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COM 1100 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

what is critical thinking

A

the ability to form and defend your own judgements rather than blindly accepting or instantly rejecting what you hear or read

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2
Q

what are facts

A

statements that can be verified by someone else

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3
Q

what are opinions

A

subjective statements that presumably are based on experience or expertise

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4
Q

what is strategic planning

A

process of identifying your goals and then determining how best to achieve them

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5
Q

what is the speech communication process

A

speaker: message, channgel; listener: feedback, interference, situation

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6
Q

how do you consider frame of reference

A

respond to the prompt: who am i, list aspects of identity, values,etc.

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7
Q

what is a frame of reference

A

sum of knowledge, experiences, goals, values and attitudes; no 2 people have the same frame of reference

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8
Q

what does it mean that communication is a transactional process

A

communication exchanges occur simultaneously, simultaneous “encoding” and “decoding” is called transaction

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9
Q

what is communication according to the professor

A

process of using symbols to achieve goals

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10
Q

what is communication to the book

A

interacting to build connections whereby they can understand each other and recognize common interests

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11
Q

what is the principle test of a good speech

A

whether it responds most effectively to the needs of the situation in which it is presented

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12
Q

what is feedback

A

responses from the audience that signal how they are reacting to what you say

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13
Q

what is a situation

A

specific context in which a speech is given

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14
Q

what is a rhetoric

A

how messages affect people

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15
Q

what is a rhetorical situation

A

a situation in which people’s understanding can be changed through messages

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16
Q

what 4 factors determine the success of a rhetorical situation

A

audience, occasion, speaker, and speech itself

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17
Q

what is identification with the audience

A

finding common ground between what they know about the audience and what they want to say

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18
Q

what is the occasion

A

type of speech given, also called the speech’s genre

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19
Q

what are examples of speech occasions

A

ceremonial - like accepting an award, deliberative - oral report

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20
Q

what is forensic

A

rendering judgements about events in the past

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21
Q

what is an exigence

A

problem that cannot be avoided but can be solved/ managed through development of an appropriate message

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22
Q

what are the 3 most general purposes of speeches

A

inform, persuade, entertain

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23
Q

what is an informing speech about

A

providing listeners with new information or ideas

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24
Q

what does a persuading speech do

A

influence listener’s attitudes and behavior either to strengthen existing beliefs or to support new ones

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25
Q

what does an entertaining speech do

A

stimulate a sense of community by celebrating common bonds among speaker and listeners

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26
Q

what is a strategy

A

plan of action that will respond to the contraints and take advantage of the opportunities

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27
Q

what is invention

A

generation of materials for the speech through a combo of analysis, research and judgement

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28
Q

what is arrangement

A

structuring of ideas and materials in the speech, the organization of materials for each main idea, ordering and connecting main ideas within the body of the speech, and overall structure of the introduction, body and conclusion

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29
Q

what is style

A

distinctive character that may make a speech recognizable or memorable, achieved primarily through language and reflects the speakers awareness of how language can be used to show and tell, and evoke emotions to convey descriptive meaning

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30
Q

what is delivery

A

presentation of speech, sharing message with audience, with effectively using voice, gesture, facial expression, physical movement and visual aids

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31
Q

what is memory

A

memorizing speeches, keeping track of main ideas, phrasing ideas so listeners will listen, wording effective introduction and conclusion

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32
Q

what is an extemporaneous speech

A

an outline

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33
Q

what is a manuscript presentation

A

reading a written script

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34
Q

as a speaker, you should demonstrate high ethical standards in what 4 areas

A

respect for your listeners
respect for your topic
responsbility for your statements
concern for the consequences of your speech

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35
Q

what things should you not do to your audience

A

talk down to them, manipulate them

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36
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

tendency to imagine that one’s own views are typical of everyone else’s

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37
Q

how do you avoid plagarism

A

never present someone else’s words without acknowledging it
specify who developed the ideas
paraphrase in your own words
draw on several sources

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38
Q

what is communication apprehension

A

fears and worries people have about communicating with others and range from not wanting to speak up in a small group to worrying about talking on the phone

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39
Q

what are the 6 steps that let you turn speech anxiety into an advantage

A
  1. acknowledge your fears, but recognize that you can overcome them
  2. think about what you are going to say and the effect you want to have on your audience
  3. act confident, even if you feel apprehensive
  4. practice a growth, rather than a fixed mindset
  5. work carefully on the introduction so that you can start the speech on a strong note
  6. end the speech on a strong note and pause for a second before returning to your seat
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40
Q

what are the 3 different levels of audience analysis

A

demographics, cultures, psychology

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41
Q

by checking audience demographics, you will…

A

consider how your speech should respond to certain characteristics of the audience as a whole

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42
Q

by respecting audience cultures, you will…

A

become aware of how listeners see your topic with their interests,beliefs and values in mind

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43
Q

by understanding audience psychology, you will..

A

realize that listeners are selective about wha they tend to percieve

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44
Q

what are demographics

A

characteristics of the audience as a whole

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45
Q

what are the major demographic cateogories

A

audience size, heterogeneity, status as captive or voluntary, composition, existence as physically present or mediated

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46
Q

what is heterogeneity

A

variety or diversity of audience members

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47
Q

what are platitudes

A

buzzwords or phrases devoid of specific content

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48
Q

what are beliefs

A

statements that listeners regard as true

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49
Q

what are values

A

positive or negative judgments that listeners make

50
Q

what are reference groups

A

socially constructed categories that act as guides/ models,

51
Q

how do you plan your speech with audience diversity in mind

A
  1. avoid sterotyping by paying attention to cultural facts
  2. employ examples from different cultures to appeal to your audience
  3. consider the distinctive culture of an audience, the ways they are bound together by common identities or social roles
  4. pay attention to multiple cultures of audience members
  5. consider using universal appeals
52
Q

whhat is selective exposure

A

concept that our communication choices are not random

53
Q

selective attention

A

selective about whether to focus intently on a message, to follow it, to absorb it and to take it seriously

54
Q

how can a speaker motivate the audience in what 3 ways

A
  1. make message personally important to listeners
  2. make message stand out
  3. make message easy to follow
55
Q

what are the general principles to motivate listeners to pay attention

A

make speech personally meaningful and important to them, solve, offer new info, tell story,

56
Q

how do you make your message stand out

A

contrast between what speaker is expected to say and what he or she actually says

57
Q

what can you do to make your message easy to follow

A

plan organization of speech to make thesis and overall argument clear, state main ideas explicitly, speak at rate that sustains listener’s interest, etc.

58
Q

what is perception

A

interpretation or understanding that a listener gets from a speech

59
Q

what is a field

A

subject matter areas

60
Q

what is ethos

A

character an audience attributes to a speaker

61
Q

what is audience analysis according to the professor

A

discovering as much as possible about an audience for the purpose of improving communication with them

62
Q

how did President Reagan adapt the Challenger tribute speech to the audience and situation

A

made sound like eulogy,

63
Q

what factors should you consider when conducting audience analysis

A

composition culture, audience motivation

64
Q

how can you adapt to a diverse audience

A

draw examples from many cultures, emphasize your own cultural heritage if and when appropriate, resist culture specific references altogether

65
Q

what is the universal audience

A

def: an imaginary audience made up of all reasonable people

66
Q

what is pandering

A

saying whatever will please audience even if you don’t believe in it

67
Q

how does universal audience and pandering relate to audience analysis

A

helps avoid jumping to conclusions and letting speech and ideas have an impact

68
Q

what are the 3 speech purposes

A

informative (teacher), persuasive (advocate), ceremonial

69
Q

according to the textbook, what are characteristics of a good speech topic

A

importance to the speaker, interest to the audience, worthy of listeners time, appropriateness of scope, appropriateness for oral delivery, appropriateness to the rhetorical situation, clarity

70
Q

according to the professor, what is a thesis statement, and what is its purpose

A

def: statement conveying central idea or core assumption about topic
goal: help audience remember your speech’s purpose after it is over

71
Q

describe the ways you can adapt to a diverse audience according to your instructor

A

draw examples from many cultures, exmphazise your own cultural heritage if and when appropriate, resist culture specific references altogether

72
Q

what is an informative speech

A

a public presentation designed to change the way an audience thinks about a topic or issue

73
Q

what is the difference between informative and persuasive speeches

A

informing teaches, persuading advocates

74
Q

what are the goals of informative speaking

A

communicate new and unfamilar information, extend what the audience already knows, update old information

75
Q

what are the guidelines for informative speaking

A

topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis statement, preview

76
Q

what are the purposes achieved through informative strategies

A

providing new information or sharing a perspective and agenda setting

77
Q

what are the purposes achieved through a combination of informative and persuasive strategies

A

creating positive or negative feeling

78
Q

what are the purposes achieved through persuasive strategies

A

strengthen/ weaken commitment to a position, convert audience away from one belief and toward another, induce audience to perform specific action

79
Q

what are informative strategies

A

defining, reporting, describing, explaining, demonstrating, storytelling, comparing

80
Q

how can you keep the audience focused on your speech

A

provide information that draws attention, use organizational structure that allows listeners to anticipate what is coming next, make complimentary references to the audience, making strategic choices about style

81
Q

what are the 3 parts of the reasoning process

A

claim - assertion you want audience to accept
supporting material - evidence for your claim
reasoning - links supporting material to the claim

82
Q

how does the reasoning process relate to public speaking

A

you need evidence and sources to make your claim credible

83
Q

what is the CRAAP test

A

test to evaluate sources

84
Q

what does each letter in the CRAAP test describe

A

currency - timeliness of info,
relevance- importance of information for your needs
authority - source of info
accuracy - reliability, truthfulness, correctness of the content
purpose - reason info exists

85
Q

what does CRAAP stand for

A

currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose

86
Q

what are the different types of evidence/ supporting material

A

personal experiences, common knowledge, direct observation, examples, documents, statistics, testimony, search engines, CPP library, periodicals, newspapers, books, reference works

87
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of personal experiences

A

a: gain credibility and audiences attention, makes relatable to audience
d: not think its meaningful for them if not relatable
Are you sure your memory is reliable?

Is your experience generalizable?

Will others interpret it the same way?

88
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of common knowledge

A

a: preference for practical solutions over ideological disputes
d: based on presumption,

Are you sure the audience shares it?

Are you sure it is correct?

89
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of direct observation

A

a: seeing is believing, deliberate decision to gather evidence that might support your point
Are you sure of what you saw?

Do you have any bias?

90
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of examples

A

a: makes abstract idea more concrete
d:
Are they representative?

Are there enough of them?

91
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of documents

A

a: establishes a claim directly without opinion or speculation
d:
Can they be trusted?

Are they properly interpreted?

Is the context made clear?

92
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of statistics

A

a: quantitative form, generalizes a few specific examples
Are appropriate measures used?

Are they reliable and valid?

Have they been interpreted properly?

93
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of testimony

A

a:
d: need to assess persons credibility, convince audience source is knowledgeable and trustworthy
Does the person have access to the data?

Is the person an expert on the subject?

Is the person reasonably objective?

94
Q

what are the logical fallacies

A

inferences that would be regarded as unreasonable by a broad and diverse audience of listeners exercising their best critical judgement

95
Q

what are the 3 parts to any speech

A

intro, body, conclusion

96
Q

how should you arrange main points into the body of an informative speech

A

chronologically - by time; topically - organization by components and categories; casually - cause and effect or vice versa; spatially - by direction or geography

97
Q

what are the purposes of speech introduction

A

get the audiences attention and interest, establishes credibility and gains goodwill, makes topic relevant, clarifies purpose/ thesis, previews and structures the speech

98
Q

what are the most effective ways to grab an audiences attention

A

incorporate lively storytelling/ narrative, be aware of length, consider using a cliff hanger, sharing unexpected information, arousing curosity, make attention step relates to topic

99
Q

what does the textbook say about citing statistics in the intro

A

listeners sit up in interest, works when statisitics accurate but well known

100
Q

what are components of an effective conclusion

A

signal at the end, summarize the speech by restating the thesis and preview in similar words, memorable close

101
Q

what is the difference between preparation outline and presentation outline

A

preparation - include all detail, write in sentences, label and indentation,

presentation - prepared and rehearsed, boil down info, key words and source citations

102
Q

what are the guidelines for the informative speech’s preparation outlines

A

attention step, thesis, credibility, preview, transtion, body (main points then evidence), preview/ summary, body, …. conclusion

103
Q

what were the 4 types of speech methodologies

A

impromptu, memory, manuscript, extemporaneous (prepared and rehearsed but not written out word for word or memorized)

104
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages for the 4 types of speech methodologies

A

impromptu - ; memory: d- restart if forget ideas, back track; manuscript - get lose while reading, too robotic, cant engage with audience ;

105
Q

what are the guidelines for using visual aids

A

need in body of speech but also can be in intro/ conclusion, avoid turning back to audience, size and placement so everyone can see, display only while discussing, if not clear explain, practice with visual aids, proofread all materials, be creative but dont over do it

106
Q

what are the visual qualities

A

appearance- dress for occasion, comfort and avoid distraction;

facial expression - be animated, face should match words; posture - stay planted, stand tall, make sure upper half of body is visible;

gestures - keep them natural, close to body, waist high;

eye contact - look into audience’s eyes or camera, pay attention to audience feedback,

107
Q

what are vocal qualities

A

vary pitch, adjust speaking rate and volume, use pauses, avoid vocalized pauses by staying silent, enunicate - pronunication, articulation

108
Q

what does the textbook say about a speakers style

A

what others perceive to be his or her manner of expression

109
Q

what is persuasion

A

process of influencing attitudes, beliefs, values and behavior

110
Q

What are the 4 persuasive purposes the textbook discusses

A

Strengthening commitment, weakening commitment, conversion, inducing a specific action

111
Q

What are questions of fact value and policy

A

Fact- a dispute about what evidence exists and how it should be interpreted

Value- a dispute about what is good desirable useful ethical or moral

Policy- involve courses of action, what we should or should not do

112
Q

According to the textbook what is the elaboration likelihood model and how does it work

A

It is the communication process of how speakers and listeners cooperate jointly to develop meaning and understanding; elaboration high persuasion means systematic analysis, elaboration low persuasion means intuitive judgements; moderate - use both

113
Q

What is maslows hierarchy of needs

A

Motivated by our needs which may be determined by our values,

Bottom to top: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self actualization

114
Q

what is monroes motivated sequence

A

attention, step, satisfaction, visualization, action

115
Q

What are Aristotles 3 rhetorical proofs, give examples

A

ethos - authoritative and trustworthy source
pathos - appealing to audiences emotion
logos -logical arguments, strong support, and sound reasoning;

116
Q

How can the arrangement of your arguments impact your persuasiveness in a speech

A

hostile audience - strongest argument first; receptive audience; stronges last

117
Q

According to the instructor what are the 3 elements involved in defending a proposition of value

A

answer it, deal with it, fill it???

118
Q

what is monroes motivated sequence

A

attention, step, satisfaction, visualization, action

119
Q

what are the main points of the statistics videos

A

not all the same conditions, B good for people with poor health, simpsons paradox, conditional variant, influences results significantly, smokers younger, nonsmoker died, age is lurking variable

120
Q

what are the main points of the logical fallacies video

A

renders point invalid, intentional - presented with confidence, false cause, correlation, causation, not 1 caused other, strawman, misrepresents point, conclusion as reasoning, use evidence to prove, false dilemma, think critically

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