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anthropology > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

a brief history of Australopithecus

A

southern ape, two well-known species: A.ramidus and Au. africanas

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2
Q

Australopithecus shared features

A

pelvis bipedal, not exactly like ours, feet look like ours but tiny

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3
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A

Dates: 3.8-3.9 Ma and 380-550cc Location: ? Traits: megadont, suspensory arms, short femur w/valgus angle, small, human-like foot

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4
Q

Australipithecus afarensus bipedal how?

A

bent knee, bent hip, striding

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5
Q

Australopithecus africanas

A

Date: 3.3-2.1 Ma, Location: South Africa, Traits: similar to A. afarensis in primitive traits (arms) but exhibits more advanced morphology, large brain, more human-like pelvis

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6
Q

Paranthropus shared features

A

3 species, hypermegadont, small incisors, canines, dished face, sagittal crest

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7
Q

Difference between gracile (Australopithecus) and robust (Paranthropus) “Australopithecines

A

post- cranially very similar, cranially very different

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8
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus

A

2.7-2.3 Ma, Ethipoia and Kenya, Huge sagital crest, and very prognathic

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9
Q

Paranthropus boisei

A

2.5-1.4 Ma, East Africa Ethiopia to Malawi, flexed cranium, anterior crest, 500-540cc

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10
Q

Paranthropus robustus

A

1.8-1.0 Ma, South Africa, very similar to P. boisei less robust

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11
Q

Australopith, Chronology and Biogeography

A
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12
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

rapid diversification in a lineage

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13
Q

Modified Savannah Hypothesis

A

origin of hypermtadont and expansion of tool use

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14
Q

How do we reconstruct diet?

A

teeth- 60-70% is denition, mastication system, wear patterns, isotopes

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15
Q

Dental anatomy and morphology (teeth)

A
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16
Q

Mastication system (levers)

A
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17
Q

Wear Patterns (enamel mircorwear)

A
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18
Q

Isotopes (C3 versus C4 vegetation)

A
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19
Q

Difference between Australopithecus and Paranthropus diets

A

Australopithecus: Megadont, strong mastication, more scratches (folivore), 30% C4, Paranthropus: Hypermegadont, powerful mastication, more pits ( brittle diet), 30% C4, P. boisei= mainly C4

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20
Q

Fallback foods and adaptation

A

underground storage organs- Australopth diet

21
Q

the earliest evidence of stone tools and cut marks

A

stone tools: Lomekwi, Kenya- 3.4 Ma, cut marks: Dikika, Ethiopia- 3.4 Ma

22
Q

earliest specimen of homo

A

2.8 Ma

23
Q

The Habilines (general characteristics)

A

610-750cc, reduced dentition, precision grip, small body size, australopith body proportion generally, similar to australopiths, obligate biped, some arboreality, large-brained, tool making

24
Q

How much variation is there within a single species?

A
25
Q

Qualitative characteristics ( do they follow a normal mammalian pattern)

A

early homo (the hablines): 1470 1813
supra-orbital torus: small medium
supra-orbital sulcus: absent insipient
temporal origin: gracile marked
nuchal origin: medium medium
canine size: small small
prognathism: little avelolar

26
Q

Homo Habilis

A

2.6-1.65 Ma, all of eastern Africa, especially Koobi Fora, and South Africa, Thumb=human like, wrist like bones=human like phlanges=curved, long arms, widely dispersed, mod. encephalization, robust cranially, precision grip (tools)

27
Q

Homo rudolfensis

A

1.9 Ma, eastern Africa (Kenya), 2.4?, Malawi, generally lest robust, slightly bigger, large teeth and palate

28
Q

The erectines

A

intermembral index =75, long femur, two species?

29
Q

Endurance running hypothesis

A
30
Q

Persistence running hypothesis

A
31
Q

expensive tissue hypothesis

A
32
Q

stone tool (lithic) hypothesis

A
33
Q

Homo erectus ( sensu lato)

A

2.0 Ma-117 ka, Old world distribution, 2 species, much encephalization, long, low cranium, full facial prognathism, external nose

34
Q

Hypotheses for pan- African and Eurasian dispersal of Homo erectus

A

Intrinsic hypotheses: large body size-no, human-like intermembral index-yes, large brain-no, tool use- no, increased meat consumption-yes
extrinsic hypotheses: escape from disease- no, normal mammalian dispersal- no, following predators- no, following prey- no, demographic pressure- yes, environmental influence- yes

35
Q

Homo heidbergensis

A

600Ka-200Ka, location:?

36
Q

Dispersal hypothesis

A
37
Q

multiregional hypothesis

A
38
Q

recent African origins

A
39
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

230ka-30ka, location ?, massive face, occipital bun, huge nasal aperture(nose), swept-back zygomatics (cheekbones), no chin, heavy wear on front teeth, large body mass, low brachial and crural indices, technologies- Mousterian and Levallas technique, hunting- distribution of injuries similar to rodeo riders or agricultural workers, art? burial of dead- site layout, speech-ee

40
Q

Homo floresiensis

A

100-60ka, Liang Bua, Flores Island, small brains, very little post-orbital constriction, slightly prognathic, no chin , stone tools?

41
Q

Which hypothesis regarding H. florensis is the best supported and why

A

It is an island dwrad form of Homo Erectus- large animals become smaller, small animals become larger

42
Q

Homo sapiens

A

315-(195) ka- present, rounded cranium, short face, orthognathic, vertical forehead, skull tall (top to bottom), skull short (front to back), Cranial capacity: 1200-1500cm^3, canine fossa, the pilaster on the femur

43
Q

Dispersal-timing of the earliest occurrences in different regions

A

Africa:160 ka
Middle East:100ka
Australia: 60ka
Asia: 40-60 ka
Europe:40ka
The Americas:21ka?

44
Q

What is forensics

A

use of scientific methods inn solving crimes and in legal settings

45
Q

Discriminant Function Analysis

A

allows classification of unknowns

46
Q

Four main biological identifiers

A

ancestry, sex, age, and stature

47
Q

Idiosyncartic varaiton

A
48
Q

Behavior indicators

A
49
Q

Pathology and disease

A

anthropology (1 decks)

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