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final Flashcards

1
Q

examples of sex specific disease processes

A

cervical and prostate cancer

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2
Q

what is intersex?

A

conditions where person is born with reproductive anatomy that doesn’t fit with typical definition

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3
Q

gender norms vs gender roles

A

norms are ideas of how men and women should act, roles are social and cultural expectations in how we dress, talk, careers, etc

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4
Q

when did gender roles become more elastic in history

A

world wars, women in workforce due to men in war

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5
Q

leading health issues for men

A

cv disease, resp. disorders, stress, depression, suicide, accidental injury, addiction

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6
Q

leading health issues for women

A

violence, anxiety, depression, body dissatisfaction, poverty, musculoskeletal diseases, autoimmune diseases, cv disease

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7
Q

leading health issues for boys

A

stress, depression, anxiety, loneliness, ADHD, accidental injury, substance misuse, violence

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8
Q

leading health issues for girls

A

depression, violence, abuse, stress, smoking, body dissatisfaction, education impacted by harassment and bullying

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9
Q

access

A

the ability for all people to have equal access to policy, program, and legislative activities

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10
Q

inclusion

A

Representation of diverse groups of men and women through the policy or program process

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11
Q

benefits

A

The intended advantages of any program or policy are equally available to both men and women of diverse cultures, socioeconomic status, and various levels of identity

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12
Q

equity

A

Ensuring programs and health promotion strategies identify the unique elements, opportunities, and challenges that men, women and transgender individuals face

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13
Q

a gender based lens ensures

A

that policies, programs, services, and interventions are appropriate for men, women, boys, and girls, and transgender individuals

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14
Q

general health inequities among 2slgbtqia+

A

depression, anxiety, self-harm, suicidal thoughts, tobacco and alcohol use

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15
Q

lesbian and bisexual adolescent girls have higher rates of

A

obese BMI compared to heterosexuals

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16
Q

gay and bisexual men ahave lower

A

BMI and increased risk of eating disordered behaviours

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17
Q

primary prevention for 2SLGBTQIA+ Health

A

health living and stress management, creating groups or classes for 2SLGBTQIA+ to learn stress coping techniques, healthy nutrition and physical activity, or helping deal with the distress of stigma and discriminatio

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18
Q

secondary prevention for 2SLGBTQIA+ Health

A

screen for HTN among older adults at 2SLGBTQIA+ community centres, or provide counselling to test for STIs, engage in outreach to transgender communities with information regarding mammograms, PAPs, prostate and testicular exams using trans- sensitive language

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19
Q

tertiary prevention for 2SLGBTQIA+ Health

A

helping HIV + people with medication adherence, as well as referrals to appropriate services to manage side effects, locating 2SLGBTQIA+ specific substance abuse treatment programs (or advocate for the development of them!)

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20
Q

quaternary prevention for 2slgbtqia+ health

A

protecting clients from over-medicalization. For example, some parents may take their young gender non-conforming children to clinics repeatedly

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21
Q

census definition of rural

A

individuals living outside centres of 1000 or more population

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22
Q

non isolated community

A

communities with road access of less than 90km to physician services

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23
Q

semi isolated community

A

communities with road access greater than 90km to physician services

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24
Q

isolated community

A

communities with good phone service, scheduled air transportaion flights, but no road access

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25
Q

remote isolated communities

A

communities with no scheduled air flights, minimum service, no road access

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26
Q

the resource base influences

A

the health status of those who live in the community

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27
Q

in communities with reliance on oil, gas, logging, mining, fishing, agriculture, etc. have more

A

injuries and illness

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28
Q

mining community health risks

A

critical injuries due to water, remote control equipment, explosives, etx
illness due to diesel emissions and silica

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29
Q

forestry community injury sources

A

working surfaces, vehicles, trees, bodily motion, hand tools, machines

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30
Q

oil and gas industry health issues

A

transportation injuries, fires, falls, explosions
asbestosis and mesthelioma

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31
Q

agriculture health issues

A

Biological hazards
■ Respiratory disorders from inhaling moulds
■ Exposure to zoonotic diseases ie. toxoplasmosis, rabies, histoplasmosis, Lyme disease, hantavirus
■ Needlestick or sharps injuries
Chemical hazards
■ Hazardous products (fuel, fertilizers, pesticides)
■ Gases in manure pits
■ Gases in silos during grain storage

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32
Q

primary prevention for rural

A

providing health education to maintain lower rates of cause specific cancers

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33
Q

secondary prevention for rural

A

developing and implementing diabetes screening

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34
Q

tertiary prevention rural

A

monitoring the effectiveness of tx for circulatory and resp. diseases

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35
Q

cultural safety principles (5)

A

✗ Protocols: respect for cultural forms of engagement
✗ Personal knowledge: understanding one’s own cultural
identity
✗ Process: engaging in mutual learning
✗ Positive purpose: ensuring the process yields the right
outcome for the client
✗ Partnership: Promoting collaborative practice

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36
Q

health informatics

A

Represents bringing together data, information,
knowledge and technologies to support decision-making by patients, consumers, physicians, nurses and stakeholders

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37
Q

cna supports nurses to (water quality)

A

✗ Assess community hazards
✗ Advocate for change
✗ Engage in interdisciplinary collaboration to address hazards ✗ Decrease exposure
✗ Reduce harm to people and the environment

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38
Q

walkerton trragedy of may 2000

A

✗ 7 people died of e.coli from contaminated water
✗ 2300 people were ill
✗ Public health officials felt the issue was probably preventable

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39
Q

according to water canada there are currently 59 long term drinking water advisoriees in

A

41 first nations, some of which have been active for more than 20 years

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40
Q

how does water become contaminated

A

✗ Fertilizers, pesticides, other chemicals applied to the land near water
✗ Concentrated feeding operations (industrial animal farms)
✗ Manufacturing operations
✗ Sewer overflows
✗ Storm water
✗ Wildlife
✗ Rocks and soil (natural sources of arsenic, radon, uranium)
✗ Cracks in water pipes or other problems in distribution systems

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41
Q

contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to the following diseases

A

cholera, dysentery, hep A, typhoid, polio

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42
Q

contaminated water and poor sanitation linked to following microbes

A

✗ E.coli
✗ Campylobacter ✗ Giardia
✗ Legionella
✗ Norovirus
✗ Rotavirus
✗ Enterovirus
✗ Salmonella
✗ Shigella

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43
Q

contaminated water may include the following chemicals

A

arsenic, copper, lead,nitrate, radon

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44
Q

vulnerable populations to contamination illness

A

infants, young children, pregnant people, older adults, immunocompromised people

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45
Q

contributions to food insecurity

A

poverty, financial hardship, underemployment, low income, low educational attainment

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46
Q

consequences of food insecurity

A

malnutrition
infection
chronic disease
obesity
mental health effects
impact children’s learning

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47
Q

The Nutrition North Canada program (NNC),

A

provides retail subsidies to improve access to perishable, nutritious and traditional food in certain communities

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48
Q

food policy for canada

A

All people in Canada are able to access a sufficient amount of safe, nutritious, and culturally diverse food`

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49
Q

CHN practice shaped by & must be (rural)

A

limited transportation, communication and other resources
multifaceted care that can be complex with considerable decision-making and little backup

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50
Q

praxis

A

process of using a theory or something youve learned in a practical way

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51
Q

behavioural addictions

A

gambling, shopping, sex

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52
Q

substance use disorder occurs when

A

recurrent use of alcohol or drugs causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at home, work, or school.

53
Q

dependence

A
  • Progressive in nature, and affects the physiological, cognitive, behavioural, and psychological dimensions of a person’s health.
  • manifested by continuous use despite the presence of problems
  • Results in tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive substance taking behaviour
54
Q

problematic substance use

A
  • complex issues spanning life cycle
  • severe and permanent consequences for individuals, families and communities
55
Q

physical dependence

A

occurs when body react to the absence of drug with physical withdrawal symptomd

56
Q

psychological dependence

A

occurs when drug use becomes central to thoughts and emotions

57
Q

concurrent disorder

A

one or more cooccuring mental health challenges with problematic substance use

58
Q

chn should look at root causes of substance use as:

A

trauma, violence, social isolation, homelessness, and poverty

59
Q

chn pain mgmt education

A
  • respectful of underlying beliefs
  • must be evidence based
  • in line with lens of cultural safety
60
Q

factors of problematic substance use

A

Familial, genetic, psychological, socioeconomic, and historical factors are all determinants of the problem
Gender, education, income and employment may also be factors

61
Q

individual factors of opioid crisis

A

age, race, gender, socio-demographic factors, stress and trauma exposure, physical and mental health, pain, withdrawal symptoms, self-stigma, self-determination, biological and genetic susceptibility

62
Q

relationship factors of opioid crisis

A

influence of family, friends, coworkers, opioid access via family, friends, coworkers, family history of substance use

63
Q

community factors of opioid crisis

A

quality care, treatment availability + access, drug disposal facilities, community norms, workplace + school, geographic variations, access to legal and illegal opioids, over- prescription, types of rx opioids,

64
Q

societal factors of opioid crisis

A

law enforcement & policing, educational campaigns, insurance coverage, government regulation & policies, economic conditions & employment rate, opioid supply and price, legal & illegal advertising, discrimination & prejudice, social stigma, media & social networks

65
Q

tobacco use health effects

A
  • Cancer (Mouth and throat, esophagus, lungs, bronchus, trachea, larynx, liver, stomach, pancreas, colon and rectum, kidney and pelvis, bladder, cervix, and acute myeloid leukaemia)
  • Heart disease (Coronary artery disease, raise triglycerides, damages blood vessels and cause thickening/narrowing of vessel walls, increases stroke risk)
  • COPD
  • Fertility (affects men’s sperm)
  • Bone health
  • Cataracts (increases risk)
  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
66
Q

alcohol use short term health effects

A
  • Injuries (MVC, falls, drownings, burns)
  • Violence (homicide, suicide, sexual assault, intimate partner violence)
  • Alcohol poisoning
  • Risk sexual behaviours (unprotected sex, or sex with multiple partners which could result in unintended pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases)
  • Miscarriage and stillbirth, or fetal alcohol spectrum disorders among pregnant women
67
Q

alcohol use long term health effects

A
  • High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke - Liver disease, digestive problems, pancreatitis
  • Cancer of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, liver, colon, and rectum
  • Weakened immune system
  • Learning and memory problems
  • Mental health problems including depression + anxiety Social problems including family and job related problems Alcohol use disorders or alcohol dependence
68
Q

cannabis use short term health effects

A
  • Decreased blood pressure, which can increase risk of falls and syncope
  • Increased heart rate (concerning for some cardiac conditions)
  • Psychotic episodes (paranoia, delusions, hallucinations)
  • Confusion
  • Impaired ability to remember, concentrate, pay attention
69
Q

cannabis long term health effects

A
  • Increased risk of dependency
  • Lung health (bronchitis, lung infections, chronic cough, increase mucous production)
    -Effects on the brain (memory, concentration, decision making)
  • Increased risk of developing mental illnesses like psychosis or schizophrenia, in addition to an increased risk of suicide, depression, and anxiety disorders
  • Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) resulting in reoccurring nausea, vomiting, dehydration and abdominal pain
70
Q

the opioid crisis is a result of

A

Misunderstanding of the additive risk of prescription opioids
Psychological, social, and biological risk factors (genetics, mental health, early life experiences, trauma, poverty, lack of secure housing, and other social determinants)
Stigma towards substance use disorders
Frequent opioid prescribing and high amounts being prescribed for pain relief
Lack of awareness or access to alternative treatments for pain
Use of prescription opioids to whom they are not prescribed
Lack of access to prescription opioids leading to illicit opioid use
Illegal drugs that are laced with fentanyl and its analogues
A lack of comprehensive care to respond to physical and mental health needs of an individual

71
Q

harm reduction refers to

A

POLICIES, PROGRAMS, AND PRACTICES THAT AIM TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE HEALTH, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES THAT MAY ENSUE FROM THE USE OF LEGAL AND ILLEGAL PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS WITHOUT REDUCING NECESSARILY REDUCING DRUG USE

72
Q

harm reduction is

A

Goal-oriented
Humanistic
Nonjudgemental and accepting of people with problematic substance use
Uses a person-centred approach
Healthcare providers “meet people where they’re at” and work collaboratively Underpinned by a commitment to change policy or is integrated in to new policy

73
Q

five core principles of housing first approaches

A

Immediate access to housing with no readiness requirements
Consumer choice and self-determination (client choice in location, type)
Recovery orientation (access to a range of supports)
Individualized and client-driven supports
Social and community integration

74
Q

supervised consumptions sites provide, prevent, and reduce

A

provide a safe, clean space for people to bring their own drugs to use in the presence of trained staff
Prevent accidental overdose
Reduce the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV

75
Q

needle exchange programs reduce

A

Reduce transmission of HIV, Hep B, Hep C, and other blood borne pathogens
Reduce usage drug use and sexual behaviours associated with the transmission of blood borne pathogens
Reduce the number of needles discarded in the community

76
Q

needle exchange programs basic services

A

Needle distribution and disposal Condom distribution
Education and information Referrals and counselling

77
Q

safer supply programs provide and prevent

A

Provide prescribed medications as a safer alternative to toxic illegal drug spooky to people who are at high risk for overdose
These programs help prevent overdoses, save lives, and connect people who use drugs with other health and social services

78
Q

injecting cocaine teaching

A

has a numbing effect on the vein + causes constriction so be extra careful you’re in the right spot before injecting
IV cocaine only lasts for a short period of time, so if you are injecting multiple times it can be traumatic for the tissues

79
Q

injecting crack teaching

A

it comes in a solid form, for it has to be dissolved first. The safest way to do this is with powdered citric or ascorbic acid - avoid lemon juice or vinegar as they can lead to infection

80
Q

naloxone available through 3 programs

A
  • Ontario Naloxone Program (ONP): Needle syringe/exchange program, Hep C programs, and participating community agencies
  • Ontario Naloxone Program for Pharmacies (ONPP): Participating pharmacies distribute kits
  • Ministry of Community Safety and Correction Services - Take Home Naloxone Program: Individuals in provincial correctional facilities who are at risk of an opioid overdose and would like a kit are trained and given kits when released from custody
81
Q

primary prevention substance use

A
  • Involves preventing problematic substance use before it occurs with more focus on the individual or community rather than broader system
  • Includes activities geared towards preventing regular substance use from becoming problematic ie: the initiative that created Canada’s Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines
  • Intervene with families around issues that lead to trauma, which might involve programs that support men who have been violent in changing their violent behaviours, parenting programs that provide alternative discipline options to corporal punishment, anti-racism problems in schools, or education for health and social service providers in how to be 2SLGBTQIA + allies
82
Q

secondary prevention substance use

A

Involve early identification of what substance use becomes problematic and rapid support to assist the individual in addressing root causes to reduce or end substance use
Example: screening, tools, or conversations that allow for the detection of signs and symptoms of problematic use ie the 11 criteria of substance use disorders

83
Q

tertiary prevention substance use

A
  • Reducing harms of problematic use both for individuals and their families + communities - Treatment can be included as a form of tertiary prevention as well as secondary
  • Other examples: clean needles, pop-up supervised consumption sites, managed alcohol programs, naloxone distribution programs
84
Q

quaternary prevention substance use

A

Addressing stigma around substances within the health care system among professionals, and ensuring CHN’s are following the lead of individuals, families and communities in determining if substance use is problematic

85
Q

stbbis are spread through

A

insertive and receptive sexual practices (vaginal, anal, or oral) with someone who is carrying the infection

86
Q

examples of stbbis transmitted through skin to skin contact

A

genital herpes and hpv

87
Q

current healthy public policy stbbis

A

Screening for HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and hepatitis B at the first prenatal visit
BBI screening with blood products (blood safety)
Immunization Partnership Fund
Public Health Surveillance (HIV & AIDS, Gonorrhoea, Hep B + C, Syphilis)

88
Q

blood safety contribution program

A

Supports the development and enhancement of provincial and territorial systems to monitor errors and adverse events associated with blood/blood product transfusions
Also includes transplantation of cells, tissues, and organs

89
Q

canadian blood services

A

Mandated to provide Canada with safe, secure, and affordable blood and blood components systems
Has been managing Canada’s blood system since 1998, and there has not been any recorded instances of blood-borne infections like Hep C or HIV

90
Q

stbbi’s categorized as

A

bacterial, viral, or ectoparasitic

91
Q

most commonly reported bacterial stis

A

chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis

92
Q

can chlamydia be passed from mother to baby during childbirth?

A

yes

93
Q

women can contract chlamydia in the

A

cervix, rectum, and throat

94
Q

men can contract chlamydia in the

A

urethra, rectum, and throat

95
Q

chlamydia in women can lead to

A

PID, tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chornic pelvic pain

96
Q

_____ % of infected women have no symptoms and are unaware of chlamydia

A

70

97
Q

symptoms of cervicitis

A

mucopurulent endocervical discharge, easily induced bleeding

98
Q

symptoms of urethritis

A

pyuria, dysuria, urinary frequency

99
Q

chlamydia in men can lead to

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) which is caused by C.trachomatis
LGV can cause proctitis (inflammation of the lining of the rectum)
LGV has been the recent cause of proctitis outbreaks among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men worldwide

100
Q

___% of men who have no symptoms of chlamydia

A

50

101
Q

rectal chlamydia symptoms

A

pain, bleeding, discharge, mucus with stool, painful BM

102
Q

occular chlamydia symptoms

A

Appear after 2-6 weeks
Chlamydial conjunctivitis (pink/red eye) Mucous discharge
Crusting of the lashes
Tearing
Photophobia
Foreign body sensation
Decreased vision

103
Q

can a pregant women give baby gonorrhea in childbirth

A

yes

104
Q

gonorrhea in women

A

Unusual vaginal discharge that may be
thin, watery and green, or yellow in colour
Dysuria
Pain or tenderness in the lower abdominal area
Bleeding between periods, heavier periods, and bleeding after sex

105
Q

gonorrhea in men

A

Unusual discharge from the tip of the penis, which may be white, yellow or green
Dysuria
Inflammation of the foreskin
Pain or tenderness in the testicles

106
Q

primary stage of syphilis

A

Pt most infectious
Chancre sore or proctitis
Single sore or multiple are common
Sores appear where the syphilis entered the body, are usually firm, round small and painless
Chancres last 3-6 weeks and will heal without treatment

107
Q

secondary syphilis stage

A

Pt is infectious
Begins with skin rash and mucous membrane lesions
Rash is rough, red or reddish brown spots on palms of hands, soles of feet, and/or torso extremities, not usually itchy
Can also include fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, patchy hair loss, muscle aches, fatigue, flu-like symptoms

108
Q

early non primary or secondary syphilis stage

A

Pt is infectious
No primary or secondary symptoms identified at the time of medical visit
May occur between primary or secondary stages, and after the secondary stage Infection has been identified to have occurred within the last 12 months

109
Q

Late stage syphilis

A

Pt is not infectious
No symptoms identified at the time of medical visit
Infection has been identified to have occurred after the last 12 months (ie, no evidence of any of the above stages in the past year)

110
Q

primary syphilis s&s

A

Chancre sores - are usually firm, round and painless. On occasion are open and wet
Chancres can show up on your vulva, vagina, anus, penis, scrotum, lips or mouth

111
Q

secondary syphilis s&S

A

Rashes on the palms of your hands, soles of your feet or other body parts
Not usually itchy
May develop mild flu-like symptoms (slight fever, tired, sore throat, swollen glands, headache, muscle aches)
Can also have sores in your mouth, vagina, or anus
May note hair or weight loss

112
Q

late stage syphilis s&s

A

Tumors
Blindness
Paralysis
Damage the nervous system, brain and other organs
May result in death

113
Q

HSV often appears as

A

one or a group of painful, itchy, fluid filled blisters in or around the genitals, butt, or thighs

114
Q

HSV tx

A
  • Oral acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir within the first 3-4 days of symptom onset for maximum benefit
  • Cesarean delivery is strongly recommended if the first episode of genital herpes occurs in the third trimester
  • Suppressive therapy is recommended for those with frequent (>6/year) or highly symptomatic recurrences
115
Q

HPV causes almost all

A

cervical cancers, also linked to throat, penis, anus, or vaginal cancer

116
Q

HPV symptoms

A
  • Many people are asymptomatic
  • Anogenital warts (also known as Condylomata) are one sign, they look like small cauliflower or may be flat
  • In women, warts may appear on the vulva, thigh, rectum, or in the vagina or urethra with the cervix being a common HPV site
  • During pregnancy the number and size of warts can increase
  • With an inactive infection, cells of the cervix paper normal under the microscope during a Pap
117
Q

what does gardasil protect against

A

two high risk forms of HPV (16&18) which cause 70% of anal and genital cancers

118
Q

blood borne infections include

A

HIV, HEP B&C

119
Q

HIV attacks

A

body’s immune system

120
Q

symptoms of HIV

A

Chills
Fever
Fatigue
Joint Pain
Headache
Sore throat
Muscle aches
Swollen lymph nodes

121
Q

what is prep medication

A

highly effective pre exposure prophylaxis medication that HIV negative people can use to lower risk

122
Q

what is pep medication

A

post exposure prophylaxis medication taken up to 72 hours after HIV exposure

123
Q

what is HEP B and how is it spread

A

liver disease spread by contact with infected body fluids including blood, semen, vaginal fluid

124
Q

what is HEP C and how is it spread

A

liver disease spread by percutaneous exposure with infected blood, less commonly sexual activity or perinatal transmission

125
Q

primordial prevention stbbis

A
  • Preventing STBBIs and risk factors from existing
  • Creation of programs and policies that keep youth off the streets, or advocating for access to comprehensive sexual health education
126
Q

primary prevention stbbis

A
  • Refers to preventing the start of disease with the goal of decreasing incidence Involves activities prior to any sign of disease, injury, or transmission of STBBIs
  • Includes the use of penile or male condoms + vaginal or female condom
  • *Remember condoms are not 100% effective in protecting against herpes or HPV
  • Vaccination is very valuable
127
Q

secondary prevention stbbis

A
  • early detection
  • regular testing and screening for STBBIs, including blood testing, urine samples, genital examination, and sometimes swabs
128
Q

tertiary prevention stbbis

A
  • Measures aimed at decreasing the progress of a disease and controlling long-term negative consequences
  • Involves using medications to treat an infection
  • Manage symptoms
129
Q

quaternary prevention stbbis

A
  • Methods to avoid results of unnecessary or excessive intervention
  • As new medications are developed for STBBIs, is it important to ensure patients are not placed in any harm - ensuring consent is obtained in trials, and having the ability to withdraw at any time

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