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Mcb > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is life

A

Self generating system capable of evolution with constant sruggle against eq

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2
Q

What maintains eq

A

Catalysts

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3
Q

What doe catalysts or enzymes do

A

Form diff pathways for the reaction to occur

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4
Q

What are biocatalysts

A

They are catlysts or know as enzymes that can

  1. create new reactions
  2. couple individual reactions
  3. goes towards eq
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5
Q

Where are enzymes coded

A

Coded in the blueprint of dna

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6
Q

What allows rna to form on its own

A

Rna has many secondary bonds woth a negative charge on its phosphate backbone and nonpolar polar ends which allow diff foldings and diff reaction of enzymes

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7
Q

What is a nucleic acid

A

A polynucleotide binded with phosphodieater bonds that stores genetic material

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8
Q

Difference between nucleoside and nucleotide

A

Nucleoside dont have an phosphate backbone

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9
Q

Which bases have deamination

A

Purine bases which are adenine and guanine and cytosine

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10
Q

What is the amino oxo form of
1adenine
2guanine
3cytosine

A
  1. hypoxixanthane
  2. xanthaine
  3. uracil
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11
Q

What nond is the base and pentose

A

N glycosidic bond

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12
Q

Ribose foriming into deoxyribose is called and what is the consequesnces

A

Reduction and this affects the 3d direction

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13
Q

What is an ester bond

A

Bonded between pentose and phosphate and doesnt have an high macroenergic energy

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14
Q

What is andhydride bond

A

Bond between 3 phosphates that have high energy and is spontaneous when hydrolyesed to used the atp

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15
Q

Primary and secondary structures

A

Primary-5’posphate binded with 3’oh

Secondary-base pairing and different h bonds causing variability

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16
Q

Advantage of base pairing

A

Rna is easier to read

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17
Q

MItochondrial dna properites

A 
Circular dna
No histones
No intron
5-10bp
Bacterial theory
13protein coding gene
22 trna 2rrna 13mrna
Polycistronic gene
Wobbling gene
No cap yes poly a
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18
Q

Reason for diversity

A

Junk dna

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19
Q

Structure of gene

A
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20
Q

Function of cg box

A

Methlation this regulationg gene

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21
Q

Does tat contain in every gene

A

No

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22
Q

Splice sute of exons are

A

Denucleated sequeences that Re recognized by splisosome

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23
Q

Intron properties

A
  1. Alternative splicing for the diveraity
  2. Protection from mutation
  3. Regulation
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24
Q

Enhancers and silencers are different from promotors by

A

They only regulate transcription not initiate

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25
Q

Indirect ways for forming pseudogwnes

A

Reverse transcription

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26
Q

Example of pseudogene

A

L gluconolactone oxidase

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27
Q

Finction of transposomes

A

Spontaneous mutation

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28
Q

Functions of pseudogenes

A
  1. dufferent translations thus diff function
  2. Dowregulated genes
  3. Dna mediated binded and turned on or off
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29
Q

Enzymes of retrotransposomes

A
  1. rna polymerase
  2. reverae transcriptase
  3. Intergrase
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30
Q

Jumping genes or transposome function

A
  1. Antibody variabiltiy
    2.evolution
    Disadevantage will be diseases
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31
Q

Line and sine formation

A

Line has 2 orf which code for
1.orf is for p40
2 orf is for endonucleasea and rt

Sine will use line enzumes

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32
Q

Function of line and sine

A
  1. formation of own protein

2. self multiplication

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33
Q

Ltr are made from and function

A 
Retroviruses encoded into dna 
The function was to encode virus but now it is for
1.chromatin remodeling _protoonkogenes
2. Enhancers 
3. Autoimmunity _ multiple sclerosis
34
Q

Tandem repeats are formed due to

A

Failure of dna polymerase

35
Q

Tyoes of tandem repeats in non coding region and coding region

A
  1. Mini (1-9bp)
  2. micro (10-100bp)
  3. macro(100 more)

Coding region it ahould not overcome the threshold of dises or there will be a disease like huntington,ataxin3, cag repeat

36
Q

Enzymes used for dna replication in prokaryotes

A

Synthesis
3’-5’ exonuclease
5’-3’ exonuclease

Dna polynerase 1.2.3

37
Q

What is dna polymerases 1.2.3 functions

A
  1. Repair and lagging strand with 1 polypepetide
  2. Replication with several subunits
  3. repair
38
Q

Where is the tata box in prokaryotes located for replication

A

Oric

39
Q

What molecules form the helicase function for prokaryotes during replication

A

Dna b and dna c

40
Q

What molecules make up the primosome in prok

A

Hd proteins- keeps dna single stranded
N proteins
Primase -synthesises the rna primer

41
Q

What makes up the replisome of the prok

A

Primosome

Dna poly3

42
Q

What are the enzymes taking place on the lagging strna dof prok

A 
Primosome
Dna pol3
Dnapol1 
Rna ase
Ligase
43
Q

What are okazaki fragments

A

Fragments made by the 2 nucleotide that cant bind their phosphodiester bonds which are bonded by ligase

44
Q

Why is dna pol3 not used for linking the okazaki frag

A

Beacsue it doesnt have an 5’exonuclease activity

45
Q

What molecules are used when ligase is doing it job in euk and pro

A

Euk-atp

Pro-nad

46
Q

What is orc and when is it active

A

It is a hexomer that recognized the replication element on the dna which wont be active till s phase

47
Q

What molecule activates orc and how

A

Cdk phosphorlyated orc which will inhibit the reinitiation to form more dna while one is already replicating

48
Q

Subunits of euk dna pol

A

Alpha-synthesis of initiation segment and primase and alpha polymerase

Beta- repair

Gamma-mitochondrial pol

Delta- synthesis for lagging strand

Epsilon-synthesis for leading

49
Q

Activation of pcna

A

Rfc activates pcna which allows a ring formation to recruit poly delta

50
Q

Fen1 function

A

For proofreading

51
Q

What is a Telemorase

A

It expands the 3 end of the dna strand which will be lost in dna replication but minimized during embryonic develpment

52
Q

What is made to prevent sungle strnaded dna from a telomere and what are the enzymes

A

Shelterin complex -
Pot 1
Trf
Rap

53
Q

Mutaion definition and classification

A

Damaged dna not corrected and encorporated if the population rate is less than 1 percent we call it mutaion

Classification - genome . Chromosomal . Gene
Or

Substitution - transition and transvertion
Insertion
Invertion

54
Q

Types of dna damages 5diff

A 
Tymine dimers
Alkylation
Intercalator
Loss of pruine base
Deamination
55
Q

Types of repais 4 diff

A

Direct
Base wxcition
Nucleotide excition
Missmatch

56
Q

Missmatch repair enzymes

A 
Mut h
Muts2
Mut l2
Uvrd
Exonucleases
Dna polymerase for new dna and ligase
57
Q

What other examples are for reverse transcriptaE

A

Telemorase

58
Q

Charcateristics of transcription

A
  1. Rna to dna without thymine to uracil but still h bonds

2. Grows or writes in 5 to 3 direction

59
Q

Substrates used for transcription for pro

(Rna polymerase) diff from dna polymerase

A
  1. Ribonucleoside triphosphate
    2.without primer
    3 no proofreading
60
Q

Unique characteristics of rna poly

A
  1. Has always adenine on with triphospgates as initiation seg and unique active site
61
Q

Prokaryotic transcroption unut and different subunits of rna pol

A

The 2 transciption unit (-35,-10)
Alpha -assembles
Beta and beta prime
Sigma - specifictiy on the major groove

62
Q

What takes place when sigma dactor is gone after transcription initiation because it hinders

A

Nus A

63
Q

What are the hairpin structures for the temination sequence for pro

A

Cg sequence
Loop
U rich following

64
Q

3Charcteristics of promotor region

A
  1. Both homologous of 6 nucleotides
  2. The first transcribed unit is A
  3. Ideal sequence for promotor
65
Q

Euk rna polymerase types and why is type 2 used

A
  1. large rrna
  2. snrna and mrna most sensitive to alpha amanitin so it will stop at low amount thats why its used
  3. small
66
Q

Where does tf2b bind to on the euk gene

A

Bre element

67
Q

What makes up the tf2d

A

Tbp and taf

68
Q

What tf phosperlates the cdt(c terminal domain)

A

Tf2h

69
Q

What comes after binding of transcription factor 2b

A

Pol 2 and 2f

70
Q

Which tf remain of the rna and where

A

Tf2d and 2a on the tata box

71
Q

What enzyme participates in 5caping

A

Rna terminal phosphatase and guanly transferase and 2 sam

72
Q

What are splisosmes made of and where do they locate

A 
On the denucliated splice sites 
Made up of 
U1- 5prime bind
U2-branch point
U5- 3prime bind
U2.u4- assembly
73
Q

Mechanism of splisosome and where are the introns degraded

A

Uses alcholysis and oh3prime bind on to new strand through phosphodiesterase and introns are degraded in nuclease

74
Q

Polyatail is made with which 3 protein

A

CPSF
CstF
PAB

75
Q

2 types of promotors

A

Constitutive - regulated on weak and strong promotors

Inducible -can be turned on and off by operons

76
Q

What is an operon

A

Operon is a sequence that regulates in a promotir sequence

77
Q

Lac operon

A

Lac operons are repressed with glucose but with lactose lac operon repressor is inactivated +
Activator is cap which helps the activator

78
Q

Euk transcription regulations 2 ways

A
  1. chromatin remodeling

2. Dna methlyation

79
Q

What protien bind to the hostone actylt teansferase?

A

Gene activator protein

80
Q

When does the histone kinase bind and what is the function?

A

Bind after the lysine are actylated which phosprlyaes h3 and recruits ft2d

81
Q

What enzyme causes eukchromatin

A

Histone deactlyation HDAC

Mcb (2 decks)

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