Final Flashcards
1
Q
what is critical thinking
A
the ability to form and defend your own judgements rather than blindly accepting or instantly rejecting what you hear or read
2
Q
what are facts
A
statements that can be verified by someone else
3
Q
what are opinions
A
subjective statements that presumably are based on experience or expertise
4
Q
what is strategic planning
A
process of identifying your goals and then determining how best to achieve them
5
Q
what is the speech communication process
A
speaker: message, channgel; listener: feedback, interference, situation
6
Q
how do you consider frame of reference
A
respond to the prompt: who am i, list aspects of identity, values,etc.
7
Q
what is a frame of reference
A
sum of knowledge, experiences, goals, values and attitudes; no 2 people have the same frame of reference
8
Q
what does it mean that communication is a transactional process
A
communication exchanges occur simultaneously, simultaneous “encoding” and “decoding” is called transaction
9
Q
what is communication according to the professor
A
process of using symbols to achieve goals
10
Q
what is communication to the book
A
interacting to build connections whereby they can understand each other and recognize common interests
11
Q
what is the principle test of a good speech
A
whether it responds most effectively to the needs of the situation in which it is presented
12
Q
what is feedback
A
responses from the audience that signal how they are reacting to what you say
13
Q
what is a situation
A
specific context in which a speech is given
14
Q
what is a rhetoric
A
how messages affect people
15
Q
what is a rhetorical situation
A
a situation in which people’s understanding can be changed through messages
16
Q
what 4 factors determine the success of a rhetorical situation
A
audience, occasion, speaker, and speech itself
17
Q
what is identification with the audience
A
finding common ground between what they know about the audience and what they want to say
18
Q
what is the occasion
A
type of speech given, also called the speech’s genre
19
Q
what are examples of speech occasions
A
ceremonial - like accepting an award, deliberative - oral report
20
Q
what is forensic
A
rendering judgements about events in the past
21
Q
what is an exigence
A
problem that cannot be avoided but can be solved/ managed through development of an appropriate message
22
Q
what are the 3 most general purposes of speeches
A
inform, persuade, entertain
23
Q
what is an informing speech about
A
providing listeners with new information or ideas
24
Q
what does a persuading speech do
A
influence listener’s attitudes and behavior either to strengthen existing beliefs or to support new ones
25
what does an entertaining speech do
stimulate a sense of community by celebrating common bonds among speaker and listeners
26
what is a strategy
plan of action that will respond to the contraints and take advantage of the opportunities
27
what is invention
generation of materials for the speech through a combo of analysis, research and judgement
28
what is arrangement
structuring of ideas and materials in the speech, the organization of materials for each main idea, ordering and connecting main ideas within the body of the speech, and overall structure of the introduction, body and conclusion
29
what is style
distinctive character that may make a speech recognizable or memorable, achieved primarily through language and reflects the speakers awareness of how language can be used to show and tell, and evoke emotions to convey descriptive meaning
30
what is delivery
presentation of speech, sharing message with audience, with effectively using voice, gesture, facial expression, physical movement and visual aids
31
what is memory
memorizing speeches, keeping track of main ideas, phrasing ideas so listeners will listen, wording effective introduction and conclusion
32
what is an extemporaneous speech
an outline
33
what is a manuscript presentation
reading a written script
34
as a speaker, you should demonstrate high ethical standards in what 4 areas
respect for your listeners
respect for your topic
responsbility for your statements
concern for the consequences of your speech
35
what things should you not do to your audience
talk down to them, manipulate them
36
what is ethnocentrism
tendency to imagine that one's own views are typical of everyone else's
37
how do you avoid plagarism
never present someone else's words without acknowledging it
specify who developed the ideas
paraphrase in your own words
draw on several sources
38
what is communication apprehension
fears and worries people have about communicating with others and range from not wanting to speak up in a small group to worrying about talking on the phone
39
what are the 6 steps that let you turn speech anxiety into an advantage
1. acknowledge your fears, but recognize that you can overcome them
2. think about what you are going to say and the effect you want to have on your audience
3. act confident, even if you feel apprehensive
4. practice a growth, rather than a fixed mindset
5. work carefully on the introduction so that you can start the speech on a strong note
6. end the speech on a strong note and pause for a second before returning to your seat
40
what are the 3 different levels of audience analysis
demographics, cultures, psychology
41
by checking audience demographics, you will...
consider how your speech should respond to certain characteristics of the audience as a whole
42
by respecting audience cultures, you will...
become aware of how listeners see your topic with their interests,beliefs and values in mind
43
by understanding audience psychology, you will..
realize that listeners are selective about wha they tend to percieve
44
what are demographics
characteristics of the audience as a whole
45
what are the major demographic cateogories
audience size, heterogeneity, status as captive or voluntary, composition, existence as physically present or mediated
46
what is heterogeneity
variety or diversity of audience members
47
what are platitudes
buzzwords or phrases devoid of specific content
48
what are beliefs
statements that listeners regard as true
49
what are values
positive or negative judgments that listeners make
50
what are reference groups
socially constructed categories that act as guides/ models,
51
how do you plan your speech with audience diversity in mind
1. avoid sterotyping by paying attention to cultural facts
2. employ examples from different cultures to appeal to your audience
3. consider the distinctive culture of an audience, the ways they are bound together by common identities or social roles
4. pay attention to multiple cultures of audience members
5. consider using universal appeals
52
whhat is selective exposure
concept that our communication choices are not random
53
selective attention
selective about whether to focus intently on a message, to follow it, to absorb it and to take it seriously
54
how can a speaker motivate the audience in what 3 ways
1. make message personally important to listeners
2. make message stand out
3. make message easy to follow
55
what are the general principles to motivate listeners to pay attention
make speech personally meaningful and important to them, solve, offer new info, tell story,
56
how do you make your message stand out
contrast between what speaker is expected to say and what he or she actually says
57
what can you do to make your message easy to follow
plan organization of speech to make thesis and overall argument clear, state main ideas explicitly, speak at rate that sustains listener's interest, etc.
58
what is perception
interpretation or understanding that a listener gets from a speech
59
what is a field
subject matter areas
60
what is ethos
character an audience attributes to a speaker
61
what is audience analysis according to the professor
discovering as much as possible about an audience for the purpose of improving communication with them
62
how did President Reagan adapt the Challenger tribute speech to the audience and situation
made sound like eulogy,
63
what factors should you consider when conducting audience analysis
composition culture, audience motivation
64
how can you adapt to a diverse audience
draw examples from many cultures, emphasize your own cultural heritage if and when appropriate, resist culture specific references altogether
65
what is the universal audience
def: an imaginary audience made up of all reasonable people
66
what is pandering
saying whatever will please audience even if you don't believe in it
67
how does universal audience and pandering relate to audience analysis
helps avoid jumping to conclusions and letting speech and ideas have an impact
68
what are the 3 speech purposes
informative (teacher), persuasive (advocate), ceremonial
69
according to the textbook, what are characteristics of a good speech topic
importance to the speaker, interest to the audience, worthy of listeners time, appropriateness of scope, appropriateness for oral delivery, appropriateness to the rhetorical situation, clarity
70
according to the professor, what is a thesis statement, and what is its purpose
def: statement conveying central idea or core assumption about topic
goal: help audience remember your speech's purpose after it is over
71
describe the ways you can adapt to a diverse audience according to your instructor
draw examples from many cultures, exmphazise your own cultural heritage if and when appropriate, resist culture specific references altogether
72
what is an informative speech
a public presentation designed to change the way an audience thinks about a topic or issue
73
what is the difference between informative and persuasive speeches
informing teaches, persuading advocates
74
what are the goals of informative speaking
communicate new and unfamilar information, extend what the audience already knows, update old information
75
what are the guidelines for informative speaking
topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis statement, preview
76
what are the purposes achieved through informative strategies
providing new information or sharing a perspective and agenda setting
77
what are the purposes achieved through a combination of informative and persuasive strategies
creating positive or negative feeling
78
what are the purposes achieved through persuasive strategies
strengthen/ weaken commitment to a position, convert audience away from one belief and toward another, induce audience to perform specific action
79
what are informative strategies
defining, reporting, describing, explaining, demonstrating, storytelling, comparing
80
how can you keep the audience focused on your speech
provide information that draws attention, use organizational structure that allows listeners to anticipate what is coming next, make complimentary references to the audience, making strategic choices about style
81
what are the 3 parts of the reasoning process
claim - assertion you want audience to accept
supporting material - evidence for your claim
reasoning - links supporting material to the claim
82
how does the reasoning process relate to public speaking
you need evidence and sources to make your claim credible
83
what is the CRAAP test
test to evaluate sources
84
what does each letter in the CRAAP test describe
currency - timeliness of info,
relevance- importance of information for your needs
authority - source of info
accuracy - reliability, truthfulness, correctness of the content
purpose - reason info exists
85
what does CRAAP stand for
currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose
86
what are the different types of evidence/ supporting material
personal experiences, common knowledge, direct observation, examples, documents, statistics, testimony, search engines, CPP library, periodicals, newspapers, books, reference works
87
what are advantages and disadvantages of personal experiences
a: gain credibility and audiences attention, makes relatable to audience
d: not think its meaningful for them if not relatable
Are you sure your memory is reliable?
Is your experience generalizable?
Will others interpret it the same way?
88
what are advantages and disadvantages of common knowledge
a: preference for practical solutions over ideological disputes
d: based on presumption,
Are you sure the audience shares it?
Are you sure it is correct?
89
what are advantages and disadvantages of direct observation
a: seeing is believing, deliberate decision to gather evidence that might support your point
Are you sure of what you saw?
Do you have any bias?
90
what are advantages and disadvantages of examples
a: makes abstract idea more concrete
d:
Are they representative?
Are there enough of them?
91
what are advantages and disadvantages of documents
a: establishes a claim directly without opinion or speculation
d:
Can they be trusted?
Are they properly interpreted?
Is the context made clear?
92
what are advantages and disadvantages of statistics
a: quantitative form, generalizes a few specific examples
Are appropriate measures used?
Are they reliable and valid?
Have they been interpreted properly?
93
what are advantages and disadvantages of testimony
a:
d: need to assess persons credibility, convince audience source is knowledgeable and trustworthy
Does the person have access to the data?
Is the person an expert on the subject?
Is the person reasonably objective?
94
what are the logical fallacies
inferences that would be regarded as unreasonable by a broad and diverse audience of listeners exercising their best critical judgement
95
what are the 3 parts to any speech
intro, body, conclusion
96
how should you arrange main points into the body of an informative speech
chronologically - by time; topically - organization by components and categories; casually - cause and effect or vice versa; spatially - by direction or geography
97
what are the purposes of speech introduction
get the audiences attention and interest, establishes credibility and gains goodwill, makes topic relevant, clarifies purpose/ thesis, previews and structures the speech
98
what are the most effective ways to grab an audiences attention
incorporate lively storytelling/ narrative, be aware of length, consider using a cliff hanger, sharing unexpected information, arousing curosity, make attention step relates to topic
99
what does the textbook say about citing statistics in the intro
listeners sit up in interest, works when statisitics accurate but well known
100
what are components of an effective conclusion
signal at the end, summarize the speech by restating the thesis and preview in similar words, memorable close
101
what is the difference between preparation outline and presentation outline
preparation - include all detail, write in sentences, label and indentation,
presentation - prepared and rehearsed, boil down info, key words and source citations
102
what are the guidelines for the informative speech's preparation outlines
attention step, thesis, credibility, preview, transtion, body (main points then evidence), preview/ summary, body, .... conclusion
103
what were the 4 types of speech methodologies
impromptu, memory, manuscript, extemporaneous (prepared and rehearsed but not written out word for word or memorized)
104
what are the advantages and disadvantages for the 4 types of speech methodologies
impromptu - ; memory: d- restart if forget ideas, back track; manuscript - get lose while reading, too robotic, cant engage with audience ;
105
what are the guidelines for using visual aids
need in body of speech but also can be in intro/ conclusion, avoid turning back to audience, size and placement so everyone can see, display only while discussing, if not clear explain, practice with visual aids, proofread all materials, be creative but dont over do it
106
what are the visual qualities
appearance- dress for occasion, comfort and avoid distraction;
facial expression - be animated, face should match words; posture - stay planted, stand tall, make sure upper half of body is visible;
gestures - keep them natural, close to body, waist high;
eye contact - look into audience's eyes or camera, pay attention to audience feedback,
107
what are vocal qualities
vary pitch, adjust speaking rate and volume, use pauses, avoid vocalized pauses by staying silent, enunicate - pronunication, articulation
108
what does the textbook say about a speakers style
what others perceive to be his or her manner of expression
109
what is persuasion
process of influencing attitudes, beliefs, values and behavior
110
What are the 4 persuasive purposes the textbook discusses
Strengthening commitment, weakening commitment, conversion, inducing a specific action
111
What are questions of fact value and policy
Fact- a dispute about what evidence exists and how it should be interpreted
Value- a dispute about what is good desirable useful ethical or moral
Policy- involve courses of action, what we should or should not do
112
According to the textbook what is the elaboration likelihood model and how does it work
It is the communication process of how speakers and listeners cooperate jointly to develop meaning and understanding; elaboration high persuasion means systematic analysis, elaboration low persuasion means intuitive judgements; moderate - use both
113
What is maslows hierarchy of needs
Motivated by our needs which may be determined by our values,
Bottom to top: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self actualization
114
what is monroes motivated sequence
attention, step, satisfaction, visualization, action
115
What are Aristotles 3 rhetorical proofs, give examples
ethos - authoritative and trustworthy source
pathos - appealing to audiences emotion
logos -logical arguments, strong support, and sound reasoning;
116
How can the arrangement of your arguments impact your persuasiveness in a speech
hostile audience - strongest argument first; receptive audience; stronges last
117
According to the instructor what are the 3 elements involved in defending a proposition of value
answer it, deal with it, fill it???
118
what is monroes motivated sequence
attention, step, satisfaction, visualization, action
119
what are the main points of the statistics videos
not all the same conditions, B good for people with poor health, simpsons paradox, conditional variant, influences results significantly, smokers younger, nonsmoker died, age is lurking variable
120
what are the main points of the logical fallacies video
renders point invalid, intentional - presented with confidence, false cause, correlation, causation, not 1 caused other, strawman, misrepresents point, conclusion as reasoning, use evidence to prove, false dilemma, think critically
