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Vet Doc > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The perfect pesticide:

A

Effect on to insect, causes no acute or chronic effects on non insect species, leaves no residue in tissue eggs or milk of non insect species

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2
Q

OP and carbamates

A

Not persistence in Indv, some persistence in environment, no translocation in plants, no bioacculuation

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3
Q

Toxokinetics of organophosphate and carbamates

A

Lipid soluble, rapidly and equally distrusted, rapidly cleared,

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4
Q

OP/Carb MOA

A

Binds and inhibit ache (acetylcholinesterase)

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5
Q

Ach acts as a neutrotramiter where?

A

Neuromuscular junction, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

Op/c symptoms

A

Mixed Nicotinic and muscarinic,
Tremors, muscle weakness, paralysis
Respiratory depression

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7
Q

OP/C diagnosis

A

Seen in tissue or body fluids,
Clinical signs,
Depressed cholinesterase activity
Measure ache in serum plasma or whole blood*best

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8
Q

Treatment of op/c poisoning

A

Decontaminate if asymp, wash w soap water NO EMESIS AS THEY CAN SIEZURE
Symptoms- seizure control, muscarinic receptor antgonists like atropine
OP- antidote oxicho reactivators

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9
Q

Neonicotinoid insecticides

A

Used in pest control, termite control, cat dog flea control , mimic ACh, bind to post synaptic nicotinic ACh receptors leading to build up of ACH

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10
Q

Neonic signs

A

Hyperexcitation, convolutions ,paralysis, death

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11
Q

Neonic have higher binding affinity at insect receptors meaning

A

Bind more tightly with insect receptors than mammalian

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12
Q

Neonicotinoids absorption

A

Rapidly and almost completed in GI tract
Oral treated w milk or water, if ingested then supportive therapy

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13
Q

Pyrethrins

A

Obtained from flowers of chrysanthemum

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14
Q

Pyrethroids

A

Synthetic compounds formulated to be more insecticidal and less toxic to mammals

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15
Q

Pyrethrin/oids

A

Found in shampoo, dips, floggers, spot on, sprays,
Do not bioacculate
1 no cyano group and 2 constrains alpha cyanogroup

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16
Q

Pyrethin/oids signs

A

Type 1 tremors and seizures
Type 2 weakness and paralysis

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17
Q

Pyrethrin/ion toxicokinetics

A

Moderate gi absorption, dermal minimal
Widely diatribes throughout body including Brain, metabolized rapidly

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18
Q

Pyrethin/oid dx tx

A

Symtom/supportive
Dermal- wash
No emesis
Activated charcoal
IV fluids
IV lipid therapy for severe tremors and seizures

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19
Q

Pyrethrin/pyrethoids species

A

Cats especiallly sens

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20
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as those that are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas

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21
Q

Petroleum distillate:

A

Hydrocarbon solvents derived from crude oil by distillation

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22
Q

Sources of hydrocarbons/petrol

A

Gas, kerosine, motor oil, paint thinners, diesel, tiki oil, baby or mineral oil

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23
Q

Low viscosity high volatility hydrocarbons

A

Gas and kerosine, can be aspirated easily

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24
Q

High viscosity hydrocarbons

A

Irritate gi or kill rumen micro

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25
Q

Hydrocarbons volatility general rule

A

Higher volatile higher toxicity
Lower weight higher tox
Lower viscosity higher Tox

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26
Q

Hydrocarbon toxicosis to various systems

A

Integumentary- hair loss irritation
Gi- oily dx, vt, near sea, bloat rumen Antony
Airway- aspiration pneumonia
Heart- arrhythmia
San- anesthetic effect on neutrotransmission ataxia, lethargy, depression, seizure, coma

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27
Q

Hydrocarbons treatment

A

No emesis or AC,
Anti vt drugs, fluids, monitor for aspiration pneumonia
Ruminants relieve bloat
Flush eye and wash skin if dermal

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28
Q

Acidic compounds mode of action

A

Rapid surface protein coag
Immediate pain
Immediate coag type necrosis

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29
Q

Alkaline mode of action

A

Penetrate deeply into tissues, saponified fat protein, delayed pain, small vessel thombosis, heat,

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30
Q

Acid/alkaline clinical signs

A

Gi- white grey to black wrinkled lesions, salivation ,vt, dysphagia, gi ulcers
Derma- hypermia, irrigated skin, damaged fur
Resp- strider cough tachypnea
Ocular- conjunct, viable ulcer, shock, peritonitis

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31
Q

What to note for alkaline acids

A

Product viscosity and concentration

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32
Q

Decontamination for corrosive agents is ___

A

BAD CONTRAINDICATED

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33
Q

Treatment for Corrosive acid -alkalosis

A

Establish airway, since oral eyes, scope for damage, analgesics, gi protectants, nutritional support like feeding tube

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34
Q

Rodenticide types

A

Anti coag,
No coag- bromethalin, strychnine, cholecalciferol’s (vit d), zinc phosphide, misc

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35
Q

Anti coag ADME

A

Slow but complete absorption; bound to plasma proteins like albumin, excreted via urine
Half life of 6d bro and 14hr warfarin

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36
Q

What is the earliest time to detect on coag test

A

30hrs, pt will be prolonged

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37
Q

Anti coag clinical signs

A

Lag period of 3-5d early as 24hrs,
Lethargy derpression, mouth bleeding bloody feces epistaxis, cough
Hematoma, irregular hr, weak pulse ,ataxia, convulsions

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38
Q

Anti coag diagnostics

A

History signs
Lab- bmbt, cbc chem, xray, pt 1 and then ptt 2nd
Gi contents if ingested

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39
Q

Anti coag lesions

A

Generalized hemorrhage, pulmonary hem, heart and gut hem, liver necrosis from anemia and hypoxia

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40
Q

Anti coag treatment if asymptomatic

A

Induce vt if in 1 hr, decontam w AC and cathartics, vit k therapy possibly

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41
Q

Anti coag treatment w clinical signs

A

Clotting factors, oxygen, vit k1, cage rest, icu

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42
Q

Why are anticoagulant present a risk to wildlife

A

Half life of 2nd gen anti coag is long, tissue levels in poisoned prey is source for wildlife

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43
Q

Consumer sized products

A

Less than 1 lb; only for chlorophacinone, bromadiolone, difenacoum
Block or past NO PELLETS
Must be in ready to use bait station

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44
Q

DCON active ingredient new

A

Vitamin d3

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45
Q

Bromethalin

A

Neurotoxic, cats more toxic, dx of metabolite in FAT brain liver or bait

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46
Q

Bromethalin MOA

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in CNS mitochondria
Fluid buildup between myelin sheaths w vacuole formation
Results in brain edema w intracranial edema

47
Q

Bromethalin signs and treatment

A

High dose- rapid onset, tremors hyperexitability running fits, seizures, depression
Low=slower, hindlimb ataxia paralysis, loss deep pain, cns depression, coma
Treatment- decontam, control cns signs, lipid emulsion
Poor prognosis

48
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

Vitamin d3

49
Q

Does calcifedoil or calcitroil have longer half life?

A

Calcifedoil longer half life

50
Q

Cholecalciferol toxicity

A

50g/kg
Younger animal, cats,
Birds resistant

51
Q

Target organs of cholecalciferol

A

Renal cardio gi

52
Q

Clinical signs of cholecalciferol

A

Gi signs early
Advanced Hematemesis, renal failure, cardiac
Death from hypercalcemia, tissue calcification, renal heart failure

53
Q

Cholecalciferol PM

A

Tissue Pete hail hemorrhage, pale streaks in kidney, red plaques in aorta and pulmonary artery, calcification of coronary artery gastric mucosa and intestanal wall, Degen and necrosis of renal tubules

54
Q

Treatment of cholecalciferol

A

Decontam, monitor serum calcium
If hypercalcemic- normal saline iv, furosemide, pred, biphosphonates, phosphate binders,

55
Q

Strychnine

A

Alkaloid obtained from plant strychnos non vomica

56
Q

Strychnine toxicity

A

Dogs .75 mg/kg
Steep dose response curve

57
Q

Strychnine MOA

A

Blocking glycine receptor,
Uncontrolled spinal reflex

58
Q

Strychnine absorption

A

Rapidly,
High amount is eliminated in urine

59
Q

Strychnine clinical signs

A

10min to 2 hrs post- nervousness anxiety, tremors muscle spams, tetanus siezures
Advanced- sawhorse stance,
Death from hypoxia and exhaustion

60
Q

Treatment for strychnine

A

Decontam, careful of emesis due to rigidity
Seizure control, maintain airway, fluids, queit environment

61
Q

Zinc phosphide

A

Gopher killer

62
Q

Zinc phosphide kinetics/ MOA

A

Degraded in stomach to gas
Phosphine is toxic !, irritant to gi and resp, inhibits cell energy production

63
Q

Zinc phosphide clinical signs

A

15 min to 4 hours
Garlic like odor!!!!!!!!, salivation, lethargy
Cns tremors recumbancy seizures running fits
Abdominal pain

64
Q

How to diagnose zinc phosphide poisoning

A

Odor due to stomach contents
Garlic or rotten fish

65
Q

Treatment for zinc phos

A

Puke on their own, ac and cathartic, correct acidosis, suportive

66
Q

Metaldehyde

A

Snail bait

67
Q

Metaldehyde DX TX

A

Lab- metabolic acidosis, elevated cpk, myoglobinuria
Tx- decontam, diazepam, methocarbamol, fluid, control hyperthermia

68
Q

Venomous animals

A

Creatures that produce poison in highly developed secretory gland which is DELIVERED during a stinging or biting act

69
Q

Poisonous animals

A

Creatures w tissue that are toxic. Not a delivery sstem

70
Q

Animal toxins

A

Exert their effects on almost all cells and tissues,
Many organ systems affected
Reactions acute, severe and life threatening

71
Q

Snakes families in the US (2)

A

Crotalidae and elapidae

72
Q

Pit vipers

A

Deep pit between eye and nose
Vertical elliptical pupils
Fangs hollow and retractable
Body narrower than back of head
Aggressive if disturbed

73
Q

Rattle snakes

A

Most dangerous is western diamond back
Dark and light color phases; Grey brown

74
Q

Copper heads

A

Southeastern us, small red bodies,
Water moccasins live in freshwater but travel over land

75
Q

Pit vipers toxic principles

A

Most toxic is Mojave rattler, least is copperhead
Complex toxins: collagenase, hyaluonidase, phospholipise a, proteases, polypeptides ==can cause bleeding out or clotting

76
Q

Massasaugua rattle snake

A

Meadow/marsh areas hiding
Gray w dark blotches edges in white and brown spots back and sides 2-3ft MI :(

77
Q

Crotalidae clinical signs

A

Redness edema pain
Head/neck= respiratory distress, leg= minimal swelling,
Systemically hypotension tachycardia salivation pulmonary edema shock

78
Q

What animals hav e natural resistance to pit viper venom?

A

Honey badge, ground squirrel, opossum, mongoose

79
Q

Rattlesnake bite treatment

A

Airway protection, anti venom, antibiotics, analgesic

80
Q

What not to do if snake bite

A

No tournequie, no cold compress, dont cut wound, dont suck out wound w mouth, dont mess w snake after

81
Q

Antivenoms

A

Protein composition
Antibody response
Risk- type 1 hypersen immediate, 3 serume sickness, or anaphylactoid reaction

82
Q

Rattlesnake vaccine

A

Dogs and horses, doesn’t effect how treatment is given, lack of efficacy on data

83
Q

Bufo toad

A

Risk if mouth toad, usually dogs,
Salivation, vt, ataxia, seizures, death from heart failure
Rinse mouth asap, AC, propanolol, atropine

84
Q

Blister beetle

A

Mostly horses, live or dead beetle toxic
Exposed via hay
Toxin is cantharidin, mucosal irritant that causes hypocalcemia

85
Q

Blister beetle clinical signs

A

Gi and renal
Colic anorex depression oral ulcer frequent urination
Fever, increase resp and hr
Listlessness collapse dehydration
Hypocalcemia, hypomagnememia, hematuria, hemoconcentraiotn
Shock and death in massive doses

86
Q

Blister beetles TX

A

Remove animals from source, decontam w AC, fluids calcium analgesics antibiotics

87
Q

2 important genera of spiders in the US

A

Latrodectus spp, widow and loxosceles spp brown spider

88
Q

Black widow spiders

A

Females large enough fangs to bite but both carry venom,
Red hourglass abdomen,
South , west, northeast

89
Q

Northern black widow

A

Mid Atlantic states
Woods, tree stump, stone walls

90
Q

Brown widow

A

More toxic venom but less likely to bite
Native to Africa but in CA

91
Q

Black widow clinical signs

A

Toxin is proteinsacious toxin that have spreading factor and cause depletion of ach
Signs- muscle fasciculations, sweating, salivation, pain, weakness, rigidity, paralysis
Death from resp and circulatory collapse

92
Q

Black widow spider treatment

A

Fluids, pain tx, muscle relaxants, atropine, calcium gluconate, anti venom available

93
Q

Brown spider

A

Fiddle black or Violine or brown recluse; both male and female are venomous
Fiddle shaped mark in dorsal aspect of thorax
Like dark secrluded placed

94
Q

Brown recluse signs and treatment

A

Large ulcerated slow healing wound, edema erythema
Toxins- protease, hyaluronidase, spreading factors, hemolysins
Tx- no anti venom, weeks to months for wound

95
Q

Feed additives

A

Deliberately added to a feed like NPN, antibiotics, or growth enhancers

96
Q

Feed constituent:

A

Intended to be added to the ration like mineral hay

97
Q

Feed contaminants

A

Unintended to be added to ration

98
Q

Ionophore ADME

A

Rapid absorption from gut, 1st pass, and liver metabolism
Limited urinary excretion or acculturation in tissue

99
Q

Ionophore MOA

A

Transport cations across cell membrane, destruction or transmembrane concentration gradients, atp depletion cell dysfunction or cell death

100
Q

Clinical signs of Ionophore Tox

A

12hrs to 72hrs anorexia ataxia weakness, sweating, shock sudden death
ECG altered, CPK high,
Horses cattle camelids cardiac
Sheep swine dogs skeletal muscle weakness
Poultry both
Cats polyneuropathy

101
Q

Iodionphore work up dx

A

Feed history signs
Lesions cardiac cattle horse camelids
Skeletal dogs sheep swine

102
Q

Ionophore treatment

A

AC sorbitol cathartics
Supportive

103
Q

Mycotoxin

A

Produced by micro fungi, secondary metabolites that are not essential to fungal growth

104
Q

Good mycotoxins

A

Pennacilin, cyclosporine, statins, Ionophore feed efficacy’s

105
Q

Aflatoxin

A

Most documented, in corn cottonseed peanuts nuts, rice
Subacute or acute
MOA biotransofrmation in liver
LIVER DAMAGE
Mostly in dogs poultry pigs

106
Q

Penitrem a

A

Tremors
From moldy food
Produced by penicillium sp
Tx emesis, IV, diazempam

107
Q

Fumonsin

A

Corn
Horse CNS like ELEM, swine lungs like PPE, all liver damage
MOA inhibits enzymes,

108
Q

Treatment for Fumo is in

A

Remove feed

109
Q

Ergotism

A

Rye wheat barley oats

110
Q

Tall fescue toxicosis

A

Neotyphodium ceonophialum fungis
Toxic mechanism- toxic alkaloid produced by fungi
MOA= vasoconstriction, decrease in prolactin secretion

111
Q

Fescue ergot dx symptoms

A

Fescue foot, hyperthermia in sheep cattle, mares late gestation/ postpartum large frame poor muscle mass, overgrown hooves

112
Q

Ergot alkaloids tx

A

Cattle mineral
Horses d2 antagonist like DOMPERIDONE,dystocia intervention

113
Q

Most frequently reported individual toxicant in all species is

A

Chocolate

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