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env 11 final exam > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Air Pressure
1. Low Pressure
2.High Pressure

A

Low-pressure areas have less atmospheric mass above their location, whereas high pressure areas
have more atmospheric mass above their location. High pressure means sinking air (more force
on your head!) and clear skies. Low pressure means the air is rising to cooler altitudes and losing
its water by condensation and precipitation.

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2
Q

AIR POLLUTION

A

Various chemicals present in the atmosphere in high enough levels to harm humans, other
organisms or materials

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3
Q

AQUIFER
DEPLETION

A

The removal of groundwater faster than recharged

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4
Q

BIOACCUMULATION

A

The accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic chemicals in an organism.
Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at
which the substance is lost

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5
Q

BIOME

A

A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with similar climate, soil, plants, and animals,
regardless of where it occurs in the world

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6
Q

BIOMAGNIFICATION

A

Also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, is the increase in concentration of
a substance, such as the pesticide DDT, that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of:
a. Persistence (slow to be broken down by environmental processes)
b. Food chain energetics
c. Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion (fat solubility)

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7
Q

BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CYCLE

A

A biochemical cycle describes the ways in which an element (or compound such as water) moves
between its various living and nonliving forms and locations in the biosphere

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8
Q

BOD

A

Biochemical Oxygen Demand - is a chemical procedure for determining the uptake rate of
dissolved oxygen by the biological organisms in a body of water. It is not a precise quantitative
test, although it is widely used as an indication of the quality of water

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9
Q

CARBON CYCLE

A

The global movement of carbon between the abiotic environment (atmosphere, ocean)
and organisms
-Atmosphere/ocean>photosynthesis>Cellular respiration/combustion/decomposition >atmosphere/ocean
-Carbon is an essential component of organisms’ molecules
Also essential component of abiotic environment

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10
Q

CARSON RACHEL

A

Writer of “Silent Spring” important environmental book that highlighted the dangers of using
DDT

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11
Q

CARRYING
CAPACITY

A

Largest population a particular environment can support sustainably if there are no
changes in that environment.

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12
Q

CELLULAR
RESPIRATION

A

Is the main way cells ( and YOU!) get energy that is stored in food. This biochemical process is –
in a way – the opposite of photosynthesis.
(sugar ) C6H12O6 (aq) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + ATP energy

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13
Q

CERCLA

A

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, commonly known as
Superfund. This law created a tax (1980) on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided
broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous
substances that may endanger public health or the environment

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14
Q

CFC

A

Chlorofluorocarbons, along with other chlorine- and bromine-containing compounds, have
been implicated in the accelerated depletion of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere. CFCs were
developed in the early 1930s and are used in a variety of industrial, commercial, and household
applications. These substances are non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-reactive with other
chemical compounds. These desirable safety characteristics, along with their stable
thermodynamic properties, make them ideal for many applications–as coolants for commercial
and home refrigeration units, aerosol propellants, electronic cleaning solvents, and blowing
agents. Production and use of Chlorofluorocarbons experienced nearly uninterrupted growth as
demand for products requiring their use continued to rise. In 1973 was chlorine found to be a
catalytic agent in ozone destruction. Conclusive evidence of stratospheric ozone loss was not
discovered until 1984. Polar ozone depletion over Antarctica in March 1985 prompted scientific
initiatives to discover the Ozone depletion processes, along with calls to freeze or diminish
production of chlorinated fluorocarbons.

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15
Q

CONSERVATION

A

Sensible and careful management of natural resources

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16
Q

COMPOSTING

A

Composting is the biodegradation of organic matter, such as yard and food waste. The
decomposition is performed by micro-organisms, mostly bacteria, but also yeasts and fungi. In
low temperature a number of macro-organisms, such as ants, nematodes, isopods, etc. also
contribute to the process. There are wide ranges of organisms in the decomposer community.

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17
Q

COMMUNITY

A

A natural association that encompasses all the populations of different species that live and
interact together within an area at the same time.

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18
Q

CORIOLIS EFFECT

A

An apparent deflection of above the surface moving objects when they are viewed from a
rotating reference frame, which in this case is the rotating Earth

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19
Q

CLIMATE

A

The typical weather patterns that occur in a place over a period of years.

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20
Q

DETRIVORE

A

An organism that feeds on large bits of dead and decaying organic matter. Decomposers use the
matter detrivores leave behind.

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21
Q

DEMOGRAPHICS

A

Applied branch of Sociology that deals with population statistics

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22
Q

DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION

A

Process whereby a country moves from high (b) and (d) to low (b) and (d)
Usually, stages through which a population progresses as it becomes industrialized
Four Basic Stages
1. Preindustrial
2. Transitional
3. Industrial
4. Postindustrial

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23
Q

DOSE-RESPONSE

A

Describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure (or doses)
to a stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time. This may apply to individuals (eg:
a small amount has no observable effect, a large amount is fatal), or to populations (eg: how
many people or organisms are affected at different levels of exposure).
Studying dose response, and developing dose response models, is central to determining “safe”
and “hazardous” levels and dosages for drugs, potential pollutants, and other substances to which
humans are exposed. These conclusions are often the basis for public policy

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24
Q

EARTH DAY

A

1970 – US environmental consciousness

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25
Q

ECOSYSTEM

A

All the biotic interactions of a community as well as the interactions between organisms and their
abiotic environment.

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26
Q

ECONOMICS

A

Study of how people use limited resources to satisfy unlimited needs

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27
Q

ECOLOGY

A

The study of the interactions among and between organisms and their abiotic environment

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28
Q

ECOLOGICAL
FOOTPRINT

A

The amount of land, fresh water, and ocean required on a continuous basis to supply a person
with food, wood, energy, water, housing, clothing, transportation, and waste disposal

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29
Q

ECOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION

A

the process of community development over time through a sequence of species
Resident species modify the environment, making it more suitable for later species
PRIMARY & SECONDARY

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30
Q

ELECTRON

A

Particle of the atom that has a negative 1 charge and circles the nucleus. Bonding

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31
Q

ENDOCRINE
DISRUPTORS

A

Endocrine disruptors are exogenous (coming from outside) substances that act like hormones in
the endocrine system and disrupt the physiologic function of the organism’s hormones. Studies
have linked endocrine disruptors to biological effects in animals, giving rise to concerns that low level exposure might cause similar effects in human beings. Ex: BisPhenol A, Phthalates, DDT

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32
Q

ENHANCED GREEN
HOUSE

A

Additional atmospheric warming produced as human activities increase atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases.

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33
Q

ENERGY/
RADIATION

A

refer to the picture on study sheet

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34
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL
TAXES

A

Polluter gets taxed for polluting but amount difficult to set

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35
Q

El Niño and the Southern Oscillation -ENSO

A

A periodic large-scale warming of surface waters of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean that
temporarily alters both ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns

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36
Q

EUTROPIC

A

Process in which more organic matter is being made during photosynthesis than is being
consumed. Eutrophication a form of succession where there is an increase in the concentration
of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an extent that increases the primary productivity of the
ecosystem. Depending on the degree of eutrophication, negative environmental effects such as
anoxia (loss of dissolved oxygen) and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal
populations.

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37
Q

EPIDIMIOLOGY

A

The study of the effects of chemical, biological, and physical agents on the health of human
populations.

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38
Q

EVOLUTION

A

The cumulative genetic changes in populations that occur during successive generations

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39
Q

EXTERNAL COST

A

Harmful environmental cost, borne by people not directly involved in selling or buying the
product
For example: the pollution released when fossil fuels are burned and pollution released to
transport a product

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40
Q

EXPONENTIAL
POPULATION
GROWTH

A

Accelerating population growth that occurs when optimal conditions allow a constant
Reproductive rate for limited periods

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41
Q

FOOD CHAIN

A

Flow of energy through Ecosystems (linear feeding relationships)

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42
Q

FOOD SECURITY

A

Having access at all times to adequate amounts and kinds of food needed for healthy, active lives

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43
Q

GROWTH RATE

A

Rate of change of a population’s size, expressed in percentage per year.

44
Q

GM

A

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been
altered using genetic engineering techniques. These techniques, generally known as recombinant
DNA technology, use DNA molecules from different sources, which are combined into one
molecule to create a new set of genes. This DNA is then transferred into an organism, giving it
modified or novel genes.
For food, this may be resistance to pests, drought, cold, faster growth, more vitamins.

45
Q

GREEN
REVOLUTION

A

Research and development occurring between 1940’s and the late 1960’s that increased
Agricultural production worldwide.
It involved the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, Modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds,
synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers

46
Q

GYRE

A

Large Circular ocean current systems that often encompass an entire ocean basin

47
Q

HAZARD

A

Any source of potential damage

48
Q

HALF-LIFE

A

Is the period of time for a substance undergoing
decay, to decrease by half. The name originally
was used to describe a characteristic of unstable
atoms (radioactive decay), but may apply to any
quantity that follows a set-rate of decay.
!!!!look at picture on study sheet

49
Q

HABITAT
FRAGMENTATION

A

Breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches
Clearing forests, grasslands, draining wetlands

50
Q

HORIZONS

A

Refers to soil. Top layer is ‘O’ for organic. A-topsoil, B-subsoil, C, R-bedrock.

51
Q

HYDROLOGICAL
CYCLE

A

Water circulates from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land, and back to the ocean
- Provides renewable supply of purified water
- Balance of water on land, oceans, and atmosphere
* Evaporation
* Transpiration
* Precipitation
* Runoff from watersheds
* Percolation

52
Q

HYPOTHESIS

A

A proposed explanation, based on accepted facts, for an observable phenomenon

53
Q

INFILTRATION

A

Process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.

54
Q

INTENSIVE
TRADITIONAL

A

a. In subsistence agriculture, the farmer only grows enough food to support the family.
b. In traditional agriculture, they used animal and manpower, along with hand tools and simple
machines.
c. In intensive traditional agriculture, they use more technology such as pesticides and more
advanced machines, without using fossil fuels, to produce not just for the family, but excess to be
sold in markets.

55
Q

INVERSION

A

In meteorology, an inversion is a deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property
with altitude. It almost always refers to a temperature inversion, i.e., an increase in temperature
with height, or to the layer within which such an increase occurs.

56
Q

ION

A

An atom or compound that has lost or gained electron(s). It now has a (+/-)charge.

57
Q

ISOTOPE

A

An atom with a different number of neutrons than specified on the periodic chart.

58
Q

JET STREAM

A

Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the atmospheres of some planets. The
main jet streams are located near the tropopause, the transition between the troposphere (where
temperature decreases with height) and the stratosphere (where temperature increases with
height). The major jet streams on earth are westerly winds (flowing west to east). Their paths
typically have a meandering shape; jet streams may start, stop, split into two or more parts,
combine into one stream, or flow in various directions including the opposite direction of most of
the jet. The Polar jet stream dips into the USA during winter months. Watch the news!

59
Q

KEYSTONE

A

A species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its biomass. Such
species affect many other organisms in an ecosystem and help to determine the types and
numbers of various others species in a community

60
Q

LAND

A

Reduction in the potential ability of the land to support crops/livestock

61
Q

DEGRADATION

A

Soil erosion, compaction, salinization

62
Q

LD50

A

It is the lethal dose required to kill half the members of a tested population.

63
Q

MONSOON (INDIA)

A

A seasonal reversing wind accompanied by seasonal changes in precipitation, the southwestern
summer monsoons occur from June through September. The Thar Desert and adjoining areas of
the northern and central Indian subcontinent heats up considerably during the hot summers. This
causes a low-pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void,
the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush in to the subcontinent. These winds, rich in
moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas, creating winds blowing storm clouds towards the
subcontinent. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central
Asia, thus forcing them to rise. With the gain in altitude of the clouds, the temperature drops and
precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm (390 in) of rain.

64
Q

NATURAL
SELECTION

A

Adaptations and evolutionary modifications improve the chance of survival and reproductive
success (fitness)

65
Q

NEUTRON

A

Particle of the atomic nucleus that has no charge.

66
Q

NOx

A

Typically any binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or a mixture of such compounds. NO2,
NO3, etc. In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as in large cities, the amount of nitrogen
oxides emitted into the atmosphere can be quite significant. NOx react with ammonia, moisture,
and other compounds to form nitric acid vapor and related particles. Small particles can penetrate
deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing premature death in extreme cases.
Inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases such as emphysema,
bronchitis it may also aggravate heart disease.
NOx react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to form ozone. NOx (especially N2O)
destroys the ozone layer.

67
Q

NON-RENEWABLE

A

Finite Resources that took millions of years to form

68
Q

NUCLEAR FISSION

A

The nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts, often producing
free neutrons and lighter nuclei, which may eventually produce gamma rays. Fission of heavy
elements is an exothermic reaction that can release large amounts of energy.

69
Q

NUCLEAR FUSION

A

The process by which multiple like-charged atomic nuclei join together to form a heavier
nucleus. This is the process used by the Sun to produce energy.
Ex: 2 hydrogen isotopes (P/N) + ( P/N/N) combine = (P/P/N/N) + N + energy
Hydrogen is (P) Helium

70
Q

NUTRIENT

A

A chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism’s
metabolism that must be taken in from its environment. The effects of nutrients are dosedependent. The chemical elements consumed in the greatest quantities by plants are carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. These are present in the environment in the form of water and carbon
dioxide; energy is provided by sunlight. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur are also
needed in relatively large quantities.

71
Q

OCEAN CONVEYOR
BELT

A

The ocean is not a still body of water. There is constant motion in the ocean in the form of a
global ocean conveyor belt. This motion is caused by a combination of thermohaline currents
(thermo = temperature; haline = salinity) in the deep ocean and wind-driven currents on the
surface. Cold, salty water is dense and sinks to the bottom of the ocean while warm water is less
dense and remains on the surface

72
Q

OLIGOTROPHIC

A

An ecosystem or environment is said to be oligotrophic if it offers little to sustain life. The term
is commonly utilized to describe bodies of water or soils with very low nutrient levels.

73
Q

OMNIVORE

A

Species that eat both plants and animals as their primary food source.

74
Q

OXYGEN SAG

A

Oxygen sag is the dip in dissolved oxygen present in water that is the result of the introduction of
waste material. It is often found downstream from the point source

75
Q

OZONE

A

Ozone can cause adverse effects such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung function
mostly in susceptible populations (children, elderly, asthmatics). Wind currents and cause health
impacts far from the original sources can transport ozone. The American Lung Association
estimates that nearly 50 percent of United States inhabitants live in counties that are not in ozone compliance.

76
Q

PATHOGEN

A

Disease-causing organisms

77
Q

PARADIGM

A

Philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which
theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are
formulated; broadly: a philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind

78
Q

PARTICULATE

A

Tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas or liquid. Human activities, such as the
burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate
significant amounts of particulates.

79
Q

PERSISTANCE

A

Environmental persistence refers to the length of time a substance resides in environmental
media and is usually defined in terms of half-life or residence time. Resistance to degradation as
measured by the period of time required for complete breakdown of a material. Depends on
temperature, pH, soil type, light intensity, etc

80
Q

PEST

A

Any organism that interferes in some way with human welfare or activity

81
Q

pH

A

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. The pH scale is logarithmic and as a
result, each whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next higher value. For
example, pH 4 is ten times more acidic than pH 5 and 100 times (10 times 10) more acidic than
pH 6. The same holds true for pH values above 7, each of which is ten times more alkaline
(another way to say basic) than the next lower whole value. For example, pH 10 is ten times
more alkaline than pH 9 and 100 times more alkaline than pH 8.

82
Q

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A

Process that converts carbon
dioxide into organic compounds,
especially sugars, using the
energy from sunlight.
CARBON DIOXIDE (6CO2)+WATER(6 H2O)>LIGHT><CELLULOSE<SUGAR (C6H12O6)+OXYGEN 6O2

83
Q

POPULATION

A

A group of organisms of the same species that live together in the same area at the same time

84
Q

POBERTY

A

A condition in which people are unable to meet their basic needs: food, clothing, shelter,
education, or health.
Earning less than $2/day.

85
Q

PRESERATION

A

Setting aside undisturbed areas
Maintaining them in a pristine state
Protecting them from human activities that might alter their natural state

86
Q

PROTON

A

Particle of the atom nucleus that has a positive 1 charge.

87
Q

RCRA

A

Enacted in 1976, is the principal Federal law in the United States governing the disposal of solid
waste and hazardous waste.
-While RCRA handles many regulatory functions of hazardous and non-hazardous waste,
arguably its most notable provisions regard the Subtitle C program which tracks the progress of
hazardous wastes from their point of generation, their transport, and their treatment and/or
disposal.
- Due to the extensive tracking elements at all points of the life of the hazardous waste, the
overall process has become known as the “cradle to grave” system. The program exacts
stringent bookkeeping and reporting requirements on generators, transporters, and operators of
treatment, storage and disposal facilities handling hazardous waste.

88
Q

RISK

A

The combination of the likelihood of the occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm.

89
Q

RISK ASSESMENT

A

Risk assessment is the process where you:
-Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm (hazard
identification).
Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk
evaluation)
Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control).

90
Q

RENEWABLE

A

Resources potentially replaced by natural processes.

91
Q

REPLACEMENT
LEVEL FERTILITY
RATE

A

The number of children a couple must produce to replace themselves
- Keeps population size stable
- 2.1 children per woman

92
Q

SALINIZATION

A
  • In a soil of an arid, poorly drained region, the accumulation of soluble salts by the evaporation
    of the waters that bore them to the soil zone
93
Q

SALT WATER
INTRUSION

A

Movement of seawater into a fresh water aquifer near the coast.

94
Q

SCIENTIFIC
METHOD

A

Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new
knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method
of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to
specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through
observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

95
Q

SUSTAINABLE

A

Resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these
needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations.

96
Q

SUSTAINABLE

A

Resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these
needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations.

97
Q

SYMBIOSIS

A

An intimate relationship or association between members of two or more species
- One species lives in or on another species
- Relationship may be beneficial, neutral or harmful
- Result of coevolution
- MUTUALISM, COMMENSALISM, PARASITISM

98
Q

TEMPERATURE
INVERSION

A

A layer of cold air temporarily trapped near the ground by a warmer upper layer.

99
Q

TERATOGEN

A

A drug or other substance capable of interfering with the development of a fetus, causing birth
defects.

100
Q

TFR

A

The fertility rate of a population is the average number of children that would be born to a
woman over her lifetime if (1) she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates
(ASFRs) through her lifetime, and (2) she were to survive from birth through the end of her
reproductive life. It is obtained by summing the single-year age-specific rates at a given time.

101
Q

THEORY

A

Theories are constructed to explain, predict, and master phenomena (e.g., inanimate things,
events, or behavior of animals). A scientific theory can be thought of as a model of reality, and
its statements as axioms (true statements taken for granted) of some axiomatic system. The aim
of this construction is to create a formal system for which reality is the only model. The world is
an interpretation (or model) of such scientific theories, only insofar as the sciences are true.

102
Q

THERMODYNAMICS

A

Study of Energy – First law - Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Second law -The amount of usable energy in the universe decreases over time as some is lost as
heat

103
Q

THOMAS MALTHUS

A

Thought the idea of endless progress towards a utopian society was impaired by the dangers of
population growth: “The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the
earth to produce subsistence for man”. Believing that one could not change human nature, and
that egalitarian societies were prone to over-population, Malthus wrote in dramatic terms:
“epidemics, pestilence and plague advance in terrific array, and sweep off their thousands and
ten thousands. Should success be still incomplete, gigantic famine stalks in the rear, and with
one mighty blow, levels the population with the food of the world”

104
Q

THRESHOLD

A

The point/dosage at which a physiological or psychological effect begins to be produced.

105
Q

TOXIC WASTE

A

Hazardous chemicals include a variety of acids, dioxins, explosives, heavy metals, infectious
wastes, nerve gas, organic solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, and
radioactive substances

106
Q

WEATHER

A

Conditions in the atmosphere at a given place and time

env 11 final exam (2 decks)

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