Final

Question 1

What are cytokines

Answer 1

Particles that activate other immune system cells.

Interleukins, interferons, growth factors are all cytokines

Question 2

What are interferons

Answer 2

A type of cytokine

Interfere with viral replication.

Question 3

Apoptosis and detectable changes

Answer 3

Morphology: Membrane Blebbing, DNA fragmentation, Nuclear Membrane breakdown, chromatin condensation.
Mechanisms: Caspase 3 and Cytochrome C release

Question 4

Life Cycle

Answer 4

Attachment and Entry
Translation
Genome Replication
Assembly
Release

Question 5

Hershey Chase experiment

Answer 5

Proved that Nucleic Acid is genetic code and not protein.

Used bacteriophages with radioactive DNA and found it in subsequent bacteria’s.

Question 6

Retroviral Placental Fusion

Answer 6

Synctin , a retrolement. important for the formation of placenta.

Question 7

Pox viruses

Answer 7

small pox

dsDNA genome

complex, oval shaped

Question 8

Viremia

Answer 8

Presence of virus in blood

Question 9

Natural Killer cells

Answer 9

Recognize missing self proteins

secrete perforins and granzyme to kill target.

release interleukins 4 and 13

Question 10

macrophages are innate immune system.

Answer 10

Engulf cellular debris and secret chemokines to attract other immune cells.

Question 11

B cells

Answer 11

prpduce antibodies

Question 12

T Cells are adapative.

Answer 12

Fight foreign invaders.

Question 13

Rig1 Senses RNA

Question 14

Cgas senses DNA in cytoplasm.

Question 15

HOrizontal

Answer 15

zoonotic or same species

Question 16

exonucleases cleave nucleotides

Question 17

4 ways envelopes are made

Answer 17

1 Envelop glycoproteins and internal capsid essential for budding -alpha viruses

2 internal matrix or capsid proteins drive budding - retroviruses

3 envelope proteins drive budding - coronavirus

4 matrix proteins drive budding, but additional components needed for efficiency and accuracy. - rhabdoviruses

Question 18

3 viral structures

Answer 18

Helical tobacco mosaic virus, Icosahedral-adenovirus , and complex –bacteriophage

Question 19

neutralizing antibodies

Answer 19

Block viral attachment
block viral endocytosis
block viral disassembly
block viral replication

Question 20

secondary viremia

Answer 20

when viruses come into contact with other organs and release particles later

Question 21

What is plaque assay

Answer 21

determine how many viruses are in a sample

Question 22

What are toll like receptors?

Answer 22

Class of patter recognition recepotrs that intiate innate immune response.

Question 23

Helical complex viruses

Answer 23

poxviruses, geminiviruses, bacteriophages

Question 24

3 requirements for successful infection

Answer 24

1 enough virus
2 cells accessible susceptible and permissive
3. local virus defense is absent or can be overcome.

Question 25

Reovirus

Answer 25

Double stranded RNA virus. Segmented genomes. outercapsid inner capsid.

Question 26

Necrosis

Answer 26

cell death caused by cell injury,

cell lysis, cell swelling, pore formation, dna fragmentation, and inflammation

Question 27

ways of entry

Answer 27

phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis,

Question 28

sialic acid recepotrs

Question 29

Herpes virus uses VP16 to start immediate early transcription. Then alpha proteins activate replication proteins so it can continue with transcription and make beta proteins. which then go into late to make gamma proteins.

Question 30

Picoviridae

Answer 30

Icosahedral, +rna single stranded