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final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

alteration of generations

A

life cycle that includes the alteration between multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid stages

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2
Q

sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid (2n) form that produces haploid spores (n) through meiosis

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3
Q

gametophyte

A

multicellular haploid (n) form that produces haploid (n) through mitosis

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4
Q

non-vascular plants

A

seedless plants

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5
Q

non vascular seedless plants

A

gametophyte- dominant
sporophyte- reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

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6
Q

vascular plants

A

seedless plants, seed plants such as non-flowering gymnosperms and flowering angiosperms

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7
Q

vascular seedless plants

A

gametophyte- reduced, independent: photosynthetic and free living
sporophyte- dominant

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8
Q

non-flowering gymnosperms

A

gametophyte- reduced (usually micrscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
sporophyte- dominant

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9
Q

flowering angiosperms

A

gametophyte- reduced usually microscopic, dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
sporophyte- dominant

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10
Q

pollen grain

A

special type of spore that gives rise to sperm

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11
Q

angiosperm life cycle includes double fertilization

A
  • the pollen tube reaches the ovule, one of the two sperm fuses with the egg to form a zygote
  • the other sperm fuses with the 2 nuclei in the middle to form an endosperm (which has 3 sets of chromosomes and is triploid or 3N)
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12
Q

after double fertilization

A

ovule matures into a seed, zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo and the triploid central cell of the gametophyte develops into endosperm

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13
Q

characteristics of angiosperm

A
  • coevolution with animal pollinators
  • double fertilization
  • fruit: protects the seed and helps them to disperse
  • flowers: reproductive structure, female reproductive structure
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14
Q

microspore

A

two haploid sperm nuclei

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15
Q

megaspore

A

one haploid egg nucleus and two haploid polar nuclei

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16
Q

one sperm and egg =

A

embryo (2n)

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17
Q

one sperm and two polar nuclei=

A

endosperm (3n) which nourishes embryo

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18
Q

what is a result of double fertilization

A

a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm

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19
Q

advantages of plants on land

A

more sunlight available and less competition

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20
Q

disadvantages of plants on land

A

lack of water and structural support

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21
Q

the best description of the first land plants is

A

small, leafless and without roots or flowers

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22
Q

how did plants adapt to being on land

A

the move to land required protection from desiccation of gametes and embryos, as wall as a new means of gamete and embryo dispersal

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23
Q

waxy cuticle

A

covering the surface of the plant shoot is an effective barrier to desiccation because it prevents loss of water to the air

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24
Q

stomata

A

it is necessary for plants to have pores through which gasses can be exchanged with the environment

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25
Q

vasculature tissue

A

allowed plants to dominate the landscape- provides a means for transport and structural support for the body of the plant

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26
Q

lignin

A

associated with vascular tissue and plays a role in conducting water around the body of the plant- a stable molecule that provides structural support to plants and does not break down easily

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27
Q

seeds

A
  • multicellular, usually diploid, larger and can contain a large amount of storage material
  • presence of storage material in seeds allows some seeds to survive for long periods of time until the appropriate environmental conditions for growth arise
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28
Q

population

A

a group of interbreeding organisms that are members of the same species living in the same area at the same moment

29
Q

p + q = 1

A

describes allele frequencies and genotype frequencies

30
Q

allele frequency

A

genetic makeup of a population can be described by the frequency of the alleles that exist in a population

31
Q

genotype frequency

A

the percentage of individuals in a population that have a specific genotype

32
Q

p

A

frequency of allele A

33
Q

q

A

frequency of allele a

34
Q

p2

A

frequency of genotype AA

35
Q

2pq

A

frequency of genotype Aa

36
Q

q2

A

frequency of genotype aa

37
Q

type A

A

IAIA or IAi

38
Q

type b

A

IBIB or IBi

39
Q

type AB

A

IAIB

40
Q

type O

A

ii

41
Q

gene flow

A

the movement of alleles from one population to another usually by migration

42
Q

genetic drift

A

random fluctuations in allele and genotype frequencies

43
Q

bottleneck effect

A

an effect that reduces the population by a significant amount

44
Q

founder effect

A

when a few individuals are geographically separated from the original population

45
Q

gene flow occurrence, pop size, reason and evolution

A
  • occur through migration from one to another population
  • larger popluation
  • inbreeding or inbreeding through migration
  • through migration
46
Q

genetic drift occurrence, pop size, reason and evolution

A
  • occur through random event or sampling
  • smaller populations
  • sudden change or sampling error
  • through bottleneck or founder effect
47
Q

criteria for hardy-weinburg equilibrium

A

no mutations, random mating, no gene flow, large pop size, no natural selection

48
Q

characteristics of animals

A

multicellular, motile and ingestive heterotrophs

49
Q

which characteristics can be used to distinguish a parazoan from a eumetazoan

A

lack of true tissues

50
Q

what are the first animals?

A

parazoa and eumetazoa

51
Q

parazoa

A

no symmetry or true tissue
ex. sponges

52
Q

eumetazoa

A

symmetry (radial and bilateral) and contain true tissue

53
Q

bilateral

A

body cavity and complete digestive

54
Q

pseudocleums

A

incompletely lined with mesoderm
ex. nemotoda

55
Q

coelmates

A

body enclosed in mesoderm and have a true colem (body cavity)
ex. protosomes and deutrosomes

56
Q

bilateral symmetry in animals is best correlated with

A

motility and active predation and escape

57
Q

eumetozoa

A

symmetry and true tissue

58
Q

radiata

A

radial symmetry, diploplastic and no muscles/mesoderm
ex. cnidaria

59
Q

bilateria

A

triploblastic and true muscle

60
Q

acelomates

A

no body cavity and incomplete digestive tract
ex. flatworms

61
Q

protosomes

A

mouth first, anus second

62
Q

no segmentation

A

mollusca - snails

63
Q

segementation

A

single segmented annelids (segmented worms) and advanced arthopoda (insects-have exoskeletons)

64
Q

deutrosomes

A

mouth second, anus first

65
Q

echinoderms

A

sea stars, radially symmetrical but are bilateral during early development

66
Q

chordates

A

invertebrates, vertebrates and have notochord, nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and postanal tail

67
Q

which grouping includes the largest number of species

A

invertebrates

68
Q

free living flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms share all of the following traits except

A

digestive tract with mouth and anus

bio 110 (1 decks)

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