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psyu1102 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

what is developmental psych?

A

the study of how behaviour changes over the life span

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2
Q

what is gene- environment interaction?

A

the impact of genes on behaviour depends on the environment which the behaviour develops

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3
Q

e.g. of gene environment interaction

A

E.G. people who possess a gene that results in low production of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase are at a heightening risk of developing into violent criminals  researchers discovered specifically children with both the low MAO gene and a history of maltreatment (e.g. abuse) were at heightened risk for antisocial behaviours like stealing, assualt and rape (children with only the low MAO gene were not at an increased risk

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4
Q

what i snature via nuture

A

genetic predispositoins can drive us to select and create particular environments, leading to the mistaken appearance of a pure effect of nature

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5
Q

what is gene expression?

A

= some genes ‘turn on’ only in response to specific environmental events

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6
Q

e.g. of gene expression

A

E.G. children with genes that predispose them to anxiety may never become anxious unless a highly stressful even triggers those genes to become active

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7
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

= whether genes are active is regulated by day-to-day and moment-to-moment environmental conditions

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8
Q

what is cross-sectional design?

A

a design in which researchers examine people who are of different ages at a single point in time

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9
Q

what is longitudinal design?

A

psychologists track the development of the same group of people over time

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10
Q

what is post hoc fallacy

A

= false assumption that because one event occurred before another event it must have caused that event, (A comes before B, A must cause B)

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11
Q

what are the 4 ways fetal development can be disrupted>

A
  1. premature birth
  2. low birth weight
  3. exposure to hazardous environmental influences
  4. biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in genetic material
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12
Q

how do babies learn motor behaviours

A

trial and error

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13
Q

do heavier or lighter babies achieve milestones first?

A

heavier - more msucle to support weight

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14
Q

what is the benefits and issues with swaddling babies?

A

be- in China and Peru – infants are tightly swaddled in blankets that provide warmth and a sense of securiity but prevnet free movemnt of limbs
 swaddled babies tend to fcry less and sleep more soundly – but swaddling slows the babies development

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14
Q

what is the benefits and issues with swaddling babies?

A

in China and Peru – infants are tightly swaddled in blankets that provide warmth and a sense of securiity but prevnet free movemnt of limbs
 swaddled babies tend to fcry less and sleep more soundly – but swaddling slows the babies development

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15
Q

what is the piaget theory

A

how children construct htier worlds - first to pr4esent a comphresnsive accountof cognitive development

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16
Q

what did piaget attempt to do?

A

identify the stages that childern pass through on their way to adult like thinking

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17
Q

what was the greatest insight from piaget?

A

that children ae not minature adults

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18
Q

what is assimilation

A

the process of absorbing new experience into our current understanding

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19
Q

what occurs to a childs cognitive skills in assimilation?

A

 during assimilation, the child’s cognitive skills and worldviews remain unchanged

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20
Q

what is accomodation

A

altering of the Childs beliefs about the world to make them more compatible with experience

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21
Q

what occurs inthe sensorimotor stage of development?

A

non though beyond immediate physical experience

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22
Q

what occurs in the preoperational stage of development?

A

Able to think beyond the here and now, but the egocentric and unable to perform mental transformations

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23
Q

what occurs in the concrete stage of development?

A

able to perform mental transformations but onl on concrete physical objects

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24
Q

what occurs in the formal operational stage of development?

A

able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning

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25
Q

object permance - in infants<8 months

A

out of sight, out of mind - no effort to retrace hidden objects

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26
Q

object permance - in infants 9-12 months

A

– search where last found – A not B effect – object does not exist independt of the child’s actions

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27
Q

object permance - in infants 12-18mnths

A

breakthrough – ubderstand not only that objects continue to exist (indeptdent of the childs interaction with them), bt they can be moved while out of sight – invisible displacements

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28
Q

what is the theory of mind?

A
  • The appreciation that other people may think differently, and that what they think will guide their behaviour, rather than how things really are
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29
Q

who was the first attachment theorist?

A

bowlby

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30
Q

what percentage of people are securely attached

A

50-60%

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31
Q

characteristics of a securely attached person>

A
  • protective - resilience
  • better relations with peers
  • more leadership
  • better emotion regulation
  • relate better to others
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32
Q

what percentage of people are insecure anxious ambivalent attached

A

15-20%

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33
Q

characteristics of insecure anxious ambivalent attached

A

extreme separation distress, not terminated by reunion, unable to resume exploration [C]

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34
Q

what percentage of people are insecure aavoidant

A

15-20

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35
Q

characteristics of insecure avoidant attqachment

A

limited separation distress, limited response to mother on reunion, exploration focus

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36
Q

percentage of disorganised attacment

A

5-10

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37
Q

How do individual differences in attachment come about?

A
  • Nature and nurture (transactional)
    o Parenting and attachment
  • parents differ in how they response to their infants
  • infants differ in the what they bring to relationships  temperament (evocative)
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38
Q

what type of aggression do girls become involved with?

A

relational aggresion
(i.e., manipulation of peer relationships):
 Social exclusion
 Rumour spreading
 Talking behind their back

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39
Q

what are the three components of gender constancy?

A
  1. Gender identity - “are you a boy or a girl?”
  2. Gender stability - “when you grow up, will you be a mummy ora daddy?”
  3. Gender consistency - “if you played with dolls, what would you be?”
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40
Q

what is pre-conventional morality? (in kohlbergs theory?

A

: Focus on satisfying their own needs: avoiding punishment and obtaining personal awards

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41
Q

what is conventional morality? (in kohlbergs theory?

A

Focus on social approval: Right and wrong are defined by convention and by what people will say

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42
Q

what is post conventional morality? (in kohlbergs theory?

A

Focus on abstract ideals: Broad principles of justice and internalisation of personal moral principles

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43
Q

what is moral disengagement used to explain?

A
  • A concept used to explain the mismatch between adopting moral standards and not behaving in accord with those standards
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44
Q

characteristics of authoritative parenting

A

high warmth, high control (but “democratic” control – perspective taking, reasoned discipline)  most analogous to “sensitive responsive caretaking”

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45
Q

characteristics of authoritarian parenting

A

– low warmth, high control  “I am the boss”, may become abusive

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46
Q

characteristics of permissive parenting

A
  • Permissive – high warmth, low control  parent like a peer
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47
Q

characteristics of uninvolved parenting

A
  • Uninvolved (Maccoby & Martin, 1983) – low warmth, low control  neglect
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48
Q

what is wellness?

A

more than the abscence of illness - positive health

49
Q

what are characteristics of a stress response?

A

tension, discomfort, symptoms tht arrise following an experiene of a stressor

50
Q

what is apprasial?

A

interpretation or evaluation of a situation

51
Q

what is primary apprasial?

A

relevance/ssalience and valence

52
Q

what is secondary apprasial?

A

coping

53
Q

what is coping

A

behaviours and thoughts an individual engages in to deal with a stressful situation
 For example:
- ― Reappraisal
- ― Acceptance
- ― Distraction
- ― Rumination

54
Q

how does stress affect health physiologically?

A

― Increases blood pressure
― Changes blood composition
― Release of stress hormones
― Suppression of immune system

55
Q

how does stress affect health behaviourally?

A

Less sleep / rest
― Less exercise
― Less healthy food eaten
― Increased physical tension
― Less social support

56
Q

religiousity and health - compared to non relgious people, relgious people have:

A
  • ― Longer life expectancy
  • ― Improv ved immune system functioning
  • ― Lower blood pressure
  • ― Faster illness recovery
57
Q

define pain

A

“unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”

58
Q

describe the process of pain

A
  • Process of (most) pain:
    ― Stimulation at local tissue site (noxious stimulation)
    ― Chemicals released -> inflammation and activation of nerve endings
    Nerves transmit message to spinal cord (via nociceptors), then to brain
    ― Travels through many brain regions
  • Pain is a construct of the brain
59
Q

what does psychological therapy decrease (when treating GI)

A

― Catastrophizing
― GI-specific anxiety
― Visceral hypersensitivity
― Negative appraisal
― External locus of control

60
Q

what is cognitive consistency

A
  • Cognitive consistency: people try to maintain an internal consistency, order and agreement between their beliefs
61
Q

what are implicit attidues

A

automatic, non-consous, diffculut to change

62
Q

what are explicit attitudes

A

consiously controlled, easier to change

63
Q

what are the 3 stages of attitude chnage according to message-learning (hovland)

A

.1 attend to the message,
- 2. comprehend the message, and
- 3. accept the message

64
Q

what are the two routes to persuasion (in elaboration likelihood model) (ELM)

A
  • Central route (able & motivated)
    – Peripheral route (unable or unwilling)
65
Q

what are nudges?

A

behavioural interventions that encourage desirable behaviour without restricting choice or changing economic incentives.

66
Q

what is door in the face?

A

large request followed by a small request

67
Q

what is scarcity

A

we want what we cant have

68
Q

what is foot in the door?

A

a small request followed by a large request

69
Q

what is a low ball technqiue

A

after intial agreement to a request hidden costs are revealed

70
Q

what is conformitiy

A

Conformity: change in behaviour or belief in
accord with others

71
Q

what is org psych

A

Organisational psychologists apply to the workplace, theories and methods from psychology, helping to solve problems and improve outcomes

72
Q

what was the intention is hawthorne studies?

A

goal to test the relationship btw work productivity and light intensity

73
Q

what is style of leadership goverened by?

A

Style of leadership is governed by the demands of the situation

74
Q

how should leadership be evaluated?

A

in terms of a particular situation

75
Q

what is goal setting theory?

A

having a consious specific goal in mind is the most important factor in explaining motivation

76
Q

what are the implications of goal setting?

A
  1. Individuals must have the ability to perform the task, before goal-setting will be successful
  2. Material incentives may improve performance
  3. Participatory decision-making in goal-setting is no more effective than
    assigned goals (Latham et al., 1988)
  4. People who are confident in their ability to perform a task are more likely to be successful (self-efficacy)
77
Q

what are pschological factors that contribute to occupational health and wellbeing?

A
  • Workload
  • Lack of Control
  • Role Ambiguity
  • Role Conflict
  • Organisational Demands
    Occupational Disease
    Occupational Accidents
78
Q

what does perception deal with?

A
  • perception (also psychophysics) deals with the relationship btw psychical stimuli and their subjective or psychological correlates
79
Q

what does perception determine ?

A
  • perception determines what we believe is real and mediates everything we have ever learned
80
Q

what percentage of the cortex is involved in visual processing?

A

50

81
Q

e.g. of clinical psychology influened by perceptin

A

ED, body dysmorphia, despressives, austistics

82
Q

e.g. of neuropsychology influened by perceptin

A
  • Apperceptive/Associative Agnosia
    – Inability to recognise objects
    – Due to a perceptual problem, or higher (e.g. memory for object, memory for name)?
    – See also agnosias in other senses (auditory, tactile, etc)
  • Phantom limbs/pain
  • Rubber hand illusion
  • Alien Hand Syndrome
    – Alien Paw Syndromes
83
Q

what does psychophysics refer to

A

study of the subjective experience of perception

84
Q

where is otuch info converyed to

A

th somatosensroy cortex

85
Q

what are the 5 confirmed tastes

A

salt
sweet
sour
bitter
umami

86
Q

are tongue maps correct?

A

no

87
Q

explain the pathway of smell

A

odours activate receptors in olfactory epitelium at top of nasal cavity, these receptors synapse directly onto the olfactory bulb (where it processes smells) smell bypasses the usual route of organ to brin via the thalamus

88
Q

what are the two components of the vestibular system

A

semicircular canals, utricle and saccule

89
Q

what info do semicircuilar canals provide

A
  • Provide information about angular (rotational) accelerations of our head in all three dimensions.
  • This allows us to maintain balance,
  • as well as providing the signals to drive reflexive eye movements which keep the visual world stable
  • despite movements of our head (e.g. when we walk or run).
90
Q

what info do the utricle and saccule provide

A
  • These provide information about linear accelerations, including the pull of gravity, which helps us to remain upright (as well as making our stomachs turn, if the accelerations are great enough).
91
Q

if a sound has high amplitude - what loudness itensity is it?

A

high amplitude = loud

92
Q

if a sound has high frequency what is its pitch

A

high freq = high pitch

93
Q

in low freq sounds, where is the displacement?

A

at the end furthest from the stapes

94
Q

in high freq sounds, where is the displacement ?

A

at the end closest to the stapes

95
Q

how is conductive hearing loss caused

A

– Conductive deafness is caused by an impediment to the transmission of the sound wave to the basilar membrane

96
Q

what causes sensorineural deafness

A

– Sensorineural deafness is caused by damage to some part of the neural apparatus of hearing

97
Q

when do rods work best?

A

low light levels

98
Q

wen do cones owrk the best/

A

high light levels

99
Q

where is the blind spot in retina

A

where the optic n leaves the eye there are no photoreceptors - an image falling on this spot is invisible

100
Q

what R ETHE TWO CONCENTRIC REGIONS OF THE RECEPTICVE FIELDS OF GANGLION CELLS

A

on centre
off surrond

101
Q

when does excitation occur for ganglion cell

A

light falling on the central region

102
Q

when does inhibiton occur for ganglion cell

A

light falling on the surrond

103
Q

which wvelength is the red hue for

A

long

104
Q

which wvelength is the violet hue for

A

short

105
Q

what is sneosry memory

A

Preserves information briefly (.5 – 2 seconds) in its original sensory format

106
Q

what does sensory memory allow

A
  • Allows the sensory information to linger briefly after the sensory stimulation is over
    Sensory memory decays rapidly: cannot be maintained by rehearsal
107
Q

what is long term memoru

A

Memory that can be retrieved after attention has been diverted *

108
Q

capacity of long term memory

A
  • Capacity: unlimited Distinction between primary memory vs. secondary memory (William James, 1890)
109
Q

what is chunking

A

Grouping (chunking) elements into meaningful units improves performance on short-term memory task

110
Q

what is flash bulb memory

A

Extremely vivid and permanent memory of how one learned about a public event that produced high level of emotion/arousal (e.g., where they were; what they were doing; )

111
Q

what is retrieval failure

A
  • Not loss of information, but failure of access *
    Due to mismatch in format between retrieval and encoding context
  • Recognition failure of person out of context
112
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A
  • Impaired learning of information since onset of amnesia (vs. Retrograde amnesia: Loss of information learned prior to onset)
113
Q

function of prefrontal vcortex

A

Strategic retrieval (

114
Q

what is attention proposed to be?

A

a gate btw sesnory processing and awareness

115
Q

what does the filter model of attention suggest

A

that information is selected based on early sensory properties

116
Q

what are problems with the filter model

A

hearing ones own name willl grab attention - cocktil party phenomenon
partiiapnts shigt shadowing btw ears when it makes semantic sense

117
Q

what is feature integration theory

A
  • certain basic features are processed uickly in parallel (preattentively)
  • attention serves to bind simple features toghet
  • this binding process is slow and serial
118
Q

what is early selection of attention

A

at what point does information get filtered out?
“early selection” – attention can filter information on the basis of physical features (e.g. colour or motion)

119
Q

what is late selection of attention

A

“late selection: - attention can also filter information after additional procwsssing on the basis of meaning

120
Q

what is bottom up attention

A

stimulus properties tht apture your attention (e.g. a flash of light, loud noise)

121
Q

what is top down attention

A

– goal driven selection of infomaiton (e.g. finsinf youre leys on a clutered desk, serachign for wally)

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