final Flashcards

(68 cards)

1
Q

alteration of generations

A

life cycle that includes the alteration between multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid stages

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2
Q

sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid (2n) form that produces haploid spores (n) through meiosis

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3
Q

gametophyte

A

multicellular haploid (n) form that produces haploid (n) through mitosis

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4
Q

non-vascular plants

A

seedless plants

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5
Q

non vascular seedless plants

A

gametophyte- dominant
sporophyte- reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

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6
Q

vascular plants

A

seedless plants, seed plants such as non-flowering gymnosperms and flowering angiosperms

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7
Q

vascular seedless plants

A

gametophyte- reduced, independent: photosynthetic and free living
sporophyte- dominant

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8
Q

non-flowering gymnosperms

A

gametophyte- reduced (usually micrscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
sporophyte- dominant

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9
Q

flowering angiosperms

A

gametophyte- reduced usually microscopic, dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
sporophyte- dominant

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10
Q

pollen grain

A

special type of spore that gives rise to sperm

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11
Q

angiosperm life cycle includes double fertilization

A
  • the pollen tube reaches the ovule, one of the two sperm fuses with the egg to form a zygote
  • the other sperm fuses with the 2 nuclei in the middle to form an endosperm (which has 3 sets of chromosomes and is triploid or 3N)
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12
Q

after double fertilization

A

ovule matures into a seed, zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo and the triploid central cell of the gametophyte develops into endosperm

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13
Q

characteristics of angiosperm

A
  • coevolution with animal pollinators
  • double fertilization
  • fruit: protects the seed and helps them to disperse
  • flowers: reproductive structure, female reproductive structure
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14
Q

microspore

A

two haploid sperm nuclei

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15
Q

megaspore

A

one haploid egg nucleus and two haploid polar nuclei

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16
Q

one sperm and egg =

A

embryo (2n)

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17
Q

one sperm and two polar nuclei=

A

endosperm (3n) which nourishes embryo

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18
Q

what is a result of double fertilization

A

a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm

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19
Q

advantages of plants on land

A

more sunlight available and less competition

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20
Q

disadvantages of plants on land

A

lack of water and structural support

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21
Q

the best description of the first land plants is

A

small, leafless and without roots or flowers

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22
Q

how did plants adapt to being on land

A

the move to land required protection from desiccation of gametes and embryos, as wall as a new means of gamete and embryo dispersal

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23
Q

waxy cuticle

A

covering the surface of the plant shoot is an effective barrier to desiccation because it prevents loss of water to the air

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24
Q

stomata

A

it is necessary for plants to have pores through which gasses can be exchanged with the environment

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25
vasculature tissue
allowed plants to dominate the landscape- provides a means for transport and structural support for the body of the plant
26
lignin
associated with vascular tissue and plays a role in conducting water around the body of the plant- a stable molecule that provides structural support to plants and does not break down easily
27
seeds
- multicellular, usually diploid, larger and can contain a large amount of storage material - presence of storage material in seeds allows some seeds to survive for long periods of time until the appropriate environmental conditions for growth arise
28
population
a group of interbreeding organisms that are members of the same species living in the same area at the same moment
29
p + q = 1
describes allele frequencies and genotype frequencies
30
allele frequency
genetic makeup of a population can be described by the frequency of the alleles that exist in a population
31
genotype frequency
the percentage of individuals in a population that have a specific genotype
32
p
frequency of allele A
33
q
frequency of allele a
34
p2
frequency of genotype AA
35
2pq
frequency of genotype Aa
36
q2
frequency of genotype aa
37
type A
IAIA or IAi
38
type b
IBIB or IBi
39
type AB
IAIB
40
type O
ii
41
gene flow
the movement of alleles from one population to another usually by migration
42
genetic drift
random fluctuations in allele and genotype frequencies
43
bottleneck effect
an effect that reduces the population by a significant amount
44
founder effect
when a few individuals are geographically separated from the original population
45
gene flow occurrence, pop size, reason and evolution
- occur through migration from one to another population - larger popluation - inbreeding or inbreeding through migration - through migration
46
genetic drift occurrence, pop size, reason and evolution
- occur through random event or sampling - smaller populations - sudden change or sampling error - through bottleneck or founder effect
47
criteria for hardy-weinburg equilibrium
no mutations, random mating, no gene flow, large pop size, no natural selection
48
characteristics of animals
multicellular, motile and ingestive heterotrophs
49
which characteristics can be used to distinguish a parazoan from a eumetazoan
lack of true tissues
50
what are the first animals?
parazoa and eumetazoa
51
parazoa
no symmetry or true tissue ex. sponges
52
eumetazoa
symmetry (radial and bilateral) and contain true tissue
53
bilateral
body cavity and complete digestive
54
pseudocleums
incompletely lined with mesoderm ex. nemotoda
55
coelmates
body enclosed in mesoderm and have a true colem (body cavity) ex. protosomes and deutrosomes
56
bilateral symmetry in animals is best correlated with
motility and active predation and escape
57
eumetozoa
symmetry and true tissue
58
radiata
radial symmetry, diploplastic and no muscles/mesoderm ex. cnidaria
59
bilateria
triploblastic and true muscle
60
acelomates
no body cavity and incomplete digestive tract ex. flatworms
61
protosomes
mouth first, anus second
62
no segmentation
mollusca - snails
63
segementation
single segmented annelids (segmented worms) and advanced arthopoda (insects-have exoskeletons)
64
deutrosomes
mouth second, anus first
65
echinoderms
sea stars, radially symmetrical but are bilateral during early development
66
chordates
invertebrates, vertebrates and have notochord, nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and postanal tail
67
which grouping includes the largest number of species
invertebrates
68
free living flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms share all of the following traits except
digestive tract with mouth and anus