final Flashcards
(233 cards)
1
Q
where does flexion of the arm occu
A
the shoulder j
2
Q
where does flexion of the forearm occur
A
elbow j
3
Q
where does flexion of the hand occur
A
the wrist j
4
Q
funciton of fibrous j’s
A
mostly immovable
5
Q
function of cartilagenous j’s
A
slightly moveable
6
Q
function of synoival j’s
A
highly movable
7
Q
origin of biceps brachii
A
scapula - 1. supraglenoid tubecle 2. coracoid process
8
Q
insertion biceps brachii
A
radial tuberosity
9
Q
origin - brachialis
A
humerus
10
Q
funciton of brachialis
A
flexion
11
Q
insertion of brachialis
A
ulna
12
Q
origin of triceps brachii
A
humerus and scapula
13
Q
insertion of triceps brachii
A
ulna
14
Q
what occurs at a concentric muscle contraction
A
muscle shortens
15
Q
what occurs at a eccentric muscle contraction
A
msucle lengthens
16
Q
in elbow flexion, what is the agonist and antagonist?
A
agonist = biceps brachii, antagonist = triceps
17
Q
what does the synergist do
A
compliement aciton of agonist
18
Q
innvervation of anterior compartment of arm
A
muscultaneous
19
Q
innervation of post. compartment of arm
A
radial n
20
Q
what makes up the pectoral/shoulder girdle
A
clavicle and scap
21
Q
list the muscles that attach to clavicle
A
pec major, sternocleidosmstoid, subclavis, traps, deltoid
22
Q
what type of j is sternoclavicular j?
A
saddle - funcitons as balll and socket
23
Q
what ratio does the scap and humerus move
A
1:2
24
Q
when the arm is being abducted 180 degrees, what bone allows for the first 60 degrees of rotation
A
scapula
25
when the arm is being abducted 180 degrees, what bone allows for the last 120 degrees of rotation
humeruus at shoulder j
26
movements at shoulder (glenohumeral) j?
flexion - extension
adduction - abduction
medial/lateral rotation
circumduction
27
what does the glenoid labrum do?
deepen the glenoid fossa
28
what does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?
acromion (@ acromioclavicular j)
29
what is above and below the glenoid fossa>
supraglenoid tubercle, infraglenoid tubercle
30
is there much movement at he
31
is there much movement at the acromioclavicular j
very little
32
what ligaments fix the underside of the clavicle to the coronoid process
trapezoid lig, and conoid lig
33
what is the apex of the axilla
cervicaxillary canal
34
base of axilla
axillary fasica, skin
35
what make sup the condyle of distal humerus?
captiulum and trochlea
36
what does the capitulum articulate with?
radius
37
what does the trochlea articulate with?
ullna
38
what 2 joints form the elbow j
humeroulnar and humeroradial
39
what cna large amounts of movment of biceps tear?
glenoid labrum
40
where is coracobrachialis located
underneath short head of bicep s
41
movemnts of proximal radioulnar j?
supination and pronation
42
prox radioulnar j type
pivot
43
what are the two pronators in anterior forearm?
pronator teres and pronator quadratus
44
function of pronator teres
pronates and flexes foraem at elbow j
45
innervation of pronator teres
median n
46
prox attachment of pronator teres
a. humeral head (medial epicondyle)
b. ulnar head (coronoid process)
47
distal attachment of pronator teres
lateral upper radius
48
when elbow is flexed, what muscle acts as a supinator
biceps brachii
49
movements at wrist j
- flexion/extensions
- abduction (ulnar deviation)
- adduction (radial deviation)
- circumduction
50
movemnt at interphalengeal j
flex/ext
51
movment at metacarpophalangeal joint
flex/ext, add/abd
52
fucniton of anterior forearm
flexor - pronator
53
fucnitn of post. forearm
extensor - supinator
54
what is the common origin of anterior forearm muscles
medial epicondyle of humerus
55
what is the common origin of posterior forearm muscles
lateral epicondyle of humerus
56
what is the only flexor in the extensor group of post. forearm
brachioradialis
57
origin of brachioradialis
a. humerus – lateral supraepicondylar ridge
58
function of brachioradialis
flexion of the forearm in the midprone position
59
inseriotn of brachioradialis
b. radius – near the styloid process
60
innervation of brachioradialis
radial n
61
what does pronator t4eres form the boundary of?
cubtial fossa
62
origin of palmaris longus
medial epicondyle
63
inseriton of palmaris longus
flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeuroiss
64
how to test palmaris longus M?
To test – flex wrist and oppose little finger and thumb together – see a prominent tendon
65
which muscle is found in the supraspinarrus fossa?
supraspinatus
66
where does the supraspinatus attach to?
greater tubercle of humerus
67
what boundary of the cubital fossa does pronator teres form
medial
68
origin and insertion of Flexor capri radialis
* medial epicosnyle to base of 2nd and 3rd MC
69
function - Flexor capri radialis
* F: flexes and abducts hand (wrist j) synergist in elbow flexion
70
innervation of FCR
median n
71
origin and insertion of FCU
* medjal epiconsule and olecranon/post bored U to 5th MC (pisifrom and hook of hamate)
72
F of FCU
flexes wrist and adducts hand at wrist j
73
N of FCU
ulnar
74
in flexor digitorum superificalis O and I of humero-ulnar head
: med epiconsyle H and coronoid process U
75
in flexor digitorum superficalis O and I of radial head
oblique line R to middle phalanages (to both sides of shafts) of digits 2-5
76
F of flexor digitum superficalis
flexion at PIP, MP,CM, wrist j and weak elbow flexion
77
N of flex. dig. superificalis
median
78
O and I of flexor pollicus longus
* midforearm (radisu and interosseous membrane) to distal phalanx of thumb (base)
79
F of flexor pollicus longus
; flexion of phalanhes of thumb
80
N of flexor pollivus longus
: median n ( anterior interosseous n)
81
what is the only muscle that flexes the interphalangeal j of thumb
FPL
82
O and i of prontator quadratu s
* distal anterior ulna to distal antieor radius
83
N of pronator quadratus
median
84
what is the floor of carpal tunnel
carpal arch (proximal and distal rows of capral bones)
* roof= flexor
85
what is the rood of carpal tunel
flexor retinaculum; attaches at trapezium/schapid on radial side and at piisiform/hamate on ulnar side
86
F of brachioradilias
F: weak flexion of the forearm in the midprone position
87
N of brachioradialis
: radial
88
O and I of extensor carpi radialis
- lateral supraepeicondyarx ridge (humerus) to 2nd metacarpal (base
89
O and i of ECRB
- lateral epicondyle (humerus to 3rd metacarpal (base)
90
o and I of extensor digitorum
Lateral epicondyle to extensor explansion of medial 4 digits
91
F of ED
extend IP, MP, wrist j
92
N of ED
radial
93
O and i of extenso rdigit minimi
Lateral epicondyle to extensor expansion of 5th digit
94
o and i of extensor carpi ulnaris
Lateral epicondyle humerus to posterior border og upper ulna to 5th nmetacarpal base
95
F of ECU
extend and addcut hand at wrist
96
o and i of supinator
Lateral epicondyle H, ligamnets of EJ and supinator crest/fossa U to proximal R (lat, post ant)
97
n of supinator
radial deep
98
f od extensor indicies
Lower forearm (distal and inteross membrane) to ext. expansion of 2nd digit
99
n of extensor indicies
radial
100
contents of cubtial fossa
CONTENTS:
TAN – lateral to medial
Tendon – biceps
Arteerey - brachical
Nerve – median
101
what is the first bone to ossificarte
captitate at 1-3 months
102
how many carpals foes dital radius articulate with
3
103
type of j - carpometacarpal
synvoial plane
104
type of j - metacarpophalangeal and why
conyloid - to allow flexion, extension, abduction and adductoion
105
where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery
- the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery at the inferior margin of teres major
106
what is the main blood supply to arm
brachial a
107
where does brachial a begin and end
- begins at the inferior border of the teres major muyscle and ends in the cubital fossa opposite to the neck of the radius
108
lateral border of cubital foss
brachioradialis
109
Contents of cubital foss
MBBR - medial nerve
- brachial artery
- biceps tendon
- radial nerve
110
is radial or ulnar a bigger?
- ulnar artery supply’s most of the muscles in the forearm it is much larger
111
what is superfical lymphatics
1. superifical lymphatics – skin and subcutaneous tissue
112
what is deep lymphatic vessels
2. deep lymphatic vessels accompany deep arterires and vein s
113
what are main lymph nodes
cervical, axillary, popliteral, inguinal, thoracic
114
where do motor n have their cell bodeis
gray ater
115
what does long thoracuc n damage cause
winged scap
116
what are the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus
superior trunk (C5 and C6 roots)
middle trunk is a continuation of C7 root
inferior trunk (c8 and t1 roots)
117
what are the two divison in the brachial plexus
anterior and post.
118
what doe shte anteior division of brachial plexu suppply
antioer divisions supply the antieor (flexor) compartment of the upper limb ( musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nerves)
119
what does the postieor dicison of brachial plexus suupply
extensor compartment - radial n
120
what compartment does the musculatneous n innervate
ant. of arm
121
what willl swwelling in carpal tunnel cause
median n
122
what happens when hit funny bone
hit ulnar n
123
what m does axillary n innervate
delt and teres minor
124
where is radial n common;y injured
fractures in teh shaft of the humerus
125
what are the 3 primary germ lauyers
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
v
126
what week does upper limb bud appear
4th week of development
127
what is meromelia
- Absence of the part of the limb or limbs (Gr meros, part and melos, limb)
128
what is amerlia
abenscence of limb/libmbs
129
causesof limb defects
- Causes:
- -Thalidomide (antiemetic and sedative)
- -loss of blood supply to the limb
- -defect in innervation at the spinal or cerebral level
130
what are the 2 types of bone formation
- - Intramembranous (bones of the skull, mandible and clavicles)
- - Endochondral ossification
131
what do mesenchymal cells do
Mesenchymal cells are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into multiple tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle and fat cells or connective tissue.
132
when does chondrificaiton appear
week 5
133
when does osteogenesis occur in long bones
wek 7
134
what happens in achondroplasia
-Autosomal dominant disorder as well as a new mutation
(1:15,000)
-limbs are bowed and short (disturbance of ossification at
the epiphyseal plate)
- trunk is long
- head is enlarged with bulging forehead
135
what is osetogenesis imperfecta - key feats
* Characteristic features:
- Extreme porosity and fragility of the bone, prone to fracture
- Some individuals have blue sclera, spine deformities, hypoacusis,
- - Bleeding tendency
136
what week do joints develop
6th week
137
causes of congential hip dislocaiton
- - Abnormal development of the acetabulum
- - Generalized joint laxity (often dominantly inherited condition)
138
what do somites differentiate into
- - myotome
- - dermatome
- - sclerotome
139
what happens during 8th week of development
upper limbs rotate dorsally
- - lower limbs rotate ventrally
140
sensory f of subscap n
shoulder j
141
motor f of subscap n
supraspinatus and infraspinatus
142
sensory f of axillary n
shoulder j , skin over deltoid
143
motor f of axillary n
deltoid, teres minor
144
sensory f of radial n
post/lat arm, post forearm and dorsum of hand
145
motor f of radial n
post arm and forearm
146
motor f of ulnar n
1.5 m of ant foresarm, intrinsic m of hand
147
sensory f of ulnar n
hand
148
floor of gyons canal
flexor retinaculum
149
what does gyon canal contain
ulnar n and a
150
what is result of leison to ulnar n
claw hand
151
type of j - sacroilliac j
combinaiton of syboivla and fibrous
152
hip j type
ball + SOCKET
153
knee j type
combinaiton: synpival plane (femur and patella) and modified hinge (femus and tibia)
154
prox tibiofibular j type
– synoival plane
-
155
distal tibiofibular j type
syndesmosis
156
MTP j type
condyloid
157
in gluteal comparment what are the ext4ensor
glut max
157
in gluteal comparment - abductors??
glut min and med
158
in gluteal compartment - lateral rotators?
deep m
159
functions of pelvis
- weight bearing
- transfer weight
- attachment for mm of locomotion
- abdominopelvic
160
sacroilliac j type
type - complex
1. synovial ( auricular surfaces)
2. syndesmosis (tuberosities)
161
movements of sacroilliac j
- moves during labour
- limited due to weight bearing
162
sacrococcygeal j type
- symphysis (hyaline cartilage and fibrous disc)
163
movenebt by sacrococcygeal j
- slight movment (ostly flexion/extension)
164
what is inside greater sciatic foraminae
- greater: for piriformis muscle, sciatic nerve, gluteal
165
what is inside lesser sciatic foraminae
for obturator internus
166
O and insetion obturator intenrus
Pelvic surfaces of ilium and ischium, obturator membrane
Greater trochanter of femur
167
O and I piriformis
Pelvic surface of S2-S4 segments, superior margin of greater sciatic notch and Sacrotuberous ligament
Greater trochanter of femur
168
action of obturator internus
Rotates thigh laterally, assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum
169
action of pirifrmois
Rotates thigh laterally, abducts thigh, assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum
170
what does the long head of the femur allow for
- very long neck – allows head of femur to move and be engaged.- provides leverage tfor musles to act
171
what forms linea aspera
gluteal tuberosity and pectinenal line - 2 lips
172
what is the fovea for on femur
entrance of the ligament and blood vessel
173
where is the most frequent femoral fracture
neck
174
what does the acetbular labrum do
deepen the acetbular fossa
175
movment in hip j
- multiaxial – second most mobable joint in the body – allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
176
when is hip dislocation more likely
- typically postieor
- LL is flexed, adducted, medially rotated
- can damage the sciatic n
177
boen type of patella
seasmoid
178
what is the antieor intecondylar area for on prox tibia
ACL
179
what is the postierior intecondylar area for on prox tibia
PCL
180
what is the tibial tuebroity for
quad. femoris
181
f of ant. thigh muscles
flex the thigh at the hip j
extend the leg at the knee j
femoral nerve innervation
includes the femur
182
f of med. thigh muscles
adduct the thigh at the hip j
obturator nerve innervation
183
f of post. thigh muscles
extend the thigh a the hip j
flex the leg at the knee j
sciatic nerve (tibial division)
184
list the anterior extensors (of thigh)
- pectineus
- iliopsoas
- sartorius
- quadriceps femoris
185
list medial adductos (thigh)
- adductor longus, brevis, and magnus
- gracialis
- obturator externus
186
LIST POSTIEOR FLEXORS (THIGH)
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
- biceps femoris]
187
o and i pectineus
- pecten pubisc on the superior ramus of pubis to pectinieal line of femur
188
f of pectineus
- flexes and adducts thigh
- synergist to iliopsoas
- synergist in medial rotation of the thigh
189
innervation of pectineus
femoral n
190
o and i ilipsoas
- psoas major: vert bod and IVD o fT12-L5 vertebrae
- ilaicus: pelvis (ilias fossa and crest, sacral ala)
to
- lesser trochanter via the common tendon
191
f of iliopsoas
- prime flexor of the thigh
- stabilises hip j and vertebral column
- walking and maintaining posture
- initiates flexion of the trunk
- synergist in thigh adduction
192
f sartorius
- hipj: flexes, abducts, laterally rotates
- knee j: flexes the leg, medially rotating the leg when knee is flexed
193
o and i rectus femoris
- AIIS
- ileu superior to acetabulum
to
- tibial tuberosity via the common quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament
194
f of rec fem
- hip j: flexes thigh
- knee j: extends leg
195
f of vastus muscles
- extend leg at knee
- stabilise knee
196
what is the funciton of articularis genu
Articularris genu – prevents compression of synovial membrane between femur and patella
197
o and i of adductor longus
Body of pubis infeior to pubic crest
To
Line aspera (middle third)
198
o and i adductor brevis
Body an inferior Rama of pubis
To
Pectineal line and proximal linea aspera
199
what does the hamstring part of adductor maagnus do
extend thigh
200
o and i gracilis
Body, inferior ramus of pubis
To
Upper medial tibia
201
f gracilis
- adducts thigh
- flexes leg
- synergist in medial rotation of the leg
202
innervaiton gracilis
- obturator nerve
203
fucniton of obturator ext.
- laterally rotates thigh
- steadies head of femur in acetabulum
204
o and i obtuator ext.
Obturator foramen margins and obturator membrane (on external surfaced)
To
Trochanteric fossa of femur
205
o and i glut max
ilium – post glut linea na dsacrotuberos lig
to
ilitotibila tract and glut tuerosity (demu)
206
o and i glut med
Iliuum- btw antieor and posterior gluteal lines
To
Greater trochanter (femur
207
f of glut max
F: extends and laterall rottes thigh, vbraces knee
208
f of glut med
abduct thigh
209
o and i glut minimis
Ilium- btw antieor and posterior gluteal lines
To
Greater trochanter (femur)
210
o and i semimembranosis
Ischial tuberosity
To
Medial tibial ondyle
211
f semimembranosis
extends thigh, flexes leg
212
n semimembranous
tibial
213
o and i semitendinosis
Ischial tuberosity
To
Medial uppper tivbia
214
o and i - long head biceps femoris
Ischial tberosity
To
Head of fibula
215
f bicep fem - long head
: extends thigh, flexws leg, rotates flexed leg laterally
216
short head - bicep s femoris - F
Linea aspera (femur shaft)
To
Head of fibula
217
what are the prime extensors of hip j
gluteus maximus + hamstrings (thigh) + add magnus (hamstring part)
218
what are the prime abductors and medial rotators of hip j
gluteus Medius and minimus and TFL (thigh)
219
what are the four suclesof the thoracic cage
1. external costal muscles
2. internal intercostal msucles
3. innermost intercostal muscles
4. transversus throacis
220
TCL - tibial collateral lig attaches to what menisci
medial
221
in what posiiton is the knee most stable
extended
222
where does ACL run
ACL = anterior intercondylar area tibia to lateral condyle femur
223
where does PCL run
posterior intercondylar area tibia to medial condyle femur
224
is acl or pcl stronger
pcl
225
what does acl prevent
prevent posterior displacement of F on T
226
what does acl limit
limits posterior rolling of femoral condyles on T (converts it to spin)
227
what are the differnces in shape bt MM and LM
- different shape: MM is C-shaped and LM is almost circular
228
o and i of popliteus
lateral condyle of F and LM
To
Tibia (above soleal line)
229
f of popliteus
F: weakly flexes knee, unlocks knee, medially rotates T on unplanted leg
230
whats the unhappy triad in knee injuries
O’Donoghue ‘unhappy triad’
= torn 3 ligaments
Lateral force applied to the knee while the foot is fixed on the ground, this produces an abduction-external rotation mechanism of injury
- damage to LM is almost as frequent as MM
TCL ACL AND MM
231
fucniton of talus
- talus: transmits body weight, has body (+ trochlea), neck and head the only tarsal bone that articulates with ankle j, sits on top of the ieus
232
fucniton of calcaneus
- calcaneus: transmits body weight, largest tarsal bone, attachment of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon, holds the talus on its top
