FINAL Flashcards
What are the 3 Essential Requirements of Locomotion?
Progression
Postural Control
Adaptability
What is progression?
coordinating patterns of muscle activity to move the body in a desired direction
What is postural control?
maintaining postural orientation and stability for locomotion
What is adaptability?
– meeting desired locomotor goals across a variety of task and environmental contexts
What is the “gait cycle”?
the events that occur between initial contact (i.e., heel strike) of one foot and the subsequent initial contact (i.e., heel strike) of the same foot
During each gait cycle (100%), the lower limb undergoes a stance phase (60%) and a swing phase (40%)
What is the stance phase?
Heel strike to toe-off (i.e., foot is in contact with the ground)
What are the sub-phases of the stance phase?
initial contact (heel strike) -> loading phase -> mid-stance -> terminal stance
Double support (10%) -> Single-support (40%) -> Double Supp (10%) -> Single-supp (40%)
What is the goal of the stance phase?
– generate vertical forces (postural control) and horizontal forces (progression) against the support surface in a manner that is sufficiently flexible to accommodate a variety of tasks and environmental characteristics (adaptability)
What is the swing phase?
Time between toe-off and heel strike (i.e., when the foot is not in contact with the ground)
What are the sub-phases of the swing phase?
initial swing -> mid-swing -> terminal swing
What is the goal of the swing phase?
advancement (progression) and repositioning (postural control) of the lower limb in a manner that is sufficiently flexible to allow for foot clearance in a variety of task and environmental contexts (adaptability)
The part of the gait cycle in which both feet are on the ground is termed _________.
Double stance
What are the gait patterns?
Kinematic patterns (spatiotemporal)
Kinematic patterns (Joint rotations/COM)
Muscle Activation Patterns
What is the step portion of Kinematic patterns (spatiotemporal)?
process of moving one limb forward
Step length: distance from the heel strike of one foot to the subsequent heel strike of the other foot
Step time: time required to take one step
What is the stride portion of Kinematic patterns (spatiotemporal)?
process of making one step with each foot (i.e., completing one gait cycle)
Stride length: distance from the heel strike of one foot to the subsequent heel strike of the same foot
Stride time: time required to take one stride
What is the cadence portion of Kinematic patterns (spatiotemporal)?
number of steps per unit time (e.g., 120 steps/min)
What is the speed portion of Kinematic patterns (spatiotemporal)?
verage distance traveled per unit time (e.g., 1.4 m/s, 4.6 ft/s)
An individual’s preferred walking speed is the speed that requires what?
minimal energy expenditure
As we increase walking speed what variables of Kinematic patterns (spatiotemporal)?
both stance and swing time decrease, but stance phase becomes progressively shorter relative to swing phase
60/40 Stance/Swing ratio for walking switches to 40/60 for running (double support disappears)
As we decrease walking speed what variables of Kinematic patterns (spatiotemporal)?
stance time gets longer, while swing time stays relatively constant
What is the Kinematic Patterns (Joint Rotations/COM)?
There are characteristic kinematic patterns that occur during the gait cycle
The combined effect of the individual pelvic and lower limb joint rotations is a smooth forward progression of the body’s centre of mass (COM)
What 2 characteristics are involved in Kinematic Patterns (Joint Rotations/COM)?
Vertical
Mediolateral
What is the vertical characteristic in Kinematic Patterns (Joint Rotations/COM)?
Maximum: midpoint of single-support
Minimum: midpoint of double-support
What is the mediolateral characteristic in Kinematic Patterns (Joint Rotations/COM)?
Maximum right: midpoint of right limb stance
Maximum left: midpoint of left limb stance