Final

Question 1

Mammals have circadian rhythms ____.​

Answer 1

for a variety of activities, including sleep

Question 2

Based on research it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be

Answer 2

just over 24 hours

Question 3

Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last

Answer 3

about a day

Question 4

A Zeitgeber is a

Answer 4

an environmental cue that resets a biological clock

Question 5

T/F alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment

Answer 5

False

Question 6

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they:

Answer 6

continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

Question 7

The SCN is located just above the

Answer 7

optic chiasm

Question 8

When do the secretions of melatonin begin?

Answer 8

a couple of hours before a person falls asleep

Question 9

A small branch of the optic nerve known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN

Answer 9

retinohypthalamic

Question 10

The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____.​

Answer 10

respond directly to light but respond very slowly

Question 11

The PER and TIM proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night?​

Answer 11

when the proteins reach a high level they turn off the genes that produce them

Question 12

During REM sleep, the EEG shows

Answer 12

irregular low voltage fast waves

Question 13

For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to slow-wave sleep and back again) last?

Answer 13

90 min

Question 14

During sleep, what happens in the brain?

Answer 14

increased firing by GABA neurons

Question 15

Research found that during REM sleep, activity ____.​

Answer 15

increased ion both pons and limbic system

Question 16

One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____.

Answer 16

pontomesencephalon

Question 17

Eugino has a large number of PGO waves. He is likely ___.

Answer 17

in NREM sleep

Question 18

A decrease in the amount of sleep most likely to affect the performance of migratory bird during ____.​

Answer 18

seasons other than migration

Question 19

A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is ____.​

Answer 19

to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes

Question 20

Male sexual behavior depends heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance?​

Answer 20

dopamine

Question 21

Who would probably develop as an intersex?

Answer 21

​a genetic female exposed to more testosterone than normal during early development

Question 22

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases ____.

Answer 22

too little cortisol

Question 23

If a female rat is exposed to highly stressful experiences late in pregnancy, what happens to the sexual development of her offspring?​

Answer 23

the genetic males become responsive to male partners

Question 24

Which claim is most consistent with the evolutionary perspective of sleep?

Answer 24

the function of sleep is similar to hibernation

Question 25

If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?

Answer 25

​The more total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep

Question 26

REM sleep is associated with ____.​

Answer 26

PGO waves in the brain

Question 27

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.

Answer 27

continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

Question 28

Slow wave sleep is comprised of ____.

Answer 28

stages 3 and 4

Question 29

EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ___.

Answer 29

neurons are becoming more synchronized

Question 30

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____

Answer 30

slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number

Question 31

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?​

Answer 31

stage 2

Question 32

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.​

Answer 32

only one of several systems involved in arousal