Final Flashcards
How are new chemicals identified and characterized for pharmacological activity? (4 EPPC)
- Extraction
- Purification
- Predictions
- Characterization
What series of experiments should psychoactive chemicals pass? (3)
- Animal behaviour
- Physiological measures
- Biochemical assays
In coffee Primary actives are
methylxanthines
Coffee:
_ (-rgic)→base nucleus
purine
Metabolism: Caffeine→ (3)
theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine
Additional chemicals and sources of coffee:
Chlorogenic acids- induce (phase II _ , like _ ) _ enzymes
* Dihydrocaffeic acid- anti- _ with vascular benefits (promotes _ production)
* Kahweol and cafestol- di_ , increase phase _ enzymes, induce anti- _ genes, but elevate _
(phase II transferases, like GST) liver enzymes
inflammatory, NO
terpenes, II, stress, cholesterol
- Coffee and tea are the most common anti- _ sources
oxidant
Medical indications for caffeine
Respiratory stimulation in _ infants
* 2nd most commonly prescribed NICU drug (after _ )
* PDE4 stimulation/inhibition increases [cAMP] in _ _ _
* Asthma → bronchoconstrictor/dilator
* Migraines→increase/reduces cranial blood flow
premature
antibiotics
inhibition, rhythmogenic preBötC complex
dilator
reduces
t/f: Caffeine is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance on the planet
t
Caffeine distribution - 3
Amphipathic
* Rapid
* Widely distributed
Caffeine absorption - 3
- Ingestion
- Small intestine
- 45 min to peak
Caffeine metabolism
Limited or no first-pass
* CYP1A2 → demethylation
* Paraxanthine (84%) → increases blood glycerol/fatty acids via
lipolysis
* Theobromine (12%) → dilates vessels, increases urine volume
* Theophylline (4%) → inhibits PDE, increases [cAMP], relaxes
smooth muscle
Caffeine excretion
Kidney
Methyl]xanthine cellular drug actions
* Non-selective _ and _ antagonists
* Additional targets→ _ release, _ receptors
* _ and _ are ubiquitous
adenosine receptor (AR), phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Ca, GABA
ARs and PDE
Adenosine receptor signaling
* _ of all 3 major types
* 4 main sub-types are
* _ and _ play primary roles in caffeine effects
* Mostly _ -synaptic receptors that limit neurotransmitter _
Antagonist
A1, A2a, A2b, A3
A1 and A2a
pre, release
Adenosine Receptors form _ _
* At rest or to form a signaling complex
* 3 pair complexes
extensive pairs
A1-D1
* 2 A2a + 2 D2 * A1+A2a
Acute caffeine effects:
General _ effects
* Similar, _ compared to _, _
* Increased _ mobilization,
stimulant
milder, cocaine, amphetamines
fat
Caffeine physl mechanisms:
Increases _, _, _ release
* Long-term drinkers more/less likely to experience elevated heart rates/BP
* Constriction in _ vessels can treat _
* Diuretic- 300+ mg, increases _ blood flow, promotes _, prevents _ re-absorption by kidneys
NE, Glu, DA
less
cranial, headaches
Diuretic- 300+ mg, increases kidney blood flow, promotes micturition, prevents water/salt re-absorption by kidneys
Caffeine heart rate, bp, endurance mech:
Heart effects are complicated by peripheral and central mechanisms *
Inhibits _ enzymes which metabolize _
producing high cAMP levels
* Results in relaxation of _ but _ vasoconstricting effect
* Increases intracellular concentration of _ by increasing activation of calcium _
* Thought to increase _ _ of muscle
phosphodiesterase (PDE), cAMP
smooth muscle (vasodilation), central
calcium, channels
work capacity
Reinforcing mechanism of caffeine
* Good _ release in the _
* Likely due to blocking _
* Pre-synaptic A1 signal via _
* Also increases _ release in the NAc
dopamine, NAc
pre- synaptic A1 on DA-ergic VTA→NAc neurons
Gi/o
Glu
Caffeine facilitates wakefulness by disrupting adenosine signaling
* Extracellular _ increases during waking until a point is reached that triggers sleep
* Adenosine thought to come from metabolism of _ in _
* Stimulation of _ receptors by adenosine in the _ triggers _ release
* GABA release _ arousal systems
* Caffeine prevents _ this process
* This prevents _ release, preventing _
adenosine,
ATP in neurons
A2a, hypothalamus, GABA, inhibits
adenosine binding to A2a receptors and interrupts
GABA, inhibition of arousal systems→wakefulness
Coffee intake may reduce risk of _ disease
* Strong _ relationship between caffeine
Parkinson’s
inverse
Caffeine + heart attack risk
_ polymorphisms confer _ and _ metabolism rates
* _ copies of *1A = fast; At least _ copy of *1F = slow
* _ metabolizers show increased _
CYP1A2
fast (1A) and slow (1F)
2, 1
slow, dose-dependent risk
Caffeine chronic effects - TOLERANCE
Develops quickly/slowly
Tolerance to _, _, _, but not effects on _
quickly
cardiovascular, respiratory, sleep effects, mood