Final Flashcards
Kenzie is an infant who sucks her thumb when she is anxious. She also chews on toys when she sees other children fighting. As she gets a little older, she will go to her room when her brothers start fighting. Why does Kenzie do these things?
Kenzie is engaging in emotion regulation.
What allows toddlers to experience more complex emotions, such as self-conscious emotions?
Self-awareness
Self-conscious emotions include all of the following EXCEPT ______.
contentment
What term describes challenges that tax children’s coping capacities and create psychological stress?
resilience
Influences that promote positive outcomes and reduce poor outcomes associated with adverse circumstances are called ______ factors.
Attachment
Information processing in older adults shows a bias toward what type of information?
Positive information
Research shows hardiness is not just an innate trait; instead, it can be learned through training and shifts in attitude to improve the ability to cope with challenging situations.
True
Which theoretical perspective emphasized that feeding was a critical context for infants and caregivers to interact and for infants to have their needs met and thereby develop a sense of trust?
psychoanalytic
All of these behaviors are consistent with a child that is securely attached to his or her caregiver EXCEPT ______.
more likely to be cautious of unfamiliar situations
Carter is an infant taking part in the Strange Situation. He was wary of the stranger when she entered the room. When his mother left, he cried, and the stranger tried to comfort him unsuccessfully. When his mother came back into the room, he smiled at her and reached to her. His mother picked him up and he stopped crying and soon was able to sit on the floor and play with the toys. What attachment type is Carter’s behavior consistent with?
Secure attachment
Four-month-old Robert is described as having a difficult temperament. His father is insensitive, coercive, and also difficult in temperament. What can we predict Robert’s developmental outcome will be?
Robert will most likely have behavioral problems and adjustment difficulties that worsen with age, even into early adolescence.
All of these statements reflect the reciprocal nature of temperament EXCEPT ______.
not all babies fit squarely into any of the three categories of temperament but display a mix of characteristics
Six-month-old Jeremy has difficulty sleeping. He doesn’t follow any predictable schedule. He is an extremely active baby, but he tends to be unhappy the majority of the time. He gets very upset when his mother leaves him with any other caregiver and typically spends most of the time she is away crying. What temperamental style does Jeremy have?
Difficult
Feeling ______ require(s) understanding of self and others.
embarrassment
Eighteen-month-old Annabelle looks in the mirror, sees that the reflection in the mirror has a mark on her nose, and touches her own nose. What can we conclude?
Annabelle is recognizing herself.
Why do adults tend to consistently identify with their younger selves?
It is a compensatory strategy to counteract the negative cultural messages associated with aging and to maximize their happiness.
Jeffrey describes himself as a really good athlete but not so good at academics. He says he is happy with who he is and isn’t worried about his low grades. Jeffrey is describing ______.
Self-esteem
Which of the following advances in cognitive development lead children to make more complex descriptions and evaluations of themselves?
perspective taking and social comparison
Middle-ages and older adults have higher self-esteem than young adults because they revised their possible selves to be more idealistic and grand.
False
Around what age does self-esteem peak?
Mid-60s
Identity exploration is associated with ______.
higher socioeconomic status
Fifteen-year-old friends Elizabeth and Maggie are discussing what they want to do after high school. Maggie is thinking about becoming and archaeologist or perhaps a Spanish teacher but she has not completely decided. Elizabeth knows what she will be: a college professor. Her parents are both professors, and her older brother is just starting his PhD program. What identity status is Elizabeth in?
identity foreclosed
Why is adolescence the best time for a psychosocial moratorium?
Adolescents have more autonomy than children but not the responsibilities of adults.
Identity-diffused individuals tend to be indecisive and apathetic.
True
We see the most pronounced changes in a person’s personality traits in adolescence.
False
Individuals who are impulsive are low in ______.
conscientiousness
Individuals with which personality trait are more likely to divorce?
High neuroticism
At birth, personality first manifests as ______.
temperament
In Piaget’s morality of cooperation stage, children see rules as ____.
products of group agreement
Jenna is very careful not to hurt another person’s feelings. She earned a spot as the team captain for her tennis team, but she knew that her teammate really wanted to be captain, so she asked her coach to give it to the other player. Jenna’s brother said she should not have done that because she earned it. What moral orientation is her brother’s response motivated by?
a justice orientation
What is the lowest level of Kohlberg’s moral stages?
Preconventional reasoning
Daphne, age 6, is the only child of a wealthy family. Her parents both have jobs that require long hours. Their philosophy is that Daphne is a child and should not have to work, other than to keep pace with her class at the private school she attends. They employ a part-time nanny and a full-time housekeeper, who also cooks for the family. Daphne has shown an interest in helping the housekeeper cook, but the housekeeper discourages this and suggests she go play. What do these factors predict for the development of Daphne’s prosocial behavior?
Because Daphne is not expected or allowed to work to help the household function, she will miss out on opportunities to contribute and cooperate.
Who is most likely to be a strongly prosocial child?
Jamila, a child in rural Kenya, who gathers eggs, milks the goat, and helps her mother weave cloth for the family business
Adults become less empathetic with age.
True
According to the experts, how do children learn moral behavior best?
When they are reinforced for good behavior
The method a parent uses to teach and socialize children toward acceptable behavior is called ______.
discipline
According to Hoffman, what is the disciplinary method that involves controlling a child’s behavior through the use of spankings, commands, and physical restraint?
Power assertion
What was used in studies by Bandura to determine the effects of modeling on childhood aggression?
The Bobo doll
Which of the following is a psychiatric diagnosis referring to extreme antisocial behavior, such as destruction of property, theft, or causing pain to others?
Conduct disorder
Antisocial behavior tends to increase in ______.
puberty
