Final Flashcards
Which of the following structure is not neighbour of anterior surface of the right kidney? A. Right suprarenal gland B. Right lobe of liver C. Right colic flexure D. Descending colon E. Jejenum
D. Descending colon
2.Which of the following structure does not cross the abdominal part of left ureter? A. Testicular/ovarian artery B. Root of mesentery C. Left colic artery D. Sigmoid colon E. Sigmoid mesocolon
B. Root of mesentery
- Which of the following is wrong for the pelvis? A. The angle formed by the two arms of the pubic arch is larger in women (80°-85°) than it is in men (50°-609). B. True conjugate (Conjugata vera) is the diameter between promontory and mid point of pubic symphysis and its dimension is about 11cm. C. The angle between superior pelvic aperture and the horizontal plane is 15 degrees. D. Ischial tuberosity of both sides border the inferior pelvic aperture laterally.
C. The angle between superior pelvic aperture and the horizontal plane is 15 degrees.
- Which of the following structure is not one of the contents of the superficial perineal space (pouch)? A. Crus of clitoris (penis) B. Bulbospongiosus C Ischiocavernosus D. External urethral sphincter E. Transversus perinei superficialis
D. External urethral sphincter
- Which of the following layer of scrotum is located deep to the skin? A. External spermatic fascia B. Cremaster muscle and fascia C. Internal spermatic fascia D. Dartos fascia E. Tunica vaginalis
D. Dartos fascia
- Which of the following ligament stabilize ovary to the lateral walls of the pelvis? A.Proper ovarian ligament B. Suspensory ligament of ovary C. Ovarian fimbria
D.Mesovarium E. Round ligament
B. Suspensory ligament of ovary
- A 23-year-old pregnant woman visits her gynecologist for her routine fetal ultrasound checkup. Ultrasonographic examination reveals unilateral renal agenesis and oligohydramnios. Which of the following conditions most likely occurred? A. Polycystic kidney disease B. Degeneration of the mesonephros C. Ureteric duplication D. Failure of a ureteric bud to form E. Wilms tumor
D. Failure of a ureteric bud to form
- A 2-month-old boy is brought to the physician because his parents cannot find one of his testicles. Physical examination confirms the parents’ observation. Which of the following is the most likely medical diagnosis? A. Anorchia B. Cryptorchidism C. Inguinal hernia D. Macroorchidism E. Hermaphrodite
B. Cryptorchidism
- A 23-year-old man visits nephrologist with diabetes insipidus complaint. In this case, which cell is particularly affected and what is its histological feature? A. Principal cells with numerous basal infoldings. B. Intercalated cells with microplicae on their apical plasmalemma. C. Minor calyx cells with transitional epithelium. D. Ascending thin limb of Henle with simple squamous epithelium. E. Ascending thick limb of Henle with simple cuboidal epithelium.
A. Principal cells with numerous basal infoldings.
- Which of the following signaling mechanisms plays an important role in mediating *hyperactivation” of sperm motility during capacitation in the female reproductive tract? A.Activation of intracellular guanylate cyclase B. Activation of membrane Na/K ATPase C. Mitochondrial membrane permeability transition D. Opening of membrane Ca2+ channels E. Prostaglandin receptor binding
D
- Which of the below molecular events play a role in the differentiation of the gonads towards the ovary?
SRY ( Sex-determining Region Y) induces SOX 9 expression
Il. SRY activate WNT4 expression
II.
SRY stimulates the steroidogenesis factor (SF-1)
- Which of the following biological processes accounts for the transformation of a primary to a secondary ovarian follicle? A. Deposition of the extracellular matrix B. Follicular fluid accumulation C. Formation of a second polar body D. Maturation of the zona pellucida E. Proliferation of tissue macrophages
B. Follicular fluid accumulation
- An active mammary gland shows alveolar cell& with large spherical lipid droplets. Which of the following types of secretion best describes the manner in which these lipid droplets are released into milk during lactation? A. Apocrine B. Eccrine C. Endocrine D.Holocrine E.Merocrine
A. Apocrine
- A vaginal smear is obtained from a 32-year-old woman who is undergoing in vitro fertilization. Which of the following cytologic features characterizes vaginal epithelial cells that are stimulated by estrogen during the menstrual cycle? A. Apical membrane microvilli B. Dense secretory granules C.Glycogen-filled vacuoles D.Intracellular lipid droplets E. Lamellar bodies
C.Glycogen-filled vacuoles
- Which of the following is most appropriate for a female suffering from insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with a pH of 7.2, HCO3-: 17 mmol/L and pCO2: 20 mmHg? (Normal levels are 22-26 molL and 35-45 mmHg, respectively) A. Respiratory Acidosis B. Metabolic Alkalosis C. Metabolic Acidosis D. Respiratory Alkalosis E. Decreased renal glutaminase activity
A
- Which of following enzyme activity is expected to increase in estrogenization condition? A. Amylase B. Lyase C. Isomerase D. Aromatase E. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase
D. Aromatase
- Which substance is the precursor in the biosynthesis of gonadal sex hormones? A. Inhibin B. Cholesterol C. Activin D. Arachidonic acid E. Carnitine
B. Cholesterol
- What is the most important hormone in order to prepare the uterine wall and maintenance of the pregnancy? A. Inhibins B. Testosteron C. Estrogen D. Progesteron E. Activins
D. Progesteron
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES) should never be used in pregnant women because it is associated with which of the following? A. Infertility and development of vaginal cancer in female offspring B. Feminization of the external genitalia of male offspring C. Deep vein thrombosis D. Miscarriages E. Virilization of the external genitalia of female offspring
Infertility and development of vaginal cancer in female offspring
- A male patient is placed on a new medication and notes that his breasts have become enlarged and tender to the touch. Which medication is the most likely taking? A. Furosemide B. Spironolactone C. Hydrochlorothiazide D. Triamterene E. Chlorthalidone
B. Spironolactone
- A 70-year-old retired businessman with a history of chronic heart failure has been taking digoxin and furosemide. He is now admitted with a history of vomiting, acute decom- pensated heart failure, and metabolic derangements. He has marked peripheral edema and metabolic alkalosis (pH: 7.50; pCO2: 45; HCO3: 36; Na: 140). Which of the following drugs is most appropriate for the treatment of his edema? A. Tolvaptan B. Digoxin C. Eplerenone D. Hydrochlorothiazide E. Acetazolamide
E. Acetazolamide
- An elderly patient with a history of heart disease has difficulty breathing and is diagnosed with acute pulmonary edema. Which treatment is indicated? A. Acetazolamide B. Chlorthalidone C. Furosemide D. Spironolactone E.Hydrochlorothiazide
C. Furosemide
- A 58-year-old woman with lung cancer has abnormally low serum osmolality and hyponatremia. Which drug increases the formation of dilute urine and is used to treat syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)? A.Acetazolamide B.Amiloride C.Desmopressin D. Tolvaptan E.Spironolactone
D. Tolvaptan
- What acid-base disorder would you expect in patients with “propofol infusion syndrome”? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis E. Normal blood gas pH level
B. Metabolic acidosis
- A 58-year-old man is given a glucose tolerance test. In the test, the plasma glucose concentration is increased and glucose reabsorption and excretion are measured. When the plasma glucose concentration is higher than occurs at transport maximum (Tm). Which of the following statements is true? A. Clearance of glucose is zero B. Excretion rate of glucose equals the filtration rate of glucose C. Reabsorption rate of glucose equals the filtration rate of glucose D. Excretion rate of glucose increases with increasing plasma glucose concentrations E. Renal vein glucose concentration equals to the renal artery glucose concentration
D. Excretion rate of glucose increases with increasing plasma glucose concentrations
- A 35-year-old woman suffers from acute liver failure due to liver cancer. She is jaundiced and edematous. Which of the following Starling forces in the kidney are likely to be primarily and secondarily affected by her condition?
Oncotic pressure decrease
Hydrostatic pressure increase
- After eating a meal that is very high in sodium (3,000 mg), plasma hyperosmolarity triggers which of the following change to the thirst response, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion,and ultimately urine output?
Thirst response: Increase
ADH secretion: Increase
Urine output: Increase
- All of the following factors contribute to establishing or maintaining the medullary interstitial concentration gradient except: A. Distal tubule sodium reabsorption B. NKCC-2 cotransporters on the thick ascending limb of Henle C. Solute-free water reabsorption in the descending limb of Henle D. The counter-current multiplier effect E.Urea recycling
A. Distal tubule sodium reabsorption