Final

Question 1

Canadian Census

Answer 1

Conducted to gain an idea of the population
- done every 5 years
- random

Question 2

Primary sources for Census data

Answer 2

Socioeconomic
- familes
- income
- status
-education
- minorities/ immigrants

Question 3

Geographic units in census data

Answer 3

1: Dissemination block: bound by roads or other boundaries (the smallest)
2: Dissemination area: one or more dissemination blocks with avrg. population of 400-700
3: Census tract: Larger areas with populations between 2500-8000 or centres with 50 000+ peoples

Question 4

Statistics

Answer 4

Collection, classification, presentation and analysis of numerical data to draw valid conclusions and decisions

Question 5

Sats in Geography

Answer 5

Describe and summarize spatial data, asses general patterns, and make inferences about population

Question 6

Populations can be:

Answer 6

Finite: Bounds of the population are known
Infinite: Bounds of the population are unknown

Question 7

Varibles

Answer 7

Properties or characteristics of each given phenomenon/object to be measured
- can be Continous (fall between 2 values) and discrete (determined by counting)

Question 8

Descriptive statistics

Answer 8

Provide easy-to-understand characteristics for particular data
- measure central tendency (represent the centre/ typical frequency value) (mean, median, mode)

Question 9

Measure of dispersion and varibility

Answer 9

Provide an indication of the spread of variability of data
- range: difference between high and low
- deviation: difference between each value and mean

Question 10

Hypothesis testing

Answer 10

Infromed explanation or prediction about something
- informed
- has to be testable (to see if true/false)
- has to be falsifiable (possibility that it can be proven wrong)

Question 11

Steps to hypothesis testing

Answer 11

1: State the null and alternate hypothesis
2: Select the appropriate test
3: select level of significance
4: Delineate regions of rejection and non-rejection of null
5: Calculate test
6: Make decision regarding null and alternate hypothesis

Question 12

types of stat errors

Answer 12

Type I: Decision is made to reject the hypothesis and false when it is true
Type II: Decision is made not to reject a null hypothesis as false when it is false

Question 13

Correlations

Answer 13

the relationship between 2 or more variables
- scatterplot typically used to express
- correlation doesn’t equal causation

Question 14

Scatterplot direction

Answer 14

Positive:
-Increase values in one variable corresponds to increasing values in others
- Decrease values in one variable corresponds to decreasing values in other

Negative/Inverse:
-Increasing value is one variable corresponding with decreasing values of another
- Decreasing values in one variable corresponds to increasing values in another

Question 15

Covariation

Answer 15

The degree to which covary/vary together
- if covary similarly = data has large covaration and strong correlation
- if show little consistency = weak correlation

Question 16

Geocoding

Answer 16

The process of assigning spatial locations to descriptive data
- most common - address matching

Question 17

Variations of geocoding

Answer 17

1) intersection matching - intersections match street names
2) Postal code matching - postal code to locations
3) Reverse geocoding - converting lat and long to locations
4) photo Geocoding - pictures to location info

Question 18

Applications for geocoding

Answer 18

1) location-based services - google
2) business - matching to customers
3) Emergency services - phone GPS
4) location accuracy
5) public health - mapping of neighbourhoods

Question 19

Coordinate systems

Answer 19

Allow us to know position on earth surface

Question 20

4 ‘levels’ of the coordinate system

Answer 20

1) Ellipsoid/ Spheroid: earths surface
2) Geoid: Gravity
3) Mean sea level
4) Terrain: elevation

Question 21

Two type of coordinate systems

Answer 21

1) Geographic - lat and long lines
2) Projected coordinate systems falt, 2D description of the earth

Question 22

Coordinate display

Answer 22

Degree - Min - Second
- 1 degree = 60 min
- 1 min = 60 sec

Lat= -180 to 180 (W to E)
long = -90 to 90 (S to N)

Question 23

Datum

Answer 23

Reference system which allows the location of lat, long and height to be identified onf the surface

Question 24

3 types of datum projections

Answer 24

1) Albers (conic)
2) Transverse Mercator- straight merdians and paralleles that intersect at right angles
3) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM): 60 pieces, 60 meridians

Question 25

types of sampling

Answer 25

1) Random: Each memeber of the population has equal chance of being selected - may lead to bias
2) Systematic sampling: samples are chosen on regular intervals - may lead to under representation
3) Stratified: used when their are sub-groups of interest

Question 26

Scales of measurement

Answer 26

1) Nomial: Catagorical data (text)
- ex: land use types
2) Ordinal: ranked (date, time)
- ex: main, secondary, and minor roads)
3) Interval: between 2 units
- ex: Celsius and Fahrenheit
4) ratio: interval data with absolute zero value

Question 27

Accuracy (two types)

Answer 27

1) Positional accuracy: closeness of locational information to true position (usually coordinates)
2) Thematic/ attribute accuracy: the closeness of attribute values to their true values

Question 28

Lineage

Answer 28

Record of the data sources and of the operations which created data set

Question 29

Data Quality key issues

Answer 29

1) Accuracy: closeness of measurement
- ex: absence of error
2) Precision: number of decimal places in measurement
3) uncertainty: imperfect knowledge of the world
- lack surness