Final

Question 1

What is evidence-based practice?

Answer 1

Research combined with the experience of clinical, combined with the needs of a given person

Question 2

What is the definition of occupation?

Answer 2

Occupations are a group of activities and tasks of everyday life, named, organized, and given value and meaning by individuals and a culture. Occupations include everything that people do to occupy themselves (self-care), enjoy life (leisure) and contribute to the social and economic fabric of their communities. Occupations are the core domain of concern and therapeutic medium of occupational therapy (CAOT, 2002).

Question 3

What are the key features of occupation?

Answer 3

Determinant of health →your occupation could be detrimental to your health (dangerous or physically exhausting)
o Source of meaning
o Source of purpose →sources of motivation
o Source of choice and control
o Source of balance and satisfaction (work-life balance)
o Means of organizing time
o Means of organizing materials and space
o Means of generating income
o Therapeutic medium

Question 4

What is a construct?

Answer 4

cannot be touched, measured or directly observed
- ex: knowledge of course measured through the exam
o definitions which are broad but clear

Question 5

What is the definition Quality of life?

Answer 5

An individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns

Question 6

What is Occupational Performance?

Answer 6

refers to the ability to choose, organize and satisfactorily perform meaningful occupations that are culturally defined and age-appropriate for looking after oneself, enjoying life and contributing to the social and economic fabric of a community

Question 7

Occupational identity

Answer 7

Encompasses the expression of the physical, affective, cognitive, spiritual aspects of human nature, in an interaction with the institutional, social, cultural and political dimensions of the environment, across time and space of a person’s life span, through the occupations of self-care, productivity and leisure

Question 8

What is Self Identity?

Answer 8

A comprehensive concept describing the uniqueness of a person; the active and dynamic understanding of self; derived from interactions between self and others.” It is closely linked to what we do, and our identity is central to coherence, meaning and wellbeing; it is our personal life story

Question 9

What is Personal Identity?

Answer 9

includes self-perceptions and self-evaluations that are meaningful to a person

Question 10

What is Social Identity?

Answer 10

Relates to how is one is viewed by others

Question 11

What is Occupational Culture?

Answer 11

Culture is viewed as a social context, relative place and time

Culture is embedded in everything we experience (lifestyles, dress/style, preferences, values and beliefs, activities, language

Ex: Western - progressive occupational culture (no dress code for profs), Culture and occupation intersect at various levels - mirco (individual), meso (collective) and marco (societal)

Question 12

The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement

Answer 12

Expansion of COPM - adds engagement to the model

Client-centred and assumes that the human spirit is at the center of functioning.

The outcome of the dynamic interplay between the components of the model which are the person, occupation and environment.
Depicts the relationship of a person with three performance components, 3 areas of occupation, and the environment with four elements

Conceptualizes occupational performance and engagement as the dynamic interplay between person, environment and occupation.

The first framework is to acknowledge and find a place for spirituality (own spirituality not religion) in human occupation and this is positioned at the core of the person.

Question 13

Explain the “The Person” level of the COMPE

Answer 13

Performance components which make up the person are cognitive, affective and physical
Spirituality is shaped and expressed through occupations
It is the essence of self

Question 14

Explain the “The Environment” level of the COMPE

Answer 14

Within which the person exists and where occupations occur
Influences the person and occupation through 4 different ways
The physical environment → classroom lacks outlets, changes performance because the laptop dies
the culture → workplace cultures can help or be detrimental to you
institutional → success at western or in the workplace you are working under
social → social environment can yield better students and better overall well-being

Question 15

Explain the “Occupation” level of the COMPE

Answer 15

Occupation is classified into three categories referred to as occupational purposes: self-care, productivity and leisure
The inner circle represents occupation in the transverse sectional view.
It is through occupation that the person interacts with the environment; therefore, occupation becomes the link between the person and the context, as well as a means through which the environment is acted upon

Question 16

Explain the concepts of health and well-being

Answer 16

Health - A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” Physical and mental wellbeing is a human right, enabling life without limitation or restriction” (WHO)
health is individualized and subjective

Well-being - Individuals’ perception of their own physical and mental state; integration of a person’s physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and social characteristics” (Orem, 1985)
self-defined and changes over time

Question 17

What is the definition of Occupation Science?

Answer 17

The basic science that aims to develop a broad and complex understanding of occupation
- OT does home care, work care, disability care, ergonomics, etc

o Multidisciplinary focus to engage with the concept of occupation at varying levels.
o Study of the complexity of occupation and application of knowledge and evidence
- ex: osteoarthritis – modify physical everyday living

Question 18

What is the CAOT position statement of occupation and health?

Answer 18

the statement sets out how the practice of OT should be
o Enables occupations with clients when there is a presence of an occupational challenge (individual, community, group, family, organizational and population level)
o Establish a supportive practice environment that is client-centred and occupation-based
o Grounded in principles of change, justice, power sharing, vision, participation, independence, function, participation
- all required to assess health and well-being
o Guide individuals towards increasing awareness, enablement
o Increased occupational performance leads to enhanced or improved health and well being

Question 19

What are the core concepts of OT?

Answer 19

The main focus of occupational therapy is the occupational needs of people and society
o Unique set of values and beliefs that contribute to a perspective or lens through which to view occupational performance and client centred practice
o Enabling change in occupational performance leads to improved health and wellbeing
o Unique view of health which is strongly influenced by context, culture and environment

Question 20

Explain Fredrich Engels Perspective

Answer 20

Studied how poor housing, clothing, diet and lack of sanitation lead directly to infection, disease and early death
Identified the link between social class differences in health and living conditions, stress levels and health-threatening behavior

Question 21

Explain Rudolph Virchows Perspectiv e

Answer 21

Known as the “Father of Modern Pathology”
Identified how health-threatening living conditions were established by public policy decisions.
Emphasized the role politics has in health promotion and disease prevention.
“Disease is not something personal and special, but only a manifestation of life under modified conditions.”
“Medicine is a social science and politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale.”
“If the medicine is to fulfil her great task, then she must enter the political and social life. Do we not always find the diseases of the populace traceable to defects in society?”
we have a lack of healthcare support in communities as well as a lack of housing, employment

Question 22

Explain the black report and the 1992 health divide in the UK

Answer 22

Sparked interest in how social causes shape health
Lowest employment-level groups showed a greater likelihood of a wide range of diseases and premature death from illness or injury and every stage of the life cycle
Differences occurred in a stepwise fashion across socioeconomic ranges
Professionals – best health
Skilled workers – average health
Manual laborers – worst health
These differences existed despite having a universal health care system!

Question 23

Explain the new perspective on the health of Canadians

Answer 23

identified human biology, environment, lifestyle and healthcare organization as determinants of health
outlined the determinants of health outside of the healthcare system
access to advanced medical care is limited in certain rural communities

Question 24

Explain the 1996 action statement for health promotion in Canada

Answer 24

identified human biology, environment, lifestyle and healthcare organization as determinants of health
outlined the determinants of health outside of the healthcare system
access to advanced medical care is limited in certain rural communities

Question 25

What are the personal determinants of health

Answer 25

Who they are- age, race, gender, etc.
ex: test for sickle cell anemia in African American athletes in the states – prejudice

What they do- personal choices, smoking, exercising, employment status, etc.

Question 26

What is the definition of social Determinants. of Health?

Answer 26

Conditions in which they live and develop in- money distribution, social attitudes, environmental barriers, resource accessibility, etc

Question 27

What are the societal factors that shape health and help explain health inequalities?

Answer 27

Income, education, employment conditions

Question 28

What are the societal forces that shape the quality and distribution of these factors?

Answer 28

economic, social, political

Question 29

What are some factors in the social Determinants of the Health framework?

Answer 29

Social exclusion
Food insecurity
Social safety net
Health services
Unemployment and job security
Immigrant status
Geography
Employment and working conditions
Aboriginal status
Gender – white male medicine
Disability
Housing – may not have their own room/space, where you live,
Early life – childhood experiences, basic hygiene, living conditions, cooking, PA
Income and income distribution – pay for school, pay rent vs healthy eating
Education – access
Race – white-sounding name on a resume, immediate interview

Question 30

Explain Occupation as determinent of health

Answer 30

Health depends on people’s having sense of meaning and purpose in everyday life

Question 31

What is occupational engagement?

Answer 31

The extent to which a person has a balanced rhythm of activity and rest, a variety and range of occupations, routines, the ability to move around in society and interact socially, and involves interpretation and comprehension emanating from time use experience

Question 32

What is occupational performance?

Answer 32

Refers to the ability to choose, organize and satisfactorily perform meaningful occupations that are culturally defined and age appropriate for looking after oneself, enjoying life and contributing to the social and economic fabric of the community

Question 33

Explain Occupational Choice

Answer 33

the choice to engage in an occupation depends on your individual will

occupational choices should be equally available to everyone and everywhere

Question 34

Explain the relationship between occupational identity and competence

Answer 34

they are seen as intertwined entities that co-develop over time

competence grows with identity and original identity can split away as you grow

Question 35

Explain Occupational Enablement

Answer 35

Enablement: optimal and positive; clients are able to make choices and decisions to ensure the right challenge that is sensitive to all aspects of “person-centered care”; triggering independence, performance meaning and purpose
- Minimal Enablement: underestimation of full enablement possibilities; lacking resources to complete or implement and transfer benefits
- Missed Enablement: Services are offered but there is limited follow through
- Ineffective Enablement: risk of negative impact; enablement may be disabling or oppressive

Question 36

Explain Occupational Competence

Answer 36

the degree to which one sustains a pattern of occupational participation that reflects ones occupational identity

Question 37

Explain Occupation Culture

Answer 37

a distinctive pattern of thought and behaviour shared by members of the same occupation and reflected in their language, values, attitudes, beliefs, and customs.

Question 38

What is Occupational Balance?

Answer 38

A relative state, recognizable by a happy or pleasant integration of life activities and demands.

imbalance can cause physical and mental burnout

Question 39

What are the characteristics of Human Occupation?

Answer 39

Who: the person
What: The occupation
When: Temporal environment
Where: The physical, social, institutional and cultural environment
Why: Health, well-being and justice

Question 40

What is the goal of occupational therapy?

Answer 40

enablement

Question 41

What is enablement?

Answer 41

the appropriate methodology to engage people in occupations and extends beyond applying treatment to people who remain passive

promotes engagement

Question 42

Who are the clients of enablement?

Answer 42

Individuals
o A human regarded as a unique personality.
Families
o A domestic group of people, affiliated by birth, marriage or analogous or comparable relationships.
- ex; roommates can also be considered families
Groups
o Collection of humans who share certain characteristics, interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations and share a common identity.
- ex; roommates can be a group, faculty of health science, this class
Communities
o Social, religious, occupational or other groups sharing common characteristics or interests and perceived or perceiving itself as distinct in some respect from the larger society within which it exists.
- ex: hockey or soccer community
Organizations
o A group of people united in a relationship and having some interest, activity or purpose in common.
- ex: the university
-Population
o A group of individuals occupying a particular geographic area. Can also refer to a group who share a common medical diagnosis

Question 43

How is occupation influenced across our lifespan?

Answer 43

family dynamics (upbringing), culture/ethnicity (rituals, traditions), environment (where you grew up),

Question 44

How can we categorize occupation?

Answer 44

can be organized in many ways such as time and use:

• necessary to meet survival and maintenance needs
• gainful or contracted (paid or educational)
• committed (volunteering, caring for child/family, home maintenance)
• free time (not necessarily leisure0

can also be grouped by goals or events
- raising a child/family
- completing a degree
starting a career/retirement

Question 45

Explain the experience of disability

Answer 45

IMPAIRMENT
- Tend to see impairment as medical and impacting their daily life.
- Few children said they would change/have their disability taken away if given a chance.
· learn to develop with this disability
o DIFFERENCE
- Many children focus on how they are the same as their peers and notice differences
- In this age point, children begin recognizing how their disability can create differences as well.
· creates social and emotional conditions for kids
o REACTIONS OF OTHERS
- Staring, talking down, inappropriate comments, overt sympathy, etc. can make children feel different and of lesser value.
· kids do not know what is appropriate to ask and what isn’t
- Particularly present with a physical disability.
o MATERIAL BARRIERS
- Lack of access to facilities, transportation barriers, limited after-school activities lack of communication support.
o LACK OF PLANS
- Post-graduation many individuals with disabilities experience a lack of employment opportunities and are unsure what to do next
o AGING PARENTS
- Parents are a joint key support for disabled youth.
- At this age, these parents often experience aging, making care more challenging.
o LIMITED RESOURCES
- In many areas of the world (i.e. Japan, South Africa) there are few or no local services for persons with a disability in this life stage