final Flashcards
Refugees could leave because…
of threat of persecution, imprisonment, or death
Immigrants usually leave…
voluntarily, to de better for their family, higher salaries, or more success.
Refugees pre-migration
Tend to be involuntary, due to threat of harm, or life.
Refugees migration
Unplanned migration, with little social/economic support, and a host culture full of prejudice due to “freeloading” stereotype of refugees.
Refugee host culture experience
Thrown into confusion and burdened with humiliation due to unprepared knowledge of host culture.
immigrant pre-migration
Tend to be voluntary for the improvement of life and/or wealth.
Immigrant migration
Usually planned with plenty of economic/social support,
Immigrant host culture experience
host culture seems to be more accepting than refugees although still discriminated.
three challenges faced by immigrants and refugees that might make their adaptation to their host culture more difficult.
- Problems with language barriers
- support networks
- changing family hierarchies
- new family roles
- employment
- education
Describe the four statuses of Berry’s model of acculturation.
Assimilationist, separationist, marginalist, and integrationist.
Assimilationist
An individual who has given up his or her identity of origin in favor of identifying with the host culture’s values and beliefs.
Separationist
An individual who identifies with his or her identity of origin and rejects of all the host culture’s values and beliefs.
Marginalist
An individual who does not identify with either his or her original culture or the host culture.
Integrationist
An individual who combines (integrates) aspects of his or her own culture and the host culture.
Describe at least three of the statuses from LaFromboise et al.’s model of (bicultural) acculturation.
Assimilation, acculturated, fusion, alternation, and multicultural.
LaFramboise; Assimilation
Absorption into the dominant culture.
LaFramboise; Acculturated
Competence in a second culture without complete acceptance.
LaFramboise; Fusion
The process of combining one’s culture of origin with the host culture, creating a somewhat new culture.
LaFramboise; Alternation
The process of alternating between one’s culture of origin and the host culture depending on what the context dictates.
LaFramboise; Multicultural
Distinct cultural identities are maintained with a single multicultural social structure.
Which one creates the most pressure for psychological change, and why? according to Hong and Ham
The post-migration period creates the most pressure for psychological change because this is the period when language, new roles and hierarchies, education, and employment begin to change.
Hong & Ham; Pre-migation period
The time period before migration, when the acculturation process can begin to take place.
Hong & Ham; Migration period
The period when a group is migrating from the country of origin to the host country. This includes the period immediately before the migration, when the final feelings about moving are experienced and leave is taken from family and friends from the country of origin.
Hong & Ham; Postmigration period
The period after settling into the host culture, when the stress of migration continues to be experienced and the adjustment to the new culture takes place.
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model
Microsystem, mesosytem, exosystem, and macrosystem.
Bronfenbrenner; Microsystem
A layer of context that includes relationships among family members living within one household.
Bronfenbrenner; Mesosytem
A layer of context that includes relationships in the immediate area outside the family, such as schools, work, the extended family, and the community in which one lives.
Bronfenbrenner; Exosystem
A layer of context that includes major societal institutions, such as the media and the government.
Bronfenbrenner; Macrosystem
A layer of context that includes the cultural norms and societal rules that determine rules of conduct.
Acculturation
Experiences and changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come in contact with a different culture.
Immigrants
People who move to another country voluntarily. The decision to move can take weeks, months, or even years, which allows these people to prepare for the move and to begin the acculturation process before the move.
Refugees
People who are forced to move from their homelands because of war or political oppression. The decision to move is almost immediate, taking days, hours, or even minutes, which does not allow these people to prepare for the move or to begin the acculturation process because they do not usually know which country they will finally settle in.
Acculturative Stress
Feelings of tension and anxiety caused by the inability to adapt in the new country.
Integrationist or biculturals
An individual who holds on to his or her original values while also learning and adopting the values of the host culture.
Ecological fit/ecological context
Similarity of the social and cultural environments between an immigrant’s country of origin and new host country.
Health
A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being–not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health Disparities
Refers to the different rates of health or illness that marginalized groups have in comparison with their privileged counterparts.
Health Care Disparities
Refers to the differential access to health care or treatment by health care providers.
Health Behaviors
Behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their well-being.
Health Psychology
The study of psychological influences on how people stay health, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.
Health Belief Model
A set of assumptions that suggests that one’s health behavior is affected by one’s perception of a personal health threat as well as by how a particular health practice would be effective in reducing the personal health threat.
Describe at least three examples of health disparities that exist in the United States today
Minorities more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer.
Hispanics less likely to receive optimal care for acute myocardial infarction.
Death rate for native american elders is more than double than for older whites.
Why should we care about health disparities? Give at least two reasons.
Persistent disparities in health care are inconsistent with American values; everyone is equal and that justice should apply.
Continued health disparities will ultimately strain our health care system; cause a rise in the cost of health care.
Describe and explain at least three contributors to poor health that are related to low socioeconomic status.
- Constant adversity by parents of their children produces allostatic load
- inability to find a physician to accept low-income women
- structural barriers.
Describe at least three barriers to health care for ethnic minorities.
- Difficulty accessing health care information, geography
- rural populations have worse access
- receiving poorer quality care, leading to lack of trust in physicians.
Describe at least three barriers to health care for sex/gender minorities.
African American women have a shorter life expectancy than do White women by 5 years
Black women have a higher breast cancer mortality, while white women are more diagnosed.
HIV-related death is 12 times higher for black women than white women.
Allostatic Load
The physiological cost of chronic stress.
What is the Hispanic/Latino health paradox?
Despite the challenges faced by Latinos, they appear to experience better health and live longer than non-Hispanics.
How might the hispanic/latino health paradox be explained, according to Ruiz et al. (2016)?
Latino culture values, like simpatia, familismo, and respeto, contribute to greater social integration, which is a moderator of health.
Simpatia
Valuing of social harmony.
Familismo
Valuing of family.
Familismo
Valuing of family.
Respeto
Respect and investment in care of older network members.
Might the Hispanic/Latinx health paradox be an example of intersectionality with low socioeconomic status? If so, what model of intersectionality? Explain your answer.
Intersection identities of Latino and low SES could lead to reduced acculturation and induced Latino values, which has been found to improve health.
Based on the research reviewed by Ruiz et al. (2016), does acculturation appear to be more helpful or more harmful for Latinx immigrants and their children?
Acculturation has been found to be more harmful due to the loss of Latino values.
Describe at least three different ways that culture influences mental health.
Types of symptoms experienced, manner in which symptoms are expressed, and the meaning those symptoms have.
How clients cope with troubles, whether or not they seek help, and from whom.
Plays a role in the causation, prevalence, and the treatment of mental disorders.
Summarize the critiques of the epidemiological studies discussed in the textbook.
Lack of representation, or small sample sizes of some groups.
Other factors not included such as age, SES, education, and immigrant status.
Within-group heterogeneity, ignore large variation within-groups.
Diagnostic accuracy and may not fully cover symptoms.
Culture-Bound Values as Barriers
Core beliefs of one culture that relate principally to that culture and may be inappropriate for another culture.
Psychotherapy tends to be a individualistic process, where in some cultures emphasis on the self is seen as unhealthy.
Class-Bound Values as Barriers
Core beliefs of one socioeconomic class that relate principally to that class and may be inappropriate for another level of socioeconomic status.
May place those suffering from poverty at a disadvantage and obstruct their efforts to obtain help.
Ability to relate to hardships affecting those in poverty.
Language Variables as a Barrier
Differences in language or language usage.
Lack of bilingual therapist shuts out big portions of the population.
Describe at least three methods used to provide culturally sensitive counseling and psychotherapy to ethnic minorities.
Train personnel in mental health service agencies.
Establish separate services for minority groups within existing agencies.
Create separate facilities for the specific purpose for providing services to culturally diverse groups.
Describe the three areas of multicultural competence discussed in the textbook.
The counselor’s awareness of his or her own cultural assumptions, values, and biases.
An understanding of the client’s worldview.
The development of culturally appropriate intervention strategies and techniques.
Compare and contrast the traditional approach to counseling and psychotherapy with a social justice approach.
Traditional psychotherapy place primary responsibility for cause and solution on the individual while social justice psychotherapy addresses issues at the environmental level not just at the individual.
Compare and contrast the traditional approach to counseling and psychotherapy with a social justice approach.
Traditional psychotherapy place primary responsibility for cause and solution on the individual while social justice psychotherapy addresses issues at the environmental level not just at the individual.
What is a Difficult Dialogue, as described in class?
An encounter among people with differing opinions, beliefs, perspectives, or worldviews.
What are the three types of problems discussed in class? For which is a Difficult Dialogue probably the best approach? Why?
Avoidance of dialogues lead to increase tension.
Increase of tension due to anger brought by dialogue.
Inability to communicate due to differences.
Somatization
The expression of mental disorders through physical disorders.
Prevalence
The current rate of a particular disorder at a given point.
Incidence
The number of new cases of a disorder diagnosed in a given period of time.
Lifetime Incidence
The number of cases of a disorder that occur during one’s lifetime.
Multicultural Competence
The ability to work and be effective with individuals who are of a different culture from yours.
Multicultural competence comes through…
1) academic study and reading
2) becoming actively involved in the client’s community
3) getting to know on a personal basis those who are different from you.
Gain perspective.
List and explain the three main areas of multicultural competence. Why is each important? What might happen if a person is not competent in each area?
Awareness of your own cultural attitudes.
Understanding other worldviews.
Development of culturally appropriate interpersonal skills.
Awareness of your own cultural attitudes.
The part of multicultural competence that involves an individual being aware that his or her own attitudes may be heavily influenced by his or her own culture and may be different from those of a person with whom he or she is interaction.
Understanding other worldviews.
The part of multicultural competence that involves and individual’s knowing that other cultures may have ways of seeing and interpreting the world that are markedly different from his or hers.
Development of culturally appropriate interpersonal skills.
The part of multicultural competence that involves and individual’s knowing how to apply his her knowledge about someone else’s worldview to behaviors that appropriately take into account that knowledge, effecting positive change.
Describe the three “Ss of Similarity” and support each one with a specific example. What effects on people do they have in common?
We like things that are familiar because they are simple, make use feel safe, and help us feel sane.
Simple
Things that are similar to us or our values are easy or comfortable.
Safe
Things that are similar to us or our values are not a threat because we know how to deal with them and do not have to encounter unsettled feelings of going beyond the familiar to the unknown.
Sane
Things that are similar to use or our values help us feel normal because if we are like everyone else, we are not out of step; we are validated or affirmed.
Five D’s of Difference to explain people’s reactions to situations in which they feel different.
Distancing, denial, defensiveness, devaluing, and discovery.
Distancing
Avoiding situations in which one feel different.
Denial
Pretending that differences do not exist.
Defensiveness
Defending or protecting oneself from pain and fear.
Defensiveness
Defending or protecting oneself from pain and fear.
Devaluing
Evaluating a difference from oneself as unimportant or deficient.
Discovery
Embracing differences and seeking opportunities to gain familiarity.
