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final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the perspective of viruses?

A
  • there is no agreement on where they came from

- they are the most abundant microbes

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a viruses life?

A
  • cells are constructed of the same kind of atoms and molecules according to the same laws of energy
  • all life forms contain molecules of life
  • DNA encodes information
  • life evolves
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3
Q

what are the properties of viruses?

A
  • dont independently fulfill the characteristics of life
  • DNA or RNA
  • lack enzyme-lack machinery
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4
Q

what characteristics determine the type of virus?

A
  • size
  • shape
  • genome
  • other structures
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5
Q

size of viruses

A

-ultramicroscopic

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6
Q

what two types of structures can viruses have?

A

enveloped and naked

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7
Q

what is the shape of viruses?

A

they all have capsids

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8
Q

what are the two structural capsid types?

A

helical and icosahedral

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9
Q

helical cpasids

A

continous helical shape

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10
Q

icosahedral capsids

A

20 sides and 12 even spaces

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11
Q

atypical virus

A

deviation of the structure, most bacteriophages

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12
Q

enveloped structures

A

have spikes that attach to capuls

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13
Q

viral genome

A
  • either DNA or RNA, never both

- carries information to change cell

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14
Q

DNA

A

double or single stranded

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15
Q

RNA

A

double or single stranded, and segmented

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16
Q

positive snese RNA

A

the genome is ready for translation

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17
Q

negative sense RNA

A

must be covered to be ready

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18
Q

polymerases

A

synthesize DNA or RNA

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19
Q

replicases

A

copy RNA

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20
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

synthesis of DNA from RNA

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21
Q

viron

A

complete infectious particle

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22
Q

what are the virus classifications?

A
  • nucleic acid type
  • presence or absence of envelope
  • capsid symmetry
  • dimensions of virion and capsid
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23
Q

family

A

basic biology

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24
Q

disease name

A

important most common way of identifying a virus

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25
Q

adsorption

A

attachment

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26
Q

penetration

A

entry into host

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27
Q

synthesis

A

interfering the host to copy and make proteins

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28
Q

assembly/ maturation

A

changes the host cell to be like the virus

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29
Q

release

A

releases the cells into the body

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30
Q

viral specificity

A

how well it can attach

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31
Q

outcomes of viral infection

A

either stoping the symptoms to make worse or leaving the body

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32
Q

cytopathic effects

A

cell damage

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33
Q

viral infections in animals

A

harder to detect

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34
Q

medical importance

A
  • common cause of infections

- death

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35
Q

parvoviruses

A
  • rash

- 5ths disease

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36
Q

Papilloma

A
  • warts
  • HPV
  • from direct contact
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37
Q

what are warts described by?

A

location

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38
Q

genital warts

A
  • most common STD
  • HPV 16 and 18
  • can lead to cancer
  • vaccine
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39
Q

Adenovirus

A
  • causes colds

- conjunctivitis in eye

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40
Q

Poxviruses

A
  • largest and complex
  • largest genome
  • scarring
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41
Q

smallpox

A
  • first and only disease to be gone by vaccination
  • from skin contacts or inhillation
  • young in africa
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42
Q

vaccination of smallpox

A
  • routine

- live vaccine

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43
Q

molluscipoxivirus

A
  • wax warts
  • pacific islands in kids
  • direct contact
  • commonly an STD
  • treatment: freezing
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44
Q

Herpes

A

-always shows latency
not dangerous unless immunocompormised
-large envelope

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45
Q

HSV1

A

cold sores in mouth

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46
Q

HSV2

A

genital blisters, teens

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47
Q

epidemiology of herpes 1 and 2

A
  • direct exposure
  • multiplies in neurons
  • various stimuli
48
Q

type 1 herpes

A

labialis- fever, coldsore, common

keratitis- eyes

49
Q

type 2 herpes

A

genital herpes- flu like symptoms, latency

50
Q

herpetic whitlow

A

1 or 2, on skin and fingers

51
Q

encephalitis

A

life threatening

52
Q

diagnosis of herpes

A

symptoms and cell testing

53
Q

treatment of herpes

A
  • acyclovir
  • famciclovir
  • valacyclovir
54
Q

VZV

A
  • herpes 3

- chicken pox and shingles

55
Q

treatment of VZV

A

vaccine, soon eradicated

56
Q

EBV

A
  • b cells

- mono

57
Q

complications of EBV

A
  • burkitt lymphoma, jaw swelling

- naso

58
Q

diagnosis of EBV

A

blood count

59
Q

treatment of EBV

A

symptom relief

60
Q

CMV

A
  • giant cells

- latency

61
Q

CMV infections

A
  • newborns: liver and spleen problems
  • transplant patient
  • aids patient
62
Q

Herpes 6 and 7

A

roseola

63
Q

herpes 8

A

tumors in aids patient

64
Q

where is hepatitis B found?

A

only DNA virus

65
Q

A and E hep.

A

fecal-oral (ends)

66
Q

B, C, and D hep.

A

blood and fluids

67
Q

Hepatitis B

A

chronic in liver and can lead to liver cancer

-can be founds in IV drug users

68
Q

diagnosis of hep. B

A

risk factors and blood transfusion

69
Q

prevention of Hep. B

A

vaccine

70
Q

Reoviruses

A
  • double stranded RNA

- upper respiratory

71
Q

RotaVirus

A
  • oral fecal

- #1 cause of diarrhea

72
Q

Caliciviruses

A
  • gastroenteritis
  • fecal oral
  • stomach problems
  • mainly from cruise ship
73
Q

picornaviruses

A
  • small

- 3 areas

74
Q

enteroviruses

A
  • picovirus
  • fecal oral
  • poor water and hygine
75
Q

poliomyelitis (polio)

A

-acute infection of spine

76
Q

poliovirus

A
  • resistant to acid and bile

- trying to eradicate rn

77
Q

polio- spectrum or outcomes

A
  • fecal oral
  • short term
  • mild symptoms
  • can go to spine and brain
  • 90% asymptomatic
78
Q

paralytic disease

A

-paralysis of muscle

79
Q

treatment and prevention of polio

A
  • meds for pain and suffering

- vaccination

80
Q

Coxsackieviruses A

A

hand-foot-mouth disease

81
Q

hepatitis A Virus

A
  • non polio
  • oral fecal
  • acute infection
  • flu like symptoms
82
Q

treatment of Hepatitis A

A

no specific treatment

83
Q

prevention of hepatitis A

A

vaccine

84
Q

Rhinovirus

A
  • # 1 colds
  • many strains
  • acidic and temp. specific
85
Q

dengue fever

A
  • from mosquito

- brought into us

86
Q

arboviruses

A
  • toga virus
  • from mosquito
  • causes rubella
87
Q

Rubella

A
  • respiratory contact

- vaccine

88
Q

congenital rubella

A
  • 1st trimester

- miscarriage or defects

89
Q

West Nile Virus

A
  • flavivirus
  • mosquito infects birds
  • no symptoms
90
Q

zika virus

A

-dangue virus symptoms

91
Q

Hepatitis C

A
  • flavivirus
  • blood contact
  • chronic liver disease and cancer
  • no vaccine
92
Q

coronaviruses

A
  • spikes on virus

- #2 colds

93
Q

SARS and MERS

A
  • airborne of corona
  • gets worse the longer it is in body
  • no vaccine
  • led to covid-19
94
Q

retroviruses

A
  • RNA to DNA is reverse transcriptase
95
Q

HIV

A
  • weight loss and loss of immune function

- causes AIDS

96
Q

characteristics of retroviruses

A
  • t cells

- infect host cells with CD4

97
Q

epidemiology of HIV

A
  • sex, blood, bladder and drug use
  • babies who breastfeed
  • men usually get it
  • 35 million cases
98
Q

stages of HIV and AIDS

A
  1. the level of viruses

2. the level of t cells in blood

99
Q

diagnosis of HIV

A
  • detection of antibodies

- false neg can occur

100
Q

prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS

A
  • no vaccine
  • safe sex
  • therapies to slow down symptoms
  • medications
  • manageable in US
101
Q

rabies

A
  • bullet shaped
  • from wild animal bite
  • affects nerve endings into brain
102
Q

clinical phases of rabies

A
  • prodromal: small symptoms
  • furious: agitation, disorientation
  • dumb: paralyzed
  • coma phase: death
103
Q

diagnosis of rabies

A

-autopsy

104
Q

treatment of rabies

A

-vaccine

105
Q

Filovirus

A

ebola

came to the us

106
Q

paramyxoviruses

A
  • infects respiratory in children

- f protein: membranes fuse to get in cells but cause one giant cell

107
Q

parainfluenza

A
  • croup
  • respiratory in children
  • coughing
  • cold air treatment
108
Q

MMR vaccine

A

mumps and measels

109
Q

measles

A
  • red measles= rubeola

- very contagious

110
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A

-viral pneumonia in children

111
Q

Orthomyxoviruses

A

influenza

3 strains

112
Q

influenza A

A
  • most virulent
  • morbidly and mortality
  • patients get other infections
113
Q

influenza spikes

A

H and N

-mutates

114
Q

influenza antigenic drift

A

different antibodies dont work as well

115
Q

influenza antigenic shift

A
  • influenza from different sources combine to make a big new virus that no one is resistant to
  • very dangerous

microbiology final (1 decks)

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