. - No such thing as bad luck. - Witches tend to be the powerless: poor, elderly, women, children.

Answer 19

Ritual: Patterned behaviour that may or may not have a supernatural component.

Answer 20

- Sacred: enactment of beliefs expressed in myth and doctrine

Answer 21

- Secular: no connection to the supernatural realm (frats/sororities)

Answer 22

- Periodic rituals: Regularity performed

Answer 23

- nonperiodic rituals: occur at unpredictable times in response to unscheduled events.

Answer 24

Pilgrimage: round trip travel to a sacred place or places for purposes of religious devotion or ritual. Often involves hardship, with the implication that the more suffering that is involved the more merit the pilgrim accumulates.

Answer 25

Sacrifice: offering something for the transfer to the supernaturals. Long history. May involve killing and offering animals, making human offerings, or offering other products.

Answer 26

Rituals of inversion: Normal social roles and relations are temporarily inverted. Time for social pressure to be released to provide reminder about the propriety of normal, everyday roles and practices.

Answer 27

Life cycles or rites of passage: marks a change in status from one life stage to another of an individual or group. - 3 phases a. Separation: physical, social or symbolic isolation from normal life. b. Transition: neither in one category or another. (Cut off from old status but new has not yet been achieved.) ~ learning of specialized skills to equip individual for new status. c. Incorporation: occurs when the initiate emerges, welcomed by community as an individual occupying the new status.

Answer 28

Myth: religious or sacred story that explains how the world, people, r some event, or practice came to be. - Expression of religious beliefs can be through myth: they are embedded in almost every aspect of popular culture. - often taught informally or passively . - also doctrine (dogma): direct statements about religious beliefs, written and formal.

Answer 29

Worldview: Persons way of understanding how the world came to be, its design, and their place in it.

Answer 30

Cults: forms of religion that have their own set of beliefs rituals, goals.

Answer 31

Individualistic cults: Least complex type of religious organization in which each person is their own religious specialist.

Answer 32

Shamanistic cults: Part time religious specialists (shamans) intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients - Shamans: Part time religious specialists who is through to have supernatural powers by virtue of birth, training or inspiration.

Answer 33

Ecclesiastical cults: found in states, full time religious specialists conduct rituals that occur at regular intervals. - Clear distinction between specialists and non specialists

Answer 34

World religion: religions based on written sources. Many followers that cross political borders. (Ex. Christianity)

Answer 35

Syncretism: synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices, often introduced by force.

Answer 36

Revitalization: religious movement designers to bring about a new way of life within a society.

Answer 37

Fundamentalism: religious movement characterized by a return and struct adherence to the fundamental principles of the religion, and often involving literal interpretation of religious texts and intolerance of other faiths.

Answer 38

Art: an object, event, or other expressive form that evokes an aesthetic reaction - Should be creative, produce an emotional response, transformational, communicate information, be the product of someone who has developed a level of skill.

Answer 39

Transformation-representation: process in which experience is transformed as it is represented symbolically in a different medium. Transform a 3D human form into a 2D painting.

Answer 40

Functions of art: - Emotional gratification: Provides a temporary break, viewer can receive pleasure which balances with the stress in their lives. - Social integration: communicates a good deal about the values, beliefs, and ideologies of the culture. Reflects the major cultural themes and concerns od the society which strengthens peoples identification with their culture. - Social control: Reinforce the existing sociocultural system. I stills obedience and maintains a status quo. Represents the astonishing power of both the god and rulers. - Preserving/challenging the status quo: accumulation of art objects indicates high prestige. Art preserves the status quo. Acts as a vehicle for resistance, protest, revolution.

Answer 41

Performance arts: include music dance and theatre.

Answer 42

- Ethnomusicology: comparative study of the musics of the world and of music as an aspect of culture and society. Involves a range of topics of study including the music itself, social position of musicians, how music interacts with other domains of culture such as religion or healing, and changes in music traditions.

Answer 43

Fine art: western centric judgement that defines art as rare, expensive art produced by artists usually trained in the western classical tradition - Art for arts sake

Answer 44

Folk art: all other art, ethnic art, primitive art, crafts. - resistance of this notion that art is only what a group of western experts define it as. - Art by intention rather than art by appropriation.

Answer 45

Play: - Consciously adopted by players, pleasurable, alludes to non-play world, transforms objects, roles, actions, and activity. - No direct utilitarian purpose for participants. Limited in terms of time. Rules. Play - transform of perspective: - Time for children to try on adult rules. Transformation from life to play involves a shift in perspective.

Answer 46

Meta communication: communication about communication. Provides info about the relationship between those who are communicating

Answer 47

Framing: marking certain behaviours as play and ordinary life

Answer 48

- Reflexivity: play suggesting that ordinary life can be understood in more than one way. It communicated about what can be, rather than what should be or is.

Answer 49

Effects of play: - rehearsal for real world, comment and criticize on the world of adults, increases creativity and imagination.

Answer 50

Adult play: - Allow adults to try on different roles experiences, creative, form cultural identities with others. (Ex. Halloween, gaming)

Answer 51

Sport: Physically expertise activity that is competitive and has rules. reflections of social relationships and cultural ideas. - form of personal identity for fans. Fans into make believe world - Sport and the state: institutionalization of sport st the state level helps complex modern societies cohere. Sharing of symbols and beliefs. - Ex. Uni level: supporting huskies teams = UofS support.

Answer 52

Leisure travel: tourists seek to find the culture the tourist industry defines rather than the real one.

Answer 53

Tourisms effects: tourism has brought a demand for traditional forms of expressive culture. Raises questions of authenticity when traditional forms are changed to please tourists desires. - Positive effect: sites, monuments etc have value to humanity.

Answer 54

Cultural heritage as a contested resource: - power, either local or global, can overwhelm local efforts to define and manage cultural heritage for the benefit of local people, especially the poor.

Answer 55

Intention: objects or activities that have been deliberately created in order to be appreciated for their aesthetic effort Appropriation: objects or activities originally made for one purpose but which are not collected exhibited in museums or sold in galleries for a new purpose.

Answer 56

Process of cultural change: ongoing and inevitable, always transforming itself. - internal: inventions/innovation - new cultural features or a combination of existing cultural features - External: cultural diffusion (spreading of a trait), cultural elements may be modified (features may take on new meaning, function might change, acculturation)

Answer 57

Cultural appropriation: taking, adapting and using the elements of ones culture by members of another. - balance is needed: do not want to perpetuate power imbalances, demean, mock stereotypes. But on the other hand want to encourage empathy, respect, diversity and interest in other cultures. cultural exploitation: taking advantage of others without authorization and for ones own gain. - Power imbalance where members of dominant groups take from marginalized minorities, especially indigenous peoples.

Answer 58

4 models of cultural interactions: 1. Clash of civilizations: disenchantment, alienation, and resentment amongst other cultural systems 2. McDonaldization model: under powerful cultural influences, the world is becoming culturally homogenous. 3. Hybridization: also syncretism and creolization, aspects of two or more cultures combine to form something new. 4. Localization: transformation of local cultures into something new. Indigenization.

Answer 59

Colonialism: the political, economic, and sociocultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign nation. Created a worldwide system of interconnected nation states. 1. To exploit local economic resources to drive the industrial revolution: colonies of exploitation 2. To gain maritime areas and control trade: maritime colonies 3. To establish settlement colonies where large numbers of settlers displaces indigenous groups through warfare, disease or murder: settlement colonies - end of colonial rule brought poverty, high rates of unemployment, substance abuse, political corruption, etc.

Answer 60

Modernization theory: idea that difference in economic development may be explained by inherent sociocultural differences between the rich and the poor.

Answer 61

World systems theory: idea that the nations of the world are connected in a systematic political and economic network of exchange where the wealthy nations exploit the poor. - “capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange”

Answer 62

- Core: nations develop their economies at the expense of periphery nations - Semiperiphery: intermediate position between the core and the periphery. Includes industrialized nations - periphery: have the weakest structural and economic position in the world system. - industrial spread continues, nations have also shifted positions in the world system.

Answer 63

neocolonialism: idea. That developed countries and post colonial powers maintain political and economical dependency and exploitation of former colonies and less developed countries through economic, financial, and trade polities that favour themselves.

Answer 64

- 3 agents: 1. Powerful and developed countries 2. International financial organizations 3. Multinational corporations

Answer 65

Multinational corporations: use structural power to negotiate with any supplier that is willing to meet there companies demand for cheap fast products. Make agreements with governments that have the lowest environmental and labor regulations.

Answer 66

Structural power: power tha systematically influences political and economic decision making and shapes value, ideologies, and economies.

Answer 67

Migration: the movement of a person or people from one place to another. Diaspora: dispersion of a f=group of people from their original homeland. Ethnic group communities, each with their own political, social, and cultural concerns.

Answer 68

1. Internal migration: movement within a country boundary - driving forces are economic and political changes that affect labour demands and human welfare

Answer 69

2. Transnational migration: Movement where a person regularity moves back and forth between two or more countries. Motivated by economic factors (high - corporate astronauts and low - cheap labor)

Answer 70

3. Institutional migrants: people who move into a social institution. (Voluntary or involuntary)

Answer 71

4. Labour migrants: migrating for work. Do not intend to establish permanent residence. - Circular migration: type of labour migration where there is a regular pattern of population movement between two or more places.

Answer 72

5. Displaced persons: people who are evicted from their homes, communities, or countries and forced to move elsewhere. - Two types: - Refugees: internationally displaced people - internally displaced: forced to leave homes but remain in country.

Answer 73

Development induced displacement: forced migration due to development. (Ex. Nail house)

Answer 74

Refugees: - political violence, natural disasters, large scale development etc. stress is eased by things like: - climate, language, food - More difference = more stress Example: Boat people - Vietnam war - People resisting re education by communist government fled by boat. It sucked.

Answer 75

Lifeboat mentality: View that seeks to limit enlarging a particular group because of perceived constraints on resources.