Final

Question 1

Bowen Family Therapy Theorists

Answer 1

1. Murray Bowen, Michael Kerr, Philip Guerin and Thomas Fogarty, Monica McGoldrick and Betty Carter, David Scharch

Question 2

Bowen In a Nutshell: The Least You Should Know –

Answer 2

. Bowen intergenerational theory is more about the nature of being human than it is
about families or family therapy.
b. Requires therapists to work from broad perspective, considers human species, and
characteristics of all living systems
c. Therapist use of self to effect change
d. Multigenerational processes
e. The therapist’s primary tool for promoting client change is the therapist’s
personal level of differentiation, the ability to distinguish self from other and
manage interpersonal anxiety

Question 3

Bowen The Big Picture: Overview of Treatment -

Answer 3

a. Process-oriented therapy that relies heavily on the self-of-the-therapist, most
specifically the therapist’s level of differentiation to promote client change
b. Does NOT emphasize techniques and interventions
c. Us of genograms and assessment to promote insight and intervene as
differentiated person
d. Change is achieved by alternating insight

Question 4

Bowen Making Connections: The Therapeutic Relationship

Answer 4

a. Differentiation and emotional being: “the differentiation of the therapist is
technique.” The therapist believes the clients can only differentiate as much as the
therapist has differentiated.
b. Therapist has a non-anxious presence.

Question 5

Bowen The Viewing, Case Conceptualization, and Assessment -

Answer 5

Viewing is the primary “intervention” in intergenerational therapy because the
approach’s effectiveness relies on the therapist’s ability to accurately assess the
family dynamics and thereby guide the healing process

Question 6

Bowen Goals - Two primary goals -

Answer 6

a. To increase each person’s level of differentiation (in specific contexts)
b. To decrease emotional reactivity to chronic anxiety in the system

Question 7

Bowen Therapist will assess and use the following to build case conceptualization:

Answer 7

a. Emotional systems: Emotional interdependence that influences all its members
within a family
b. Chronic Anxiety: Automatic physical and emotional reactions that are not
mediated through conscious, logical processes
c. Multigenerational Transmission Process: Prior generations effect on the current
family emotional system. Negative effects or trauma are transmitted across three
or more generations.
a. Multigenerational Patterns: Therapist assess multigenerational patterns pertaining
to presenting problem using genogram or oral interview
b. Differentiation: Differentiation scale that ranges from 1 to 100, with lower levels
c. Triangles: A triangle is a process in which a dyad draws in a third person (or
something, topic, or activity) to stabilize the primary dyad, especially when there
is tension in the dyad.
d. Family Projection Process: Describes how parents “project” their immaturity onto
one or more children causing decreased differentiation in subsequent generations.
e. Emotional cutoff: Situations in which a person no longer emotionally engages
with another in order to manage anxiety; this usually occurs between children and
parent.
f. Sibling Position: As an indicator of the family’s level of differentiation; all things
being equal, the more the family members exhibit the expected characteristics of
their sibling position, the higher the level of differentiation.
g. Societal Regression: Emotionally based reactive decisions rather than rational
one, when society experiences chronic stress ex: war, natural disaster

Question 8

Differentiation of self

Answer 8

Person’s ability to separate intrapersonal and interpersonal distress

Question 9

Intrapersonal:

Answer 9

Separate thoughts from feelings in order to respond rather than react

Question 10

Interpersonal:

Answer 10

Know where oneself ends and another begins without loss of self.

Question 11

More Differentiation of self

Answer 11

Knowing myself & knowing my family with no loss one oneself
Balance 2 needs: need for togetherness & need for autonomy
The variance of individuals in their susceptibility to depend on others for acceptance & approval
Lifelong journey: the more differentiated you are, the more mature
Differentiated people are better able to handle ups & downs of increasing intimacy because you are not enmeshed & can see yourself in context beyond your family.
Level of differentiation expressed differently depending on culture, gender, age, and personality. Ex. In the US, high levels of differentiation = highly valued

Question 12

Emotional Triangles

Answer 12

The smallest, stable relationship system (on final)
Triangles usually have one side in conflict & one side in harmony, contributing to the problem of clinical problems. Ex. mom & son v. dad / Dad & daughter v. mom
Triangulation: Process in which a dyad draws in a third person to stabilize it. The third person is used to alleviate tension. Ex. Mom is not having her needs met by dad so overly commits to child’s life/school.
Sometimes can be a good thing; everyone triangulates to a degree

Question 13

The Women’s Project

Answer 13

(Betty Carter and Monica McGoldrick)

- under Bowen

Question 14

CHRONIC ANXIETY

Answer 14

Biological phenomenon that is present in all natural systems.
• Automatic physical and emotional reactions not mediated through
conscious, logical processes.
• Families exhibit chronic anxiety in response to crises, loss, conflict,
and other difficulties.
• Differentiation creates clear-headedness, allowing for reduction in
reactivity and anxiety

Question 15

Continuum of differentiation

Answer 15

Differentiation scale ranges from 1 to 100.
• Bowen maintained people rarely reach higher than 70.
• Note where and how person is able/unable to separate
self from other and thought from emotion.

Question 16

NUCLEAR FAMILY EMOTIONAL SYSTEM

Answer 16

The four relationship patterns that define where problems may develop in a family.

- Marital conflict
- Dysfunction in one spouse
- Impairment of one or more children
- Emotional distance

Question 17

THE FAMILY PROJECTION PROCESS

Answer 17

What it is
• The transmission of emotional problems from a parent to a child.
• How parents “project” immaturity onto one or more children.
•Causes decreased differentiation in subsequent generations.
• Common pattern is for a mother to project her anxiety onto one child,
focusing all her attention on this child to soothe her anxiety.
• The child who is the focus of parent’s anxiety will be less
differentiated than those not involved in projection

Question 18

THE MULTIGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION PROCESS

Answer 18

What it is
• The transmission of small differences in the levels of differentiation
between parents and their children.
• Emotional processes from prior generations are present and “alive” in
current family emotional system.
• Children may emerge with higher, equal, or lower levels of differentiation
than parents.
• Severe emotional problems result from level of differentiation becoming
lower and lower with each generation.

Question 19

EMOTIONAL CUT-OFF

Answer 19

What it is
• The act of reducing or cutting off emotional contact with family as a way managing
unresolved emotional issues
• A person no longer emotionally engages with another in order to manage anxiety.
• Can take form of no longer seeing/speaking to other person.
• Client believes cut-off is a sign of mental health/superiority.
• Client reports cut-off helps manage emotional reactivity.
• Higher levels of differentiation lessen need for cut-offs.
• Sometimes more cut-off necessary because of extreme patterns of verbal, emotional,
or childhood abuse.
• The more people can stay emotionally engaged without harboring anger, resentment,
or fear, the healthier they will be.

Question 20

SIBLING POSITION

Answer 20

What it is
• The impact of sibling position on development and behavior.
• An indicator of family’s level of differentiation.•The more family members exhibit expected characteristics of sibling position, the higher the level of
differentiation.
How it works
• Cultural background shapes the roles of sibling position.
• Older children identify with responsibility and authority.
• Later-born children identify with underdogs and question status quo.
• Youngest child most likely to avoid responsibility in favor of freedom.

Question 21

SOCIETAL REGRESSION

Answer 21

What it is
• The emotional system governs behavior on a societal level, promoting
both progressive and regressive periods in a society.
• Societies experiencing sustained chronic anxiety respond with
emotionally-based reactive decisions and regress to lower levels of
functioning.
• Vicious cycle of increased problems and symptoms.
• Cycles in which levels of differentiation rises and fall

Question 22

Bowen INTERVENTIONS: PROCESS QUESTIONS

Answer 22

Process questions help clients see systemic processes or
dynamics they are enacting.
•Ex: Use process questions to help clients see how
conflict they are experiencing now is related to patterns
they observed earlier in life.

Question 23

Bowen INTERVENTIONS: DETRIANGULATION

Answer 23

Maintaining neutrality to interrupt client’s attempt to involve the therapist or someone else
in a triangle.
• Most therapists at some point will be “invited” to triangulate against a third party.
How it works
• Therapist “detriangulates” by refusing to take sides.
• Therapist invites clients to validate themselves.
•Examine own part in problem dynamic; take responsibility for needs/wants.
• Validation should not be approval as this undermines client’s autonomy.
• Clients coached to approve/disapprove own thoughts and feelings and take action as
needed.

Question 24

Bowen INTERVENTIONS: GOING HOME AGAIN

Answer 24

What it is
• A mature, balanced adult goes home to visit family and finds themself
acting like a teenager.
How it works
• The result of unresolved issues in family of origin that can be improved by
increasing differentiation.
• As level of differentiation grows, client can maintain clearer sense of self in
family system.
• Client interacts with family members while maintaining a clearer boundary
between self and other.

Question 25

under Bowen INTERVENTIONS FOR SPECIAL POPULATIONS

The Sexual Crucible Model (David Schnarch)

Answer 25

Marriage is a “crucible,” a vessel physically containing a volatile transformational
process.
•Therapist achieves transformation by helping both partners differentiate.
•Partners take responsibility for individual needs rather than demand other change to
accommodate them.
•Schnarch developed a comprehensive model for helping couples create type of
relationship most couples expect.
•A harmonious balance of emotional, sexual, intellectual, professional, financial,
parenting, household, health, and social partnerships.

Question 26

PSYCHOANALYTIC FAMILY THERAPY

Answer 26

In the 1980s, renewed interest in object relations therapies led to
development of object relations family therapy.
• Uses psychoanalytic and psychodynamic principles to describe external
relationships.
• Family is a nexus of relationships that support or impede development and
functioning of members.
• Therapy involves:
•Analyzing intrapsychic and interpersonal dynamics.
•Promoting client insight.
•Working through insights to develop new ways of relating.

Question 27

PSYCHOANALYTIC FAMILY THERAPY

Answer 27

Significant Contributors 
• Nathan Ackerman and the Ackerman Institute
• Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
• James Framo
• David and Jill Scharff
• The Women’s Project

Question 28

Transference

Answer 28

Client projects onto therapist attributes stemming from unresolved issues
with primary caregivers.
Use immediacy of these interactions to promote client insight.

Question 29

Countertransference

Answer 29

Therapists project back onto clients, losing therapeutic neutrality.
Used to help therapist and client better understand the reactions client brings
out in others

Question 30

SELF-OBJECT RELATIONS PATTERNS

Answer 30

Self-object relations
How people relate to others based on expectations developed by early
experiences with primary attachment objects.
How it works
External objects are experienced as:
•Ideal object: Primary caretaker desexualized/deaggressivized;
maintained as distinct from its rejecting and exciting elements
•Rejecting object: Representation of caregiver when child’s needs
for attachment were rejected, leading to anger
•Exciting object: Representation of caretaker formed when child’s
needs for attachment were overstimulated; longing for an
unattainable but tempting object

Question 31

SPLITTING

Answer 31

• Frustration with primary caregiver increases need to split objects.
•Separate good from bad objects by repressing the rejecting/exciting
objects.
•Leaves less of ego, or conscious self, to relate freely.
• If splitting not resolved, there’s “all good” or “all bad” quality to evaluating
relationships.
• In families, splitting can take the form of perfect vs. problem child.

Question 32

PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION

Answer 32

In relationships, clients defend against anxiety by projecting unwanted
parts of themselves onto partner.
• Partner is manipulated to act according to projections.
•Ex: A husband projects interest in other women onto his wife as jealousy
and accusations of infidelity. The wife decides to hide innocent information
that may feed husband’s fear. The more she tries to calm his fears by
hiding information, the more suspicious and jealous he becomes.

Question 33

REPRESSION

Answer 33

Children repress anxiety when they experience separation from attachment
object.
•Less ego available for contact with outside world.
• Until repressed material made conscious, adult replicates these relationships.
• One of primary aims is to bring repressed material to surface.

Question 34

Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapies (CBFT)

Answer 34

Albert Ellis- he developed rational emotive behavioral therapy and analyzed irrational thinking
with individuals using the A-B-C theory. It has been applied to working with families in
identifying the activating events, beliefs about the event, and the emotional/behavioral
consequence (p. 325)
Ivan Pavlov- a pioneer in behavioral therapy who researched on stimulus-response pairings with
dogs and is known for his work in classical conditioning
John B. Watson- he popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism which stresses that
psychology should only study what could be measured and observed in some way
John Gottman- he used a scientific approach to develop couple therapy. He looked at data from
longitudinal studies to understand what predicts divorce and how to increase marital satisfaction.

Question 35

In a Nut Shell CBFT

Answer 35

CBFT includes integrative behavioral couples therapy and
mindfulness-based couple and family therapy. It is particularly looking at how family members
reinforce one another’s behaviors to maintain symptoms and relational pattern

Question 36

CBFT big picture Treatment

Answer 36

The therapy process for most CBFT includes the following four steps: (1) Assess the behavioral
and cognitive baseline functioning, including frequency, duration, severity, the context of
problem behaviors, and thoughts. (2) Target the specific, identified behavior and thoughts for
intervention/change. (3) Therapists educate clients on their irrational thoughts and dysfunctional
patterns. (4) Intervene by replacing dysfunctional behaviors and thoughts with more productive
ones.

Question 37

THE THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP

Answer 37

The therapists serve as experts who direct and educate the client and the family on how to better
manage their problems. More recently, CBFT therapists follow the research results and have
increasingly used empathy, warmth, and a nonjudgmental stance to build a therapeutic alliance.
(*Note: in CBFT, empathy is used not as an intervention but as a way to build rapport; in
experiential therapy, empathy is the intervention believed to bring about change) Therapists
frequently use written contracts- where goals and expectations are spelled out- to increase client
motivation and commitment.

Question 38

CBFT GOALS

Answer 38

Goals are stated in behavioral and measurable terms, such as “reduce arguments to no more than
once per month.” Therapists identify goals that are agreeable to all family members and obtain a
commitment from each member, often with a written contract.

Question 39

CBFT - Behavioral interventions include:

Answer 39

Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning and reinforcement techniques (positive reinforcement, negative
reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment)
- The frequency of reinforcement and punishment is key to increasing or decreasing
a behavior: immediacy, consistency, intermittent reinforcement
- Can be helpful in parenting training
- Contingency contracting: this is used to promote new behaviors by creating contingency
(i.e. if child’s GPA is above 3, then parents agree to an 11 pm curfew on Fridays)
- Points chart and token economies: typically used with young kids for them to earn points
for good behaviors, and the points can apply to certain privileges
- Behavioral exchanges and quid pro quo:
- “this for that” arrangements; if you do this, then I’ll do that
- use judiciously to avoid framing marriage as a business deal
- Provide communication and problem-solving training

Question 40

PROCESS FOR CBFTS

4 Steps

Answer 40

Assessment: Obtain detailed behavioral and/or cognitive assessment of
baseline functioning.
2. Target behaviors and thoughts for change: Identify specific behaviors
and thoughts for intervention.
3. Educate: Educate clients on irrational thoughts and dysfunctional patterns.
4. Replace and retrain: Interventions designed to replace dysfunctional
behaviors/thoughts with more productive ones.

Question 41

ELLIS’S A-B-C THEORY

Answer 41

What it is
Developed by Albert Ellis to analyze irrational thinking with
individuals.
•Has also been applied to working with families.
• How it works
A = Activating event  B = Belief about A  C = Emotional and
behavioral consequence

Question 42

FAMILY SCHEMAS AND CORE BELIEFS Eight types of cognitive distortions about families:

Answer 42

Arbitrary inference: A belief based on little evidence
2. Selective abstraction: Focusing on one detail while ignoring context and
other obvious details.
3. Overgeneralization: Generalizing a few incidents to make a sweeping
judgment about another’s an essential character.
4. Magnification and minimization: Overemphasizing or underemphasizing
based on the facts.
5. Personalization: External events are attributed to oneself.
6. Dichotomous thinking: All-or-nothing thinking: always/never,
success/failure, or good/bad
7. Mislabeling: Assigning a personality trait to someone based
on a handful of incidents, often ignoring exceptions.
8. Mind-reading: Believing you know what the other is thinking
or will do based on assumptions and generalizations.

Question 43

Quid pro quo

Answer 43

Mutual behavior exchanges can be useful to help partners negotiate
relational rules.•“If you make dinner, I will do the dishes.”
•Couples relying primarily on quid pro quo arrangements have lower
levels of marital satisfaction.
•Use behavior exchange judiciously with couples.•Balance with more affective techniques to avoid framing marriage as a business deal.
•Have each partner select a behavior to “give” rather than have each
“ask” for what he/she wants.

Question 44

DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Answer 44

Emotion precedes development of thought. Strong emotions, traumatic experiences, and
attachment wounds are source of psychopathology.
• Helps clients be present with, tolerate, and accept strong emotions in order to transform them.
• Client’s attempts to avoid painful emotions are root of the problem.
• Manage dialectic tension, the tension between two polar opposites.
• Helps clients increase balance in their lives by managing inherent dialect tensions in life:
•Being able to both seek to improve oneself and also accept oneself.
•Being able to accept life as it is and also seek to solve problems.
•Taking care of one’s own needs as well as those of others.
•Balancing independence and interdependence

Question 45

The 4 Horsemen

Answer 45

1. Criticism: A statement that implies something is globally wrong
   with the partner.
2. Defensiveness: Used to ward off attack, defensiveness claims.
3. Contempt: Seeing oneself as superior to one’s partner.
   •Single best predictor of divorce.
4. Stonewalling: Listener withdraws from interaction, either
   physically or mentally.

Question 46

NEGATIVE AFFECT RECIPROCITY

Answer 46

What it is
Increased probability that one partner’s emotions will be negative
immediately following negativity in the other.
Most consistent correlate of marital satisfaction and dissatisfaction,
regardless of the culture studied.
•Far superior to total amount of negative affect in the relationship.

Question 47

FORMS OF REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT

Four options for shaping behavior:

Answer 47

1. Positive reinforcement or reward: Rewards desired behaviors by
   adding something desirable (e.g., a treat).
2. Negative reinforcement: Rewards desired behaviors by removing
   something undesirable (e.g., relaxing curfew).
3. Positive punishment: Reduces undesirable behavior by adding
   something undesirable (e.g., assigning extra chores).
4. Negative punishment: Reduces undesirable behavior by removing
   something desirable (e.g., grounding).

Question 48

FREQUENCY OF REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT

Answer 48

Keys to increasing/decreasing behavior
Immediacy: The more immediate the reinforcement or punishment, the quicker the learning.
Consistency: The more consistent the reinforcement or punishment, the quicker the
learning.
•Involves rewarding/punishing a behavior every time it occurs.
Intermittent reinforcement: Inconsistent reinforcement often increases undesired
behaviors; random positive reinforcement of well-established desired behaviors helps sustain
them.

Question 49

PSYCHOEDUCATION

Answer 49

What it is
• Teaching clients psychological and relational principles about their problems and
how best to handle them.
Categories
• Problem-oriented: Information about the patient’s diagnosis or situation.
• Change-oriented: Information about how to reduce problem symptoms.
• Bibliotherapy: Assigning readings that will be motivating and instructional for
dealing with presenting problem.
• Cinema therapy: Assigning clients to watch a movie that will speak to the problem
issues.

Question 50

Solution Focused Family Therapy Overview

Answer 50

-Milton Erickson:
Influenced the miracle question and crystal ball techniques.
● Insoo Kim Berg & Steve de Shazer: solutions.
● William O’ Hanlon: He is a former student of Milton Erickson and a leader in solution-
oriented, strength-based therapy and Possible Therapy. His techniques focus on future
orientation using language techniques from Ericksonian trance.
● Scott Miller: He trained at Milwaukee Brief Therapy Center and is known for championing
common factors movement, client-centered, outcome-informed therapies.
● Linda Metcalf: Known for using Solution-focused therapy in school counseling,
children’s groups, parent groups, and teaching.
● Michele Weiner-Davis: She developed a solution-focused self-help approach to help to
strengthen marriages and avoid divorce.
● Matthew Selekman: Developed collaborative, strength-based therapies for working with
children, adolescents, families, and self-harming adolescents.

Question 51

Solutions Focused In a Nutshell: The Least You Should Know:

Answer 51

● Strength-based, positive, active approaches that help clients move in the direction of
desired and positive change.
● Based on the work of the MRI (Mental Research Institute) and Milton Erickson’s brief
therapy and trance work.
● Popular with clients, insurance companies, and county mental health agencies
● Spends little time discussing problems and more time focusing on solutions.
● Therapists work with clients collaboratively to think of solutions based on the client’s
experiences and values.
● Once a desirable outcome is selected, the therapist helps identify small, incremental steps
toward realizing this goal.

Question 52

Solutions Based Therapy: The Big Picture: Overview of Treatment:

Answer 52

• Therapists help clients identify their preferred solution by discussing the problem
  exceptions and amplifying or heightening them and desired outcomes.
  ● Therapists work weekly with clients to take small, active steps toward solutions.
  ● Brief: often 1-10 sessions. Therapists are advocates of the possibility of single-session
  therapy.
  ● In more complex cases like sexual abuse or SUD, therapy may take years.

Question 53

Solution Based Therapy The Therapeutic Relationship:

Answer 53

The client is the expert of their lives who are resilient and capable.
○ The client has a sense of what has worked in the past and what may work in the
future in finding solutions by focusing on exceptions to assist in the desired
change.
○ The therapist adopts a “beginner’s mind” or “Zen mind” and becomes curious and
listens to the client’s story without making assumptions.
○ The therapist creates a collaborative relationship to open a range of present and
future change opportunities.
○ The therapist instills optimism and hope at the beginning of treatment.
● The therapist uses the client’s own words in reframing or paraphrasing in describing the
client’s experience. This depicts the problem in more resolvable, time-limited ways that
foster hope.
● The therapist uses “Channeling Language” to reflect feelings to build rapport but
delineates the negative emotions, behaviors, or thoughts.

Question 54

Solution-based intervention Video Talk

Answer 54

What it is
Based on distinguishing between facts, stories, and experience.
•Facts are a behavioral description of what was done and said.
•Story is interpretation and meaning associated with the behaviors.
•Experience is the internal thoughts and feelings each person had.
Separate behaviors from the interpretation of the behaviors.
Couples become less defensive and able to better understand each other and
identify meaningful ways to reduce future conflict

Question 55

Collaborative Therapy

Answer 55

A two-way dialogical process in which therapists and clients co-
explore and co-create new and more useful understandings related
to client problems and agency.
• Avoid scripted techniques; focus on process of therapy, on how
client’s concerns are explored and exchanged.
• Client is naturally invited to share in therapist’s curiosity, joining the
therapist in a shared inquiry about how things came to be and how
things might best move forward.
• Therapists do not try to control or direct the content of meaning-
making process; they honor the client’s agency.

Question 56

SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTORS to narrative therpay

Answer 56

Harlene Anderson and Harry Goolishian
• Tom Andersen
• Lynn Hoffman
• Peggy Penn
• Jaakko Seikkula
• Houston Galveston Institute
• Grupo Campos Elísios
• Klaus Deissler: The Marburg Institute

Question 57

Narrative Therapy relationship with therapist

Answer 57

The therapeutic relationship is a conversational partnership; a process of
being with the client.
•Sometimes referred to as “withness.”
The conversational partners “touch” and move one another through their
mutual understanding.
Withness also involves a willingness to go along for the ups and downs of
the client’s transformational process.
A commitment to walk alongside client, no matter where the journey leads.

Question 58

Narrative therapy Therapist relationship continued

Answer 58

“The client is the expert”
Therapist’s attention focused on valuing clients’ thoughts, ideas, opinions.
Therapists have limited information about fullness/complexity of clients’ lives.
In session, therapists responsible for ensuring effective and respectful dialogical conversation is
conducted.
Rely on generative quality of conversation to support client transformation.
Client holds more expertise in area of content and therapist holds more expertise in area of
process.

Question 59

NARRATIVE THERAPY – Nutshell

Answer 59

Based on premise that we “story” and create the meaning of life events using available
dominant discourses.
People experience “problems” when personal life does not fit with these dominant societal
discourses and expectations.
Process involves separating the person from the problem.
Clients identify alternative ways to view, act, and interact in daily life.
Assume all people are resourceful and have strengths.
Do not see “people” as having problems but rather see problems as being imposed upon
people by unhelpful or harmful societal cultural practices.

Question 60

SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTORS

Answer 60

• Michael White
• David Epston
• Jill Freedman and Gene Combs
• Gerald Monk and John Winslade

Question 61

Treatment Phases

Phases in narrative therapy:

Answer 61

Meeting the person.
•Getting to know people as separate from their problems.
•Listening.
•Listening for effects of dominant discourses.
•Separating persons from problems.
•Externalizing and separating people from their problems.
•Enacting preferred narratives.
•Identifying new ways to relate to problems.
•Solidifying.
•Strengthening preferred stories and identities.

Question 62

Narrative Interventions

Answer 62

• Using thickening descriptions- adding new strands of identity to problem saturated descriptions
• Meet the person where they are at
• meeting the problem- When did this problem enter your life?
• Bring hope and optimism

Question 63

Narrative Therapy

Answer 63

When the stories and problems don’t play out in their usual way