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anat limbs and baxk > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

where does flexion of the arm occu

A

the shoulder j

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2
Q

where does flexion of the forearm occur

A

elbow j

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3
Q

where does flexion of the hand occur

A

the wrist j

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4
Q

funciton of fibrous j’s

A

mostly immovable

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5
Q

function of cartilagenous j’s

A

slightly moveable

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6
Q

function of synoival j’s

A

highly movable

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7
Q

origin of biceps brachii

A

scapula - 1. supraglenoid tubecle 2. coracoid process

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8
Q

insertion biceps brachii

A

radial tuberosity

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9
Q

origin - brachialis

A

humerus

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10
Q

funciton of brachialis

A

flexion

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11
Q

insertion of brachialis

A

ulna

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12
Q

origin of triceps brachii

A

humerus and scapula

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13
Q

insertion of triceps brachii

A

ulna

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14
Q

what occurs at a concentric muscle contraction

A

muscle shortens

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15
Q

what occurs at a eccentric muscle contraction

A

msucle lengthens

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16
Q

in elbow flexion, what is the agonist and antagonist?

A

agonist = biceps brachii, antagonist = triceps

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17
Q

what does the synergist do

A

compliement aciton of agonist

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18
Q

innvervation of anterior compartment of arm

A

muscultaneous

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19
Q

innervation of post. compartment of arm

A

radial n

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20
Q

what makes up the pectoral/shoulder girdle

A

clavicle and scap

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21
Q

list the muscles that attach to clavicle

A

pec major, sternocleidosmstoid, subclavis, traps, deltoid

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22
Q

what type of j is sternoclavicular j?

A

saddle - funcitons as balll and socket

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23
Q

what ratio does the scap and humerus move

A

1:2

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24
Q

when the arm is being abducted 180 degrees, what bone allows for the first 60 degrees of rotation

A

scapula

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25
Q

when the arm is being abducted 180 degrees, what bone allows for the last 120 degrees of rotation

A

humeruus at shoulder j

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26
Q

movements at shoulder (glenohumeral) j?

A

flexion - extension
adduction - abduction
medial/lateral rotation
circumduction

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27
Q

what does the glenoid labrum do?

A

deepen the glenoid fossa

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28
Q

what does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?

A

acromion (@ acromioclavicular j)

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29
Q

what is above and below the glenoid fossa>

A

supraglenoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle

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30
Q

is there much movement at he

A
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31
Q

is there much movement at the acromioclavicular j

A

very little

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32
Q

what ligaments fix the underside of the clavicle to the coronoid process

A

trapezoid lig, and conoid lig

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33
Q

what is the apex of the axilla

A

cervicaxillary canal

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34
Q

base of axilla

A

axillary fasica, skin

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35
Q

what make sup the condyle of distal humerus?

A

captiulum and trochlea

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36
Q

what does the capitulum articulate with?

A

radius

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37
Q

what does the trochlea articulate with?

A

ullna

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38
Q

what 2 joints form the elbow j

A

humeroulnar and humeroradial

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39
Q

what cna large amounts of movment of biceps tear?

A

glenoid labrum

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40
Q

where is coracobrachialis located

A

underneath short head of bicep s

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41
Q

movemnts of proximal radioulnar j?

A

supination and pronation

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42
Q

prox radioulnar j type

A

pivot

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43
Q

what are the two pronators in anterior forearm?

A

pronator teres and pronator quadratus

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44
Q

function of pronator teres

A

pronates and flexes foraem at elbow j

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45
Q

innervation of pronator teres

A

median n

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46
Q

prox attachment of pronator teres

A

a. humeral head (medial epicondyle)
b. ulnar head (coronoid process)

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47
Q

distal attachment of pronator teres

A

lateral upper radius

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48
Q

when elbow is flexed, what muscle acts as a supinator

A

biceps brachii

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49
Q

movements at wrist j

A
  • flexion/extensions
  • abduction (ulnar deviation)
  • adduction (radial deviation)
  • circumduction
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50
Q

movemnt at interphalengeal j

A

flex/ext

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51
Q

movment at metacarpophalangeal joint

A

flex/ext, add/abd

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52
Q

fucniton of anterior forearm

A

flexor - pronator

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53
Q

fucnitn of post. forearm

A

extensor - supinator

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54
Q

what is the common origin of anterior forearm muscles

A

medial epicondyle of humerus

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55
Q

what is the common origin of posterior forearm muscles

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

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56
Q

what is the only flexor in the extensor group of post. forearm

A

brachioradialis

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57
Q

origin of brachioradialis

A

a. humerus – lateral supraepicondylar ridge

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58
Q

function of brachioradialis

A

flexion of the forearm in the midprone position

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59
Q

inseriotn of brachioradialis

A

b. radius – near the styloid process

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60
Q

innervation of brachioradialis

A

radial n

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61
Q

what does pronator t4eres form the boundary of?

A

cubtial fossa

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62
Q

origin of palmaris longus

A

medial epicondyle

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63
Q

inseriton of palmaris longus

A

flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeuroiss

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64
Q

how to test palmaris longus M?

A

To test – flex wrist and oppose little finger and thumb together – see a prominent tendon

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65
Q

which muscle is found in the supraspinarrus fossa?

A

supraspinatus

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66
Q

where does the supraspinatus attach to?

A

greater tubercle of humerus

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67
Q

what boundary of the cubital fossa does pronator teres form

A

medial

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68
Q

origin and insertion of Flexor capri radialis

A
  • medial epicosnyle to base of 2nd and 3rd MC
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69
Q

function - Flexor capri radialis

A
  • F: flexes and abducts hand (wrist j) synergist in elbow flexion
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70
Q

innervation of FCR

A

median n

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71
Q

origin and insertion of FCU

A
  • medjal epiconsule and olecranon/post bored U to 5th MC (pisifrom and hook of hamate)
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72
Q

F of FCU

A

flexes wrist and adducts hand at wrist j

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73
Q

N of FCU

A

ulnar

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74
Q

in flexor digitorum superificalis O and I of humero-ulnar head

A

: med epiconsyle H and coronoid process U

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75
Q

in flexor digitorum superficalis O and I of radial head

A

oblique line R to middle phalanages (to both sides of shafts) of digits 2-5

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76
Q

F of flexor digitum superficalis

A

flexion at PIP, MP,CM, wrist j and weak elbow flexion

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77
Q

N of flex. dig. superificalis

A

median

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78
Q

O and I of flexor pollicus longus

A
  • midforearm (radisu and interosseous membrane) to distal phalanx of thumb (base)
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79
Q

F of flexor pollicus longus

A

; flexion of phalanhes of thumb

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80
Q

N of flexor pollivus longus

A

: median n ( anterior interosseous n)

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81
Q

what is the only muscle that flexes the interphalangeal j of thumb

A

FPL

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82
Q

O and i of prontator quadratu s

A
  • distal anterior ulna to distal antieor radius
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83
Q

N of pronator quadratus

A

median

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84
Q

what is the floor of carpal tunnel

A

carpal arch (proximal and distal rows of capral bones)
* roof= flexor

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85
Q

what is the rood of carpal tunel

A

flexor retinaculum; attaches at trapezium/schapid on radial side and at piisiform/hamate on ulnar side

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86
Q

F of brachioradilias

A

F: weak flexion of the forearm in the midprone position

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87
Q

N of brachioradialis

A

: radial

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88
Q

O and I of extensor carpi radialis

A
  • lateral supraepeicondyarx ridge (humerus) to 2nd metacarpal (base
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89
Q

O and i of ECRB

A
  • lateral epicondyle (humerus to 3rd metacarpal (base)
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90
Q

o and I of extensor digitorum

A

Lateral epicondyle to extensor explansion of medial 4 digits

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91
Q

F of ED

A

extend IP, MP, wrist j

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92
Q

N of ED

A

radial

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93
Q

O and i of extenso rdigit minimi

A

Lateral epicondyle to extensor expansion of 5th digit

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94
Q

o and i of extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Lateral epicondyle humerus to posterior border og upper ulna to 5th nmetacarpal base

95
Q

F of ECU

A

extend and addcut hand at wrist

96
Q

o and i of supinator

A

Lateral epicondyle H, ligamnets of EJ and supinator crest/fossa U to proximal R (lat, post ant)

97
Q

n of supinator

A

radial deep

98
Q

f od extensor indicies

A

Lower forearm (distal and inteross membrane) to ext. expansion of 2nd digit

99
Q

n of extensor indicies

A

radial

100
Q

contents of cubtial fossa

A

CONTENTS:
TAN – lateral to medial
Tendon – biceps
Arteerey - brachical
Nerve – median

101
Q

what is the first bone to ossificarte

A

captitate at 1-3 months

102
Q

how many carpals foes dital radius articulate with

A

3

103
Q

type of j - carpometacarpal

A

synvoial plane

104
Q

type of j - metacarpophalangeal and why

A

conyloid - to allow flexion, extension, abduction and adductoion

105
Q

where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery

A
  • the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery at the inferior margin of teres major
106
Q

what is the main blood supply to arm

A

brachial a

107
Q

where does brachial a begin and end

A
  • begins at the inferior border of the teres major muyscle and ends in the cubital fossa opposite to the neck of the radius
108
Q

lateral border of cubital foss

A

brachioradialis

109
Q

Contents of cubital foss

A

MBBR - medial nerve
- brachial artery
- biceps tendon
- radial nerve

110
Q

is radial or ulnar a bigger?

A
  • ulnar artery supply’s most of the muscles in the forearm it is much larger
111
Q

what is superfical lymphatics

A
  1. superifical lymphatics – skin and subcutaneous tissue
112
Q

what is deep lymphatic vessels

A
  1. deep lymphatic vessels accompany deep arterires and vein s
113
Q

what are main lymph nodes

A

cervical, axillary, popliteral, inguinal, thoracic

114
Q

where do motor n have their cell bodeis

A

gray ater

115
Q

what does long thoracuc n damage cause

A

winged scap

116
Q

what are the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus

A

 superior trunk (C5 and C6 roots)
 middle trunk is a continuation of C7 root
 inferior trunk (c8 and t1 roots)

117
Q

what are the two divison in the brachial plexus

A

anterior and post.

118
Q

what doe shte anteior division of brachial plexu suppply

A

 antioer divisions supply the antieor (flexor) compartment of the upper limb ( musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nerves)

119
Q

what does the postieor dicison of brachial plexus suupply

A

extensor compartment - radial n

120
Q

what compartment does the musculatneous n innervate

A

ant. of arm

121
Q

what willl swwelling in carpal tunnel cause

A

median n

122
Q

what happens when hit funny bone

A

hit ulnar n

123
Q

what m does axillary n innervate

A

delt and teres minor

124
Q

where is radial n common;y injured

A

fractures in teh shaft of the humerus

125
Q

what are the 3 primary germ lauyers

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
    v
126
Q

what week does upper limb bud appear

A

4th week of development

127
Q

what is meromelia

A
  • Absence of the part of the limb or limbs (Gr meros, part and melos, limb)
128
Q

what is amerlia

A

abenscence of limb/libmbs

129
Q

causesof limb defects

A
  • Causes:
  • -Thalidomide (antiemetic and sedative)
  • -loss of blood supply to the limb
  • -defect in innervation at the spinal or cerebral level
130
Q

what are the 2 types of bone formation

A
    • Intramembranous (bones of the skull, mandible and clavicles)
    • Endochondral ossification
131
Q

what do mesenchymal cells do

A

Mesenchymal cells are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into multiple tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle and fat cells or connective tissue.

132
Q

when does chondrificaiton appear

A

week 5

133
Q

when does osteogenesis occur in long bones

A

wek 7

134
Q

what happens in achondroplasia

A

-Autosomal dominant disorder as well as a new mutation
(1:15,000)
-limbs are bowed and short (disturbance of ossification at
the epiphyseal plate)
- trunk is long
- head is enlarged with bulging forehead

135
Q

what is osetogenesis imperfecta - key feats

A
  • Characteristic features:
  • Extreme porosity and fragility of the bone, prone to fracture
  • Some individuals have blue sclera, spine deformities, hypoacusis,
    • Bleeding tendency
136
Q

what week do joints develop

A

6th week

137
Q

causes of congential hip dislocaiton

A
    • Abnormal development of the acetabulum
    • Generalized joint laxity (often dominantly inherited condition)
138
Q

what do somites differentiate into

A
    • myotome
    • dermatome
    • sclerotome
139
Q

what happens during 8th week of development

A

upper limbs rotate dorsally
- - lower limbs rotate ventrally

140
Q

sensory f of subscap n

A

shoulder j

141
Q

motor f of subscap n

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

142
Q

sensory f of axillary n

A

shoulder j , skin over deltoid

143
Q

motor f of axillary n

A

deltoid, teres minor

144
Q

sensory f of radial n

A

post/lat arm, post forearm and dorsum of hand

145
Q

motor f of radial n

A

post arm and forearm

146
Q

motor f of ulnar n

A

1.5 m of ant foresarm, intrinsic m of hand

147
Q

sensory f of ulnar n

A

hand

148
Q

floor of gyons canal

A

flexor retinaculum

149
Q

what does gyon canal contain

A

ulnar n and a

150
Q

what is result of leison to ulnar n

A

claw hand

151
Q

type of j - sacroilliac j

A

combinaiton of syboivla and fibrous

152
Q

hip j type

A

ball + SOCKET

153
Q

knee j type

A

combinaiton: synpival plane (femur and patella) and modified hinge (femus and tibia)

154
Q

prox tibiofibular j type

A
155
Q

distal tibiofibular j type

A

syndesmosis

156
Q

MTP j type

A

condyloid

157
Q

in gluteal comparment what are the ext4ensor

A

glut max

157
Q

in gluteal comparment - abductors??

A

glut min and med

158
Q

in gluteal compartment - lateral rotators?

A

deep m

159
Q

functions of pelvis

A
  • weight bearing
  • transfer weight
  • attachment for mm of locomotion
  • abdominopelvic
160
Q

sacroilliac j type

A

type - complex
1. synovial ( auricular surfaces)
2. syndesmosis (tuberosities)

161
Q

movements of sacroilliac j

A
  • moves during labour
  • limited due to weight bearing
162
Q

sacrococcygeal j type

A
  • symphysis (hyaline cartilage and fibrous disc)
163
Q

movenebt by sacrococcygeal j

A
  • slight movment (ostly flexion/extension)
164
Q

what is inside greater sciatic foraminae

A
  • greater: for piriformis muscle, sciatic nerve, gluteal
165
Q

what is inside lesser sciatic foraminae

A

for obturator internus

166
Q

O and insetion obturator intenrus

A

Pelvic surfaces of ilium and ischium, obturator membrane
Greater trochanter of femur

167
Q

O and I piriformis

A

Pelvic surface of S2-S4 segments, superior margin of greater sciatic notch and Sacrotuberous ligament

Greater trochanter of femur

168
Q

action of obturator internus

A

Rotates thigh laterally, assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum

169
Q

action of pirifrmois

A

Rotates thigh laterally, abducts thigh, assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum

170
Q

what does the long head of the femur allow for

A
  • very long neck – allows head of femur to move and be engaged.- provides leverage tfor musles to act
171
Q

what forms linea aspera

A

gluteal tuberosity and pectinenal line - 2 lips

172
Q

what is the fovea for on femur

A

entrance of the ligament and blood vessel

173
Q

where is the most frequent femoral fracture

A

neck

174
Q

what does the acetbular labrum do

A

deepen the acetbular fossa

175
Q

movment in hip j

A
  • multiaxial – second most mobable joint in the body – allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
176
Q

when is hip dislocation more likely

A
  • typically postieor
  • LL is flexed, adducted, medially rotated
  • can damage the sciatic n
177
Q

boen type of patella

A

seasmoid

178
Q

what is the antieor intecondylar area for on prox tibia

A

ACL

179
Q

what is the postierior intecondylar area for on prox tibia

A

PCL

180
Q

what is the tibial tuebroity for

A

quad. femoris

181
Q

f of ant. thigh muscles

A

 flex the thigh at the hip j
 extend the leg at the knee j
 femoral nerve innervation
 includes the femur

182
Q

f of med. thigh muscles

A

 adduct the thigh at the hip j
 obturator nerve innervation

183
Q

f of post. thigh muscles

A

 extend the thigh a the hip j
 flex the leg at the knee j
 sciatic nerve (tibial division)

184
Q

list the anterior extensors (of thigh)

A
  • pectineus
  • iliopsoas
  • sartorius
  • quadriceps femoris
185
Q

list medial adductos (thigh)

A
  • adductor longus, brevis, and magnus
  • gracialis
  • obturator externus
186
Q

LIST POSTIEOR FLEXORS (THIGH)

A
  • semimembranosus
  • semitendinosus
  • biceps femoris]
187
Q

o and i pectineus

A
  • pecten pubisc on the superior ramus of pubis to pectinieal line of femur
188
Q

f of pectineus

A
  • flexes and adducts thigh
  • synergist to iliopsoas
  • synergist in medial rotation of the thigh
189
Q

innervation of pectineus

A

femoral n

190
Q

o and i ilipsoas

A
  • psoas major: vert bod and IVD o fT12-L5 vertebrae
  • ilaicus: pelvis (ilias fossa and crest, sacral ala)
    to
  • lesser trochanter via the common tendon
191
Q

f of iliopsoas

A
  • prime flexor of the thigh
  • stabilises hip j and vertebral column
  • walking and maintaining posture
  • initiates flexion of the trunk
  • synergist in thigh adduction
192
Q

f sartorius

A
  • hipj: flexes, abducts, laterally rotates
  • knee j: flexes the leg, medially rotating the leg when knee is flexed
193
Q

o and i rectus femoris

A
  • AIIS
  • ileu superior to acetabulum
    to
  • tibial tuberosity via the common quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament
194
Q

f of rec fem

A
  • hip j: flexes thigh
  • knee j: extends leg
195
Q

f of vastus muscles

A
  • extend leg at knee
  • stabilise knee
196
Q

what is the funciton of articularis genu

A

Articularris genu – prevents compression of synovial membrane between femur and patella

197
Q

o and i of adductor longus

A

Body of pubis infeior to pubic crest
To
Line aspera (middle third)

198
Q

o and i adductor brevis

A

Body an inferior Rama of pubis
To
Pectineal line and proximal linea aspera

199
Q

what does the hamstring part of adductor maagnus do

A

extend thigh

200
Q

o and i gracilis

A

Body, inferior ramus of pubis
To
Upper medial tibia

201
Q

f gracilis

A
  • adducts thigh
  • flexes leg
  • synergist in medial rotation of the leg
202
Q

innervaiton gracilis

A
  • obturator nerve
203
Q

fucniton of obturator ext.

A
  • laterally rotates thigh
  • steadies head of femur in acetabulum
204
Q

o and i obtuator ext.

A

Obturator foramen margins and obturator membrane (on external surfaced)
To
Trochanteric fossa of femur

205
Q

o and i glut max

A

ilium – post glut linea na dsacrotuberos lig
to
ilitotibila tract and glut tuerosity (demu)

206
Q

o and i glut med

A

Iliuum- btw antieor and posterior gluteal lines
To
Greater trochanter (femur

207
Q

f of glut max

A

F: extends and laterall rottes thigh, vbraces knee

208
Q

f of glut med

A

abduct thigh

209
Q

o and i glut minimis

A

Ilium- btw antieor and posterior gluteal lines
To
Greater trochanter (femur)

210
Q

o and i semimembranosis

A

Ischial tuberosity
To
Medial tibial ondyle

211
Q

f semimembranosis

A

extends thigh, flexes leg

212
Q

n semimembranous

A

tibial

213
Q

o and i semitendinosis

A

Ischial tuberosity
To
Medial uppper tivbia

214
Q

o and i - long head biceps femoris

A

Ischial tberosity
To
Head of fibula

215
Q

f bicep fem - long head

A

: extends thigh, flexws leg, rotates flexed leg laterally

216
Q

short head - bicep s femoris - F

A

Linea aspera (femur shaft)
To
Head of fibula

217
Q

what are the prime extensors of hip j

A

gluteus maximus + hamstrings (thigh) + add magnus (hamstring part)

218
Q

what are the prime abductors and medial rotators of hip j

A

gluteus Medius and minimus and TFL (thigh)

219
Q

what are the four suclesof the thoracic cage

A
  1. external costal muscles
  2. internal intercostal msucles
  3. innermost intercostal muscles
  4. transversus throacis
220
Q

TCL - tibial collateral lig attaches to what menisci

A

medial

221
Q

in what posiiton is the knee most stable

A

extended

222
Q

where does ACL run

A

ACL = anterior intercondylar area tibia to lateral condyle femur

223
Q

where does PCL run

A

posterior intercondylar area tibia to medial condyle femur

224
Q

is acl or pcl stronger

A

pcl

225
Q

what does acl prevent

A

 prevent posterior displacement of F on T

226
Q

what does acl limit

A

 limits posterior rolling of femoral condyles on T (converts it to spin)

227
Q

what are the differnces in shape bt MM and LM

A
  • different shape: MM is C-shaped and LM is almost circular
228
Q

o and i of popliteus

A

lateral condyle of F and LM
To
Tibia (above soleal line)

229
Q

f of popliteus

A

F: weakly flexes knee, unlocks knee, medially rotates T on unplanted leg

230
Q

whats the unhappy triad in knee injuries

A

O’Donoghue ‘unhappy triad’
= torn 3 ligaments
Lateral force applied to the knee while the foot is fixed on the ground, this produces an abduction-external rotation mechanism of injury

  • damage to LM is almost as frequent as MM

TCL ACL AND MM

231
Q

fucniton of talus

A
  • talus: transmits body weight, has body (+ trochlea), neck and head the only tarsal bone that articulates with ankle j, sits on top of the ieus
232
Q

fucniton of calcaneus

A
  • calcaneus: transmits body weight, largest tarsal bone, attachment of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon, holds the talus on its top

anat limbs and baxk (2 decks)

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