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ANTH 111 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is sex?

A

Sex: Conventional biological distinction based on an observable sex characteristic (overies, testies) and chromosomes

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2
Q

What is gender? What is gender identity?

A

Gender: Culturally constructed beliefs ands behaviours appropriate for each sex.
- Gender is a continuum with a broad spectrum

  • Gender identity: ones inner senses of belonging to a specific gender regardless of the physical body they belong to
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3
Q

What is gender roles? Masculinity? Femininity?

A

Gender roles: Sets of behaviours that are commonly perceived as masculine or feminine within a specific culture
- Masculinity: social construct of maleness, varies culturally
- Femininity: Social construct of femaleness, varies culturally

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4
Q

What are the gender roles in an egalitarian society?

A

Egalitarian societies: roles are different but equal status. Largely determined by the constraints women face as a result of childbirth

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5
Q

What are the gender roles in an horticulture society?

A

Horticultural societies: men control distribution of produce and goods; slight elevation in status. Women do things compatible with Child care.

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6
Q

What are the gender roles in an pastoral society?

A

Pastoral societies: strong patriarchal social and political organization. Women’s economic obligations may override childcare roles

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7
Q

What are the gender roles in an agrarian society?

A

Agrarian states: the degree of male dominance varies. Fathers play an active role in childcare in some societies.

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8
Q

What is gender ideology?

A

Gender ideology: Thoughts, attitudes, values that legitimize gender roles, status, and customary behaviour.

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9
Q

What does it mean to be gender fluid?

A

Gender fluid: An identity that can vary between male and female or some non binary identity over time and in different circumstances

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10
Q

What is third gender?

A

Third gender: situation found in many societies that acknowledge three or more categories of gender/sex

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11
Q

What is sexuality?

A

Sexuality: sexual practices of humans, which usually vary from culture to culture.
- individual sexuality is flexible, occurring along a continuum from a sexuality to polyamory

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12
Q

What is gender stratification?

A

Gender stratification: inequalities between men and women regarding wealth, power, privilege.

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13
Q

What is Gender based violence?

A

Gender based violence: strong preference for sons in India and china have led to some seeking sex selective abortion.

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14
Q

What is female vs male mutilation?

A
  • Female mutilation: to protect chastity, family honour, rite of passage. Condemned by medical and human rights groups.
  • male circumcision: Cultural and religious reasons, hygienic reasons.
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15
Q

What types of gender based violence occur in western society?

A

Western society:
- MMIW: high abuse rates
- Honour killings: murder of a young girl or woman
- Misogyny: hatred of women
- Violence against men: hatred of men

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16
Q

What is modes of reproduction?

A

Modes of reproduction: the dominant pattern in a culture of population change through the combined effect of fertility and mortality.

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17
Q

What is foraging mode of reproduction?

A

Foraging:
- Birth intervals: several years between siblings. Long periods of breast feeding that can suppress ovulation. Low body fat
- Average 2-3 kids.

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18
Q

What is agricultural mode of reproduction?

A

Agricultural:
- Highest birth rates. Pronatalism (lots of kids is encouraged)
- Need lots of kids for labour force. Mennonites, Hutterite’s, Amish

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19
Q

What is industrial mode of reproduction?

A

Industrial:
- Decline in general because kids = burden (lower labour demand)
- Children are less useful. Less children but more resources allocated to each.

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20
Q

What is democratic transition, stratified reproduction, and population aging?

A

Democratic transition: mortality declines and fertility also declines.

Stratified reproduction: middle and upper classes - fewer children with high survival rates. Canadian growth depends heavily on immigration

population aging: when the population of older people increases relative to younger people.
- High level of technology involved in all aspects of pregnancy.

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21
Q

What is the family level of fertility decision making?

A

Family level: considers the value and cost of children.
- Factors include:
1. Labour value: + or - depending on value
2. Value as old age support for parents: + fertility
3. Infant and mortality rates: + fertility as it increases
4. Economic costs of children: - fertility

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22
Q

What is the state level of fertility decision making?

A

State level: State governments formulate policies that affect rates of population growth within their boundaries. (Ex. Forced sterilizations)
- Can be pro or anti Natalist

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23
Q

What is the global level of fertility decision making?

A

Global level: Global power structures like pharmaceutical companies and religious leaders influence country and individual level decision making.

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24
Q

What is fertility control? What are the different methods

A

Fertility control: ways to influence fertility (increase, decrease etc)
- Can be direct or indirect.

Indigenous methods: herbs to increase or decrease fertility

Induced abortion: common but attitudes vary from acceptability to conditional acceptance to tolerance to punishment.
- Economic and social factors. (Ex. Religion)

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25
Q

How do governments regulate access to fertility control?

A

Governments sometimes regulate access: promoting or forbidding it (Ex. Chinas one child policy).
- illegal abortions are likely to have detrimental effects of women’s health and safety.

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26
Q

What is infanticide?

A

Infanticide: deliberate killing of offspring.
- Direct: drowning, beating, smothering, etc
- Indirect: Food deprivation, failure to treat sickness.
- often seen as a better choice than to risk the health of other children.

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27
Q

What is personality?

A

Personality: An individuals patterned and characteristic way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

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28
Q

What is birth context?

A

Birth context: context of birth affects on an infants psychological development.

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29
Q

What is bonding?

A

Bonding: parent infant bonding at birth or later.

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30
Q

What is puberty and adolescence?

A

Puberty: occurs universally and involves biological markers

Adolescence: culturally defined period of maturation from puberty to adulthood.

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31
Q

What is coming of age?

A

Coming of age:
- rite of passage, period marking the boundaries of adolescence. Most are gender specific.
- Some ceremonies have sacrificial element, with symbolic death and rebirth.

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32
Q

What is Mana?

A

Mana: an impersonal and powerful supernatural force that can reside in people, animals, plants, and objects

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33
Q

What is totemism?

A

Totemism: mystical of spiritual relationship between and animal or plant and a group of people or kinship group

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34
Q

What is monotheism?

A

Monotheism: belief in a single all powerful deity

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35
Q

What is polytheism?

A

Polytheism: belief in many gods or goddesses

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36
Q

What is animism?

A

Animism: belief that animals, plants, and inanimate objects are animated by spirits

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37
Q

What is religion?

A

Religion: System of beliefs and practices involving supernatural beings and forces to provide meaning, peace of mind, and a sense of control over unexplainable phenomena
- Ideas that make up religion are social: it is a social system that is socially enacted through these rituals and other aspects of life.

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38
Q

What are the social functions of religion?

A

Functions of religion: SOCIAL
1. Social control: When backed by god authority is more compelling. Fear of divine retribution. Shifts the burden of decision making.
2. Conflict resolution: Helps deal with stress
3. Reinforcement of group solidarity: enables people to express their common identity

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39
Q

What are psychological functions of religion?

A

Functions of religion: PSYCHOLOGICAL
1. Cognitive: helps explain the unexplainable. Provides a framework for giving meaning to events and experiences.
2. Emotional: helps individuals cope with anxieties to try to control circumstances in their life.

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40
Q

What is magic?

A

Magic: Manipulation of supernatural forces.
- Directed toward specific, immediate problems.
- Magicians believe they can control nature.

41
Q

What is sorcery?

A

Sorcery: manipulation of supernatural forces to do harm
- Directed towards people who are disliked by sorcerer.
- Personal misfortune attributed to sorcery of a rival.
- Material substances and incantations

42
Q

What is witchcraft?

A

Witchcraft: inherent power to cause people misfortune.
- Directed toward people by thinking evil thoughts. Opposes social values such as health and love.
- No such thing as bad luck.
- Witches tend to be the powerless: poor, elderly, women, children.

43
Q

What is a ritual?

A

Ritual: Patterned behaviour that may or may not have a supernatural component.

44
Q

What is a sacred ritual?

A
  • Sacred: enactment of beliefs expressed in myth and doctrine
45
Q

What is a secular ritual?

A
  • Secular: no connection to the supernatural realm (frats/sororities)
46
Q

What is a periodic ritual?

A
  • Periodic rituals: Regularity performed
47
Q

What is a nonperiodic ritual?

A
  • nonperiodic rituals: occur at unpredictable times in response to unscheduled events.
48
Q

What is pilgrimage?

A

Pilgrimage: round trip travel to a sacred place or places for purposes of religious devotion or ritual. Often involves hardship, with the implication that the more suffering that is involved the more merit the pilgrim accumulates.

49
Q

What is sacrifice?

A

Sacrifice: offering something for the transfer to the supernaturals. Long history. May involve killing and offering animals, making human offerings, or offering other products.

50
Q

What is rituals of inversion?

A

Rituals of inversion: Normal social roles and relations are temporarily inverted. Time for social pressure to be released to provide reminder about the propriety of normal, everyday roles and practices.

51
Q

What is life cycles or rites of passage? What are the three phases of a rite of phase?

A

Life cycles or rites of passage: marks a change in status from one life stage to another of an individual or group.
- 3 phases
a. Separation: physical, social or symbolic isolation from normal life.
b. Transition: neither in one category or another. (Cut off from old status but new has not yet been achieved.) ~ learning of specialized skills to equip individual for new status.
c. Incorporation: occurs when the initiate emerges, welcomed by community as an individual occupying the new status.

52
Q

What is myth?

A

Myth: religious or sacred story that explains how the world, people, r some event, or practice came to be.
- Expression of religious beliefs can be through myth: they are embedded in almost every aspect of popular culture.
- often taught informally or passively .
- also doctrine (dogma): direct statements about religious beliefs, written and formal.

53
Q

What is worldview?

A

Worldview: Persons way of understanding how the world came to be, its design, and their place in it.

54
Q

What is a cult?

A

Cults: forms of religion that have their own set of beliefs rituals, goals.

55
Q

What is an individualistic cult?

A

Individualistic cults: Least complex type of religious organization in which each person is their own religious specialist.

56
Q

What is a shamanistic cult? What are shamans?

A

Shamanistic cults: Part time religious specialists (shamans) intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients
- Shamans: Part time religious specialists who is through to have supernatural powers by virtue of birth, training or inspiration.

57
Q

What is an ecclesiastical cult?

A

Ecclesiastical cults: found in states, full time religious specialists conduct rituals that occur at regular intervals.
- Clear distinction between specialists and non specialists

58
Q

What is world religion?

A

World religion: religions based on written sources. Many followers that cross political borders. (Ex. Christianity)

59
Q

WHat is syncretism?

A

Syncretism: synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices, often introduced by force.

60
Q

What is revitalization?

A

Revitalization: religious movement designers to bring about a new way of life within a society.

61
Q

What is fundamentalism?

A

Fundamentalism: religious movement characterized by a return and struct adherence to the fundamental principles of the religion, and often involving literal interpretation of religious texts and intolerance of other faiths.

62
Q

What is art?

A

Art: an object, event, or other expressive form that evokes an aesthetic reaction
- Should be creative, produce an emotional response, transformational, communicate information, be the product of someone who has developed a level of skill.

63
Q

What is transformation-representation?

A

Transformation-representation: process in which experience is transformed as it is represented symbolically in a different medium. Transform a 3D human form into a 2D painting.

64
Q

What are the functions of art?

A

Functions of art:
- Emotional gratification: Provides a temporary break, viewer can receive pleasure which balances with the stress in their lives.

  • Social integration: communicates a good deal about the values, beliefs, and ideologies of the culture. Reflects the major cultural themes and concerns od the society which strengthens peoples identification with their culture.
  • Social control: Reinforce the existing sociocultural system. I stills obedience and maintains a status quo. Represents the astonishing power of both the god and rulers.
  • Preserving/challenging the status quo: accumulation of art objects indicates high prestige. Art preserves the status quo. Acts as a vehicle for resistance, protest, revolution.
65
Q

What is performance arts?

A

Performance arts: include music dance and theatre.

66
Q

What is ethnomusicology?

A
  • Ethnomusicology: comparative study of the musics of the world and of music as an aspect of culture and society. Involves a range of topics of study including the music itself, social position of musicians, how music interacts with other domains of culture such as religion or healing, and changes in music traditions.
67
Q

What is fine art?

A

Fine art: western centric judgement that defines art as rare, expensive art produced by artists usually trained in the western classical tradition
- Art for arts sake

68
Q

What is folk art?

A

Folk art: all other art, ethnic art, primitive art, crafts.
- resistance of this notion that art is only what a group of western experts define it as.
- Art by intention rather than art by appropriation.

69
Q

What is play?

A

Play:
- Consciously adopted by players, pleasurable, alludes to non-play world, transforms objects, roles, actions, and activity.
- No direct utilitarian purpose for participants. Limited in terms of time. Rules.
Play - transform of perspective:
- Time for children to try on adult rules.
Transformation from life to play involves a shift in perspective.

70
Q

What is meta communication?

A

Meta communication: communication about communication. Provides info about the relationship between those who are communicating

71
Q

What is framing play?

A

Framing: marking certain behaviours as play and ordinary life

72
Q

What is play reflexivity?

A
  • Reflexivity: play suggesting that ordinary life can be understood in more than one way. It communicated about what can be, rather than what should be or is.
73
Q

What are the effects of play?

A

Effects of play:
- rehearsal for real world, comment and criticize on the world of adults, increases creativity and imagination.

74
Q

What is adult play?

A

Adult play:
- Allow adults to try on different roles experiences, creative, form cultural identities with others. (Ex. Halloween, gaming)

75
Q

What is sport? What is sport and the state?

A

Sport: Physically expertise activity that is competitive and has rules. reflections of social relationships and cultural ideas.
- form of personal identity for fans. Fans into make believe world
- Sport and the state: institutionalization of sport st the state level helps complex modern societies cohere. Sharing of symbols and beliefs.
- Ex. Uni level: supporting huskies teams = UofS support.

76
Q

What is leisure travel?

A

Leisure travel: tourists seek to find the culture the tourist industry defines rather than the real one.

77
Q

What are tourisms effects on culture?

A

Tourisms effects: tourism has brought a demand for traditional forms of expressive culture. Raises questions of authenticity when traditional forms are changed to please tourists desires.
- Positive effect: sites, monuments etc have value to humanity.

78
Q

How is cultural heritage a limited resource?

A

Cultural heritage as a contested resource:
- power, either local or global, can overwhelm local efforts to define and manage cultural heritage for the benefit of local people, especially the poor.

79
Q

What is intention vs appropriation?

A

Intention: objects or activities that have been deliberately created in order to be appreciated for their aesthetic effort
Appropriation: objects or activities originally made for one purpose but which are not collected exhibited in museums or sold in galleries for a new purpose.

80
Q

What are internal vs external processes of cultural change?

A

Process of cultural change: ongoing and inevitable, always transforming itself.
- internal: inventions/innovation - new cultural features or a combination of existing cultural features
- External: cultural diffusion (spreading of a trait), cultural elements may be modified (features may take on new meaning, function might change, acculturation)

81
Q

What is cultural appropriation? What is cultural exploitation?

A

Cultural appropriation: taking, adapting and using the elements of ones culture by members of another.
- balance is needed: do not want to perpetuate power imbalances, demean, mock stereotypes. But on the other hand want to encourage empathy, respect, diversity and interest in other cultures.

cultural exploitation: taking advantage of others without authorization and for ones own gain.
- Power imbalance where members of dominant groups take from marginalized minorities, especially indigenous peoples.

82
Q

What are the 4 models of cultural interactions?

A

4 models of cultural interactions:
1. Clash of civilizations: disenchantment, alienation, and resentment amongst other cultural systems
2. McDonaldization model: under powerful cultural influences, the world is becoming culturally homogenous.
3. Hybridization: also syncretism and creolization, aspects of two or more cultures combine to form something new.
4. Localization: transformation of local cultures into something new. Indigenization.

83
Q

What is colonialism? What arew the purposes of colonialism?

A

Colonialism: the political, economic, and sociocultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign nation. Created a worldwide system of interconnected nation states.
1. To exploit local economic resources to drive the industrial revolution: colonies of exploitation
2. To gain maritime areas and control trade: maritime colonies
3. To establish settlement colonies where large numbers of settlers displaces indigenous groups through warfare, disease or murder: settlement colonies
- end of colonial rule brought poverty, high rates of unemployment, substance abuse, political corruption, etc.

84
Q

What is modernization theory?

A

Modernization theory: idea that difference in economic development may be explained by inherent sociocultural differences between the rich and the poor.

85
Q

What is the world systems theory?

A

World systems theory: idea that the nations of the world are connected in a systematic political and economic network of exchange where the wealthy nations exploit the poor.
- “capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange”

86
Q

What is the core, semiperiphery, periphery model?

A
  • Core: nations develop their economies at the expense of periphery nations
  • Semiperiphery: intermediate position between the core and the periphery. Includes industrialized nations
  • periphery: have the weakest structural and economic position in the world system.
  • industrial spread continues, nations have also shifted positions in the world system.
87
Q

What is neocolonialism?

A

neocolonialism: idea. That developed countries and post colonial powers maintain political and economical dependency and exploitation of former colonies and less developed countries through economic, financial, and trade polities that favour themselves.

88
Q

What are the 3 agents of neocolonialism?

A
  • 3 agents:
    1. Powerful and developed countries
    2. International financial organizations
    3. Multinational corporations
89
Q

What are multinational corporations?

A

Multinational corporations: use structural power to negotiate with any supplier that is willing to meet there companies demand for cheap fast products. Make agreements with governments that have the lowest environmental and labor regulations.

90
Q

What is structural power?

A

Structural power: power tha systematically influences political and economic decision making and shapes value, ideologies, and economies.

91
Q

What is migration? What is diaspora?

A

Migration: the movement of a person or people from one place to another.
Diaspora: dispersion of a f=group of people from their original homeland. Ethnic group communities, each with their own political, social, and cultural concerns.

92
Q

What is internal migration?

A
  1. Internal migration: movement within a country boundary
    - driving forces are economic and political changes that affect labour demands and human welfare
93
Q

What is transnational migration?

A
  1. Transnational migration: Movement where a person regularity moves back and forth between two or more countries. Motivated by economic factors (high - corporate astronauts and low - cheap labor)
94
Q

What is institutional migrants?

A
  1. Institutional migrants: people who move into a social institution. (Voluntary or involuntary)
95
Q

What is labour migrants? What is circular migration?

A
  1. Labour migrants: migrating for work. Do not intend to establish permanent residence.
    - Circular migration: type of labour migration where there is a regular pattern of population movement between two or more places.
96
Q

What is displaced persons?

A
  1. Displaced persons: people who are evicted from their homes, communities, or countries and forced to move elsewhere.
    - Two types:
    • Refugees: internationally displaced people
    • internally displaced: forced to leave homes but remain in country.
97
Q

What os development induced displacement?

A

Development induced displacement: forced migration due to development. (Ex. Nail house)

98
Q

Why do refugees move?

A

Refugees:
- political violence, natural disasters, large scale development etc.
stress is eased by things like:
- climate, language, food
- More difference = more stress
Example: Boat people
- Vietnam war
- People resisting re education by communist government fled by boat. It sucked.

99
Q

What is the lifeboat mentality?

A

Lifeboat mentality: View that seeks to limit enlarging a particular group because of perceived constraints on resources.

ANTH 111 (3 decks)

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