final Flashcards
what is the perspective of viruses?
- there is no agreement on where they came from
- they are the most abundant microbes
what are the characteristics of a viruses life?
- cells are constructed of the same kind of atoms and molecules according to the same laws of energy
- all life forms contain molecules of life
- DNA encodes information
- life evolves
what are the properties of viruses?
- dont independently fulfill the characteristics of life
- DNA or RNA
- lack enzyme-lack machinery
what characteristics determine the type of virus?
- size
- shape
- genome
- other structures
size of viruses
-ultramicroscopic
what two types of structures can viruses have?
enveloped and naked
what is the shape of viruses?
they all have capsids
what are the two structural capsid types?
helical and icosahedral
helical cpasids
continous helical shape
icosahedral capsids
20 sides and 12 even spaces
atypical virus
deviation of the structure, most bacteriophages
enveloped structures
have spikes that attach to capuls
viral genome
- either DNA or RNA, never both
- carries information to change cell
DNA
double or single stranded
RNA
double or single stranded, and segmented
positive snese RNA
the genome is ready for translation
negative sense RNA
must be covered to be ready
polymerases
synthesize DNA or RNA
replicases
copy RNA
reverse transcriptase
synthesis of DNA from RNA
viron
complete infectious particle
what are the virus classifications?
- nucleic acid type
- presence or absence of envelope
- capsid symmetry
- dimensions of virion and capsid
family
basic biology
disease name
important most common way of identifying a virus
adsorption
attachment
penetration
entry into host
synthesis
interfering the host to copy and make proteins
assembly/ maturation
changes the host cell to be like the virus
release
releases the cells into the body
viral specificity
how well it can attach
outcomes of viral infection
either stoping the symptoms to make worse or leaving the body
cytopathic effects
cell damage
viral infections in animals
harder to detect
medical importance
- common cause of infections
- death
parvoviruses
- rash
- 5ths disease
Papilloma
- warts
- HPV
- from direct contact
what are warts described by?
location
genital warts
- most common STD
- HPV 16 and 18
- can lead to cancer
- vaccine
Adenovirus
- causes colds
- conjunctivitis in eye
Poxviruses
- largest and complex
- largest genome
- scarring
smallpox
- first and only disease to be gone by vaccination
- from skin contacts or inhillation
- young in africa
vaccination of smallpox
- routine
- live vaccine
molluscipoxivirus
- wax warts
- pacific islands in kids
- direct contact
- commonly an STD
- treatment: freezing
Herpes
-always shows latency
not dangerous unless immunocompormised
-large envelope
HSV1
cold sores in mouth
HSV2
genital blisters, teens
epidemiology of herpes 1 and 2
- direct exposure
- multiplies in neurons
- various stimuli
type 1 herpes
labialis- fever, coldsore, common
keratitis- eyes
type 2 herpes
genital herpes- flu like symptoms, latency
herpetic whitlow
1 or 2, on skin and fingers
encephalitis
life threatening
diagnosis of herpes
symptoms and cell testing
treatment of herpes
- acyclovir
- famciclovir
- valacyclovir
VZV
- herpes 3
- chicken pox and shingles
treatment of VZV
vaccine, soon eradicated
EBV
- b cells
- mono
complications of EBV
- burkitt lymphoma, jaw swelling
- naso
diagnosis of EBV
blood count
treatment of EBV
symptom relief
CMV
- giant cells
- latency
CMV infections
- newborns: liver and spleen problems
- transplant patient
- aids patient
Herpes 6 and 7
roseola
herpes 8
tumors in aids patient
where is hepatitis B found?
only DNA virus
A and E hep.
fecal-oral (ends)
B, C, and D hep.
blood and fluids
Hepatitis B
chronic in liver and can lead to liver cancer
-can be founds in IV drug users
diagnosis of hep. B
risk factors and blood transfusion
prevention of Hep. B
vaccine
Reoviruses
- double stranded RNA
- upper respiratory
RotaVirus
- oral fecal
- #1 cause of diarrhea
Caliciviruses
- gastroenteritis
- fecal oral
- stomach problems
- mainly from cruise ship
picornaviruses
- small
- 3 areas
enteroviruses
- picovirus
- fecal oral
- poor water and hygine
poliomyelitis (polio)
-acute infection of spine
poliovirus
- resistant to acid and bile
- trying to eradicate rn
polio- spectrum or outcomes
- fecal oral
- short term
- mild symptoms
- can go to spine and brain
- 90% asymptomatic
paralytic disease
-paralysis of muscle
treatment and prevention of polio
- meds for pain and suffering
- vaccination
Coxsackieviruses A
hand-foot-mouth disease
hepatitis A Virus
- non polio
- oral fecal
- acute infection
- flu like symptoms
treatment of Hepatitis A
no specific treatment
prevention of hepatitis A
vaccine
Rhinovirus
- # 1 colds
- many strains
- acidic and temp. specific
dengue fever
- from mosquito
- brought into us
arboviruses
- toga virus
- from mosquito
- causes rubella
Rubella
- respiratory contact
- vaccine
congenital rubella
- 1st trimester
- miscarriage or defects
West Nile Virus
- flavivirus
- mosquito infects birds
- no symptoms
zika virus
-dangue virus symptoms
Hepatitis C
- flavivirus
- blood contact
- chronic liver disease and cancer
- no vaccine
coronaviruses
- spikes on virus
- #2 colds
SARS and MERS
- airborne of corona
- gets worse the longer it is in body
- no vaccine
- led to covid-19
retroviruses
- RNA to DNA is reverse transcriptase
HIV
- weight loss and loss of immune function
- causes AIDS
characteristics of retroviruses
- t cells
- infect host cells with CD4
epidemiology of HIV
- sex, blood, bladder and drug use
- babies who breastfeed
- men usually get it
- 35 million cases
stages of HIV and AIDS
- the level of viruses
2. the level of t cells in blood
diagnosis of HIV
- detection of antibodies
- false neg can occur
prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS
- no vaccine
- safe sex
- therapies to slow down symptoms
- medications
- manageable in US
rabies
- bullet shaped
- from wild animal bite
- affects nerve endings into brain
clinical phases of rabies
- prodromal: small symptoms
- furious: agitation, disorientation
- dumb: paralyzed
- coma phase: death
diagnosis of rabies
-autopsy
treatment of rabies
-vaccine
Filovirus
ebola
came to the us
paramyxoviruses
- infects respiratory in children
- f protein: membranes fuse to get in cells but cause one giant cell
parainfluenza
- croup
- respiratory in children
- coughing
- cold air treatment
MMR vaccine
mumps and measels
measles
- red measles= rubeola
- very contagious
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
-viral pneumonia in children
Orthomyxoviruses
influenza
3 strains
influenza A
- most virulent
- morbidly and mortality
- patients get other infections
influenza spikes
H and N
-mutates
influenza antigenic drift
different antibodies dont work as well
influenza antigenic shift
- influenza from different sources combine to make a big new virus that no one is resistant to
- very dangerous
