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Cultural Antropology > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

a set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are learned and shared. Together, they form an all-encompassing, integrated whole that binds people together and shapes their worldview and lifeways.

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2
Q

Different anthropological perspectives

A

Relativistic Perspective, Comparative Perspective, Holistic Perspective, Culture Concept, Methodological Approach, Reflexivity

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3
Q

Holism Perspective

A

Understanding that elements of a culture are interrelated and should be understood with context, the WHOLE picture

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4
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

we should seek to understand another person’s beliefs and behaviors

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5
Q

Reflexivity

A

can never be truly objective; there are multiple ways to interpret any given cultural scenario

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6
Q

Comparative Perspective

A

identify ways in which different aspects of culture compare across different societies over time

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7
Q

Culture Concept

A

understand what culture is and how it shapes how human experience, perceive and act in the world

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8
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

assumption that one’s own way of doing things is correct and others are wrong and ignorant

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9
Q

Armchair Anthropology

A

studying culture through someone else’s perspective, secondhand information

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10
Q

linguistic relativity

A

language influences thought

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11
Q

4 core ethical guidelines

A

do no harm, obtain informed consent, retain anonymity and privacy, make results accessible

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12
Q

participant observation

A

fieldwork, fully immerse yourself into another culture, firsthand information.

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13
Q

Functionalism

A

everything in society has a reason
-doesn’t account for change and justifies bad stuff like inequality

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14
Q

Structural functionalism

A

looking at structures in society and how it effects culture

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15
Q

Interview

A

Any systematic conversation with an informant to collect field research data, ranging from highly structured set of questions to the most open-ended ones

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16
Q

Quantitative Methods

A

numbers and data

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17
Q

Qualitative Methods

A

observation and descriptive

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18
Q

Types of interviews

A

highly structured, systematic surveys, open ended interviews
informal interview, unstructured interview, semi-structured interview, structural interview

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19
Q

Mixed Methods

A

using multiple ways to conduct a study

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20
Q

Genealogical Method

A

recording kinship relations and how kin terms are used in different societies. Key in understanding relationship in societies where political, economic and social institutions are based on kinship

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21
Q

Life History Research

A

any survey of an informant’s life; residence, occupation, marriage, family, and difficulties
-can reveal how societies change over time

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22
Q

Action Research

A

the goal of a researcher’s involvement in a community is to help social change

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23
Q

Participatory Action

A

research questions, data collection and analysis are a collaboration between researcher and subject
Goal: subjects to develop the capacity to investigate and take action

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24
Q

Languaculture

A

-language encodes culture and provides the means through which culture is shared and passed down from one generation to the next

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25
Q

Wesch’s view on languaculture

A

language shapes how you see the world
-change your language, you change your world

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26
Q

Edward Spair and Benjamin Whorf Hypothesis

A

language influences thought
-studies Hopi people, said they don’t have words for time, so it doesn’t exist for them (DISCREDITIED)

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27
Q

one-drop rule

A

any trace of known or recorded nonwhite ancestry excludes a person to being classified as white

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28
Q

Descriptive interview questions

A

-grand tour-questions- who, what, when, where, why
-mini-tour questions- more in detail
-example questions- specific example
- experience questions- personal experience

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29
Q

Pre-interview things

A
  1. Explicit Purpose
  2. Ethnographic Explanations
  3. Ethnographic questions
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30
Q

Interview Structure

A
  • introduction
  • asking friendly questions
  • grand tour and mini tour questions
  • asking hypothetical questions
  • taking leave
31
Q

Economics

A

focuses primarily on market exchanges

32
Q

Economic anthropology

A

examines the production, exchange, consumption, meaning, and uses of both material objects and immaterial services

33
Q

mode of production

A

social relations through which human labor is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

34
Q

means of production

A

resources used to produce goods in a society (like farming and factories

35
Q

exchange

A

ways to integrate economics and social relations and distribute material goods

36
Q

consumption

A

process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity or service
- forms of behavior that connect out economic activity with cultural symbols that give our lives meaning

37
Q

modes of production

A

domestic, tributary, capitalist

38
Q

domestic production

A

-foragers and small-scale farmers
-organized on basis of kinship relations
-characterized by 1. collective ownership 2. low social domination rates 3. sharing

39
Q

Tributary production

A

-classes of rulers and subjects
-produce for themselves, but give a portion to their rulers
-organized by kinship

40
Q

Capitalist production

A

-economic system based on private property owned by capitalist class
-workers don’t own the means of production, so they sell their labor
-by keeping wages low, capitalist are able to sell the products of the worker’s labor for more than it costs to produce

41
Q

Modes of Exchange

A
  • market exchange
  • reciprocity
  • re-distribution
42
Q

Reciprocity

A

involves the exchange of goods and services rooted in a mutual sense of obligation and identity

43
Q

Marcel Mauss on reciprocity

A

-humans feel obligated to reciprocate gifts
-gifts are about social relations
-moral economy

44
Q

moral economy

A

the process through which customs, cultural values, beliefs, and social coercion influence our economic behavior

45
Q

Types of reciprocity

A

generalized- giving without expecting something specific
balanced- exchange with expectation of something of equal value will be returned
negative- attempted to get something for nothing

46
Q

redistribution

A

accumulation of goods or labor by a person or institution for the purpose of dispersal at a later date

47
Q

markets

A

social institutions with prices or exchange equivalences
- regulated by supply and demand

48
Q

political economy

A

an approach in anthropology that investigates the historical evolution of economic relationship

49
Q

gender ideology

A

complex set of beliefs about gender and gender capacities, propensities, preferences, identities, and socially expected behaviors

50
Q

shifting gender norms

A

-gender expectations shift with changes in culture
-also varies with one’s age/stage in life/social role

51
Q

Matrilineal

A

mother’s side is “family”

52
Q

Bilateral

A

both sides considered family

53
Q

Patrilineal

A

father’s side is family

54
Q

Religion broad definiton

A

means by which human society is expanded to include the nonhuman

55
Q

4 basic principles of religion

A
  1. all religions are true
  2. no religion is true
  3. religious beliefs are a consequence of time and place
  4. morality and spirituality can exist without the supernatural
56
Q

6 Theories of religion

A

functional, social, power, psychological, economic, symbolic

57
Q

Functional approach of religion

A

religion is born out of problems of human life

58
Q

social approach of religion

A

difference between sacred and profane objects

59
Q

power approach of religion

A

religion helps justify inequalities in power and status

60
Q

psychological approach of religion

A

keeps us from acting on our worst instincts

61
Q

economic approach of religion

A

symbols represent cultural ideals and reinforce values

62
Q

elements of religion

A

-cosmology: explanation of world origin
-belief in the supernatural
-rules governing behavior
-rituals

63
Q

early signs of religion

A

-burials with sone tools, shells, and animal bones
-cave paintings with animals and abstract images
-Venus’s figurine sculptures

64
Q

types of rituals

A

-rites of passage: transition between life stages
-rites of intensification: designed to bring a community together
-revitalization rituals: solving serious problems through supernatural intervention

65
Q

Biocultural Perspective and anthropology

A

-change from forging to agriculture resulted in dense populations and water problems
-domestication of animals brought infectious diseases
-urban life made infectious disease spread rapidly, but also conferred some resistance

66
Q

Four ethno-etiologies

A

biomedical, personalistic, naturalistic, emotionalistic

67
Q

biomedical ethno-etiology

A

illnesses are a result of specific, identifiable agents. Health=the absence of disease

68
Q

personalistic ethno-etiology

A

disease results from aggressive and purposeful supernatural acts

69
Q

naturalistic ethno-etiology

A

disease results from natural forces and an upset in the balance of body elements

70
Q

emotionalist ethno-etiology

A

disease is caused by emotional problems

71
Q

Techniques for healing

A
  • humoral: restoring balance to the body
  • communal: relies on support and collaboration of others
  • faith and the placebo effect
72
Q

Disease

A

medical condition that can be objectively identified

73
Q

Illness

A

subjective or personal experience of being unwell, given meaning by the person and their community
effects in your community from disease

Cultural Antropology (1 decks)

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