Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Field Crop > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Two Principles of Plant Disease Management

A

Prevention

Therapy or Curative Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How would you apply the principles of disease management to manage stem rust of wheat

A

Prevention: Apply a fungicide before planting

Therapy: More scouting and digging up plants to check stems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Corn Disease Management

What corn disease cause yield loss

A

Leaf Blight

Gray Leaf Spot

Fusarium Ear Rot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Corn Disease Management

What management recommendations were common among diseases

A

Tillage

Rotation

Resistance

Fungicides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Corn Disesase Management

What diseases have been reported in South Dakota

A

Leaf Blight

Common Rust

Eyespot

Gray Leaf Spot

Northern Corn Lead Blight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Soybean Disease Management

Common Diseases

A

Root Rot

Soybean Cyst Nematode

Stem Rot

WHite Mold

Brown Steam Rot

Soybaen Mosaic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Soybean Disease Management

Management Recommendations

A

Resistance

Crop Rotation

Tillage

Water Drainage

Balanced Soil Fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Soybean Disease Management

Diseases in South Dakota

A

Sudden Death Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Wheat Disease Managment

Common Diseases

A

Powdery Mildew

Septoria Leaf Blotch

Glume Blotch

Rust

Fusarium Head Scab

Yellow Dward Virus

Ergot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Soybean Disease Management

Management Practices

A

Resistance

Fungicide Seed Treatments

Foliar Fungicides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Soybean Disease Management

Diseases found in South Dakota

A

Stripe Rust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sugarbeet

Cercospora Leaf Spot

Weather Conditions

A

3 Favorite Conditions

  • Temperature
  • Rain
  • Humidity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sugarbeet

Cercospora Leaf Spot

A

Caused by fungus Cercospora beticola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sugarbeet

Cercospora Leaf Spot

Fungicide Resistance

A

Spray as soon as first symtoms are observed

Symptoms observed close to waterways, shelterbelts, last year sugar beets and corn fields

Apply effective fungicide mixures in a timely matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sugarbeet

How many applications do growers budget for?

A

3 Applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Potato/Early Blight

Affects of the Disease

A

Affects leaves, stems and tubers

Dependt on the the frequency of wetness (rain, dew or irrigation) crop nutritional status, cultivar susceptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Potato/Early Blight

Recommendations

A

Fungicides be tank-mixed and alternated with chemistries of different mode of actions

Fungicides with the same mode of action should not be applied in consecutive applications

Selecting later-maturing cultivars, which are less susceptible to early blight, can reduce the number of fungicide applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sunflower Rust

Caused by

A

Red Rust

Caused by Puccinia helianthi

Changes in color of spores observed during different stages of fungal life cycle and disease development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sunflower Rust

Ideal Conditions

A

Infection favored by suceptible cultivars, temperatures <90F, high humidity and leaf moisture

Proximity to wild, volunteer or sunflower residue that has or had rust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sunflower Rust

Crop Rotation

A

Most hybrids are susceptible

Crop rotation is limited, long distance dispersal of spores, volunteer hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes Strip Rust of Wheat

A

Fungal Pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hazelnut/Eastern Filbert Blight

Fungus Cycle

A

Fungus has life cycle of 2 or more years

12 to 15 month latent period when symptoms are not visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hazelnut/Eastern Filbert Blight

Fungicides

A

Fungicides belonging to 5 FRAC groups

FRAC 3

FRAC 7

FRAC 11

M1 (Copper-based)

M5 (Chlorothalonil)

M1 and M5 → multisite fungicides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hazelnut/Eastern Filbert Blight

How many application is needed

A

4 Applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sunflower/Phomopsis Stem Canker

Caused by

A

Diaporthe helianthi; D. gulyae and several other fungi

Fungi survives on crop residues and can be seedborne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sunflower/Phomopsis Stem Canker

Ideal Conditions

A

Favored by wet, humid conditions and moderate temperature of 20 to 25C

Lack of air movement due to dense plant stands and closed leaf canopy favors disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What growth stage of wheat is established to FHB

A

Flowering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What causes strip rust of wheat

A

Fungal Pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Dry Bean Rust

Ideal Conditions

A

Free moisture (e.g. fog, dew) is critical for development of rust

Symptoms usually found on the lower leaves and in small ‘hot spots’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Dry Bean Rust

‘Hot Spot’

A

Can turn into an epidmeic very fast; produce new putsle with spores in 7 to 10 day

Rust spores are dispered by wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How are surfactants classified

A

Classified by the way they ionize or split apart into ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of sensors uses natural energy from the sun?

A

Passive sensors use natural energy from the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How long is the latent period of Eastern Filbert Blight fungus of hazelnut

A

12 to 15 months latent period when symptoms are not visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 elements of Plant Disease Triangle

A

Pathogen

Host

Favorable Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Most of the Qoi fungicides exhibit which type of movement within plant tissues

A

Exhibit translaminar movement what means moving across the leaf blade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Are DMI and MBC fungicides effective against frogeye leaf spot of soybeans?

A

Yes, DMI and MBC fungicides are effective against frogeye leaf spot. Risk of fungicides resistance with these fungicide classes also exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Frogeye Leaf Spot of Soybean

A

Most damaging foliar disease of soybean that regularly occurs in south east United States

Overwinters on soybean and corn debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Frogeye Leaf Spot of Soybeans

Ideal Conditions

A

Wet, Warm and humid weather

Spores disseminated through wind and rain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What common group of fungicides are used in crop production

A

Group 3, 7, 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How biofungicides could be used in disease management

A

Formulations of living organsisms that are used to control the activity of plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mode of Action Associated with Biofungicides

A

Mode of action with biofungicides are micorbila disrupters of pathogen cell membrane

Using biofungicides as a seed treatment is the most effective way to use it in agricultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How can fungicide application provide an adequate return on investment

Using corn as an example

A

Diseases like gray leaf spot and northern corn leaf blight occur during some of the most important time of the growing season

Applying fungicides during tasseling is important because grain is starting to develop during this period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

FRAC 3

A

Must be applied preventively or at early infection to to be effective

Inhibitis sterol biosynthesis

Are acropetally mobile

Highly effective against powdery mildews, rusts and leaf spotting fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

FRAC 7

A

Used preventively and can inhibit early infections

Broad spectrum

Inhibit respiration in target fungi

Acropetally mobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

FRAC 11

A

Effective on spora germination and early growth

Not effective against fungi growing inside the leaf tissue

Applied preventively or at early infection to be effective

May be locally systemic or acropetally mobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

PHI

A

(Pre-harvest interval)

The minimum amount of time between the last application of a pesticide and when crop can be harvested

Example → Triple Crown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

REI

A

(Re-entry interval)

minimum amount of time that must pass between a pesticide has been applied to the crop and when a person can re-enter the field

Example → Triple Crown (12 hour REI)/can range from 12 to 48 hours

48
Q

“If conditions favorable for disease persist, reapply every 7-14 days”

A

Example → Headline can be sprayed more than once if the conditions are favorable/it’s important conditions are favorable with applying another more than 1 application can cause plant damage

49
Q

“For complete control of foliar diseases, add a particular fungicide in tank mix with other fungicides”

A

Example → Alto 100 SL recommends spreading/penetrator type adjuvant be added to the fungicide to enehance coverage and efficacy

50
Q

What are the fungicides associated with the pathogen that can lead to fungicide resistance in a fungus

A

Resistance to a fungus is likely to occur within fungal populations that have a high level of genetic diversity

Fungi that have a short generation time

Fungi that produce a large number of spores will associate the pathogen that leads to fungicide resistance

51
Q

What is EC50

A

the dose that provides 50% inhibition of the isolate as compared to a no fungicide control

52
Q

How are values of EC50 graphed

A

Graphed in a frequency histogram to determine the baseline

Adequate sampling is necessary to measure the population sensitivity to the fungicide

53
Q

What are the factors assciated with the fungicide that can lead to fungicide resistane in a fungus

A

Fungicidies with a single site are at a higher risk than fungicides with multiple sites of action that lead to resistance

fungicides that typically are applied other disesas symptoms may be more prone to fungicide resistance

54
Q

How would you diagnose for fungicide resistance

A

Important to establish a baseline

Baseline describes the sensitivity of a given collection of isolates to a specific fungicide prior to them being exposed to that fungicide

55
Q

Symptoms of corn smut

A

Mushroom like tumor or galls

“swelling” begins as small, whitish gray irregularities which expand and turn black when filled with spores

56
Q

What are baseline isolates

A

Describes the sensitivity of a given collection of isolates to a specific fungicide prior to them being exposed to that fungicide

57
Q

Provide an example of what fungicide chemistries we can tank mix

A

Chlorothalonil is a tank-mixed with fungicides with higher risks of resistance development

58
Q

What is the role of nozzles in fungicide application

A

Determine the amount of fungicide applied in an area, uniformity, coverage and drift

Breaks liquid into droplets, determine spray pattern adn propels droplet in the right direction

59
Q

What is the different between UAV and UAS

A

UAV → specified aerial vehicles/drones includes aerial vehicles and can be remotely run cars and submarines

UAS → includes unmanned aircraft, sensors and the technology on the ground

60
Q

What are typical symptoms of Sudden Death Syndrome

A

See scattered yellow, diffuses pots between veins

Expand between veins to become brown lesions surrounded by chlorotic areas

61
Q

Host range of Fusarium graminearum

A

Wheat

Barley

Oats

62
Q

What type of resistance multiple genes control the organism causing disease

A

Quantitative

63
Q

How does nitrogen content in soil gets affected by applicaiton of mefenoxam and metalaxyl fungicides

A

It decreased the population of nitrogen fixation bacteria and altered enzymatic activity

64
Q

Define articial intelligence

A

A branch of computer science based on the idea that human learning and problem solving can be defined and mimicked by computers

65
Q

Disease management might be viewed as “proactive” whereas disease control is “reactive”

A

True

66
Q

Define Phloem-mobile systemics of fungicides

A

Have bi-directional mobility, some material moves in phloem out of the leaf where deposited upwards to other leaves and downwards to roots

67
Q

What are translamiar fungicides

A

Redistribute the fungicide from the upper sprayed leaf surface to the lower unsprayed surface

68
Q

Formulation can affect fungicide activity

A

True

69
Q

What are demicyclic rust pathogens

A

When repeating spore stage is missing

70
Q

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria offers an environmentall sustainable technology for increasing crop production

A

False

71
Q

What is common between Qoi, Qil and QoS fungicides

A

Bind at 3 different sites within cytochrome b

Qoi acts at the quinone outside site of the inner membrane of complex III

Qil acts at the Quinone “inside” binding site of complex III

QoS binds at the Quinone “outside” site but bind to the stigmatellin subsite of complex III

72
Q

Do the Qoi fungicides have similar redistribution properties

A

Most of Qoi fungicides are moved by translaminar

Translaminar redistribute the fungicide from the upper, sprayed leaf surface to the lower unsprayed surface

73
Q

What are the consequences of translaminar movement of Qoi fungicides

A

Helping to compensate for incomplete spray coverage

(Important in crops with dense or difficult to spray canopies)

Another consequence is curative disease control

74
Q

Explain the different types of mutation associated with Qoi resistance

G143A

A

G143A is most common mutation found in fungi

Change from glycine to alanine at position 143

Mutation is complete Qoi resistance

75
Q

Explain the different types of mutation associated with Qoi resistance

F129L

A

F129L is less observed

likely to have partical resistance to Qoi

76
Q

Explain the different types of mutation associated with Qoi resistance

G137R

A

Mutation happens rarely in fungi

May have partical resistance

77
Q

What are four FRAC groups associated with SBI fungicides

A

Demethylation Inhibitors (FRAC Code #3, SBI Class I)

Amines (FRAC Code #5, SBI Class II)

Keto-reducatase Inhibitors (KRIs, FRAC Code #7, SBI Class III)

Squalene-Expoxidase Inhibitors (FRAC Cod #18, SBI Class IV)

78
Q

For those years, where the average EC50 values are greater for isolates compared to the average EC50 values of the baseline isolates, can we assume that the fungus has developed some level of resistance to tetraconazole?

A

When the levels were high the crop developed resistance to the tetraconazole because more fungicide was needed to control the disease

More fungicide being applied the higher the risk you run of having resistant to the fungicide

79
Q

Based on this data, can we recommend that the farner use fluopyram or another SDHI fungicide in place of bosclaid? What are the recommendations to manage SDHI fungicide resistance

A

Yes, the farmer used fluopyram or another SDHI in palce of boscalid because of the amount of resistnat still around at 200 to 500 EC

Fluopyram is only showed on the graph until 4 EC suggust that the farmer is using Fluopyram

Can be tank mixed and alternated with chemistries of different mode of action

80
Q

Indicate where the SDHI and Qoi fungicides bind to in a fungal cell

A

SDHI → Complex II

Qoi → Complex III

81
Q

What are acropetal penetrant fungicides

A

A fungicide thats translocated only in the xylem of the plant

Moves upward from the point of entry trhough the plant’s xylem

Example → Banner Maxx

82
Q

Five factors that affect fungicide efficacy

A

Fungicide Resistance

Application Timing

Application Rate

Coverage

Water Volume

83
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Hand-operated equipment

A

Relatively inexpensive and easy to use

Primarily used for applying pesticides to small areas

84
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Hand-operated equipment

A

Trigger pump sprayers → used on indoor and small home yards

85
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Hand-operated equipment

A

Compressed air sprayers → Used in commercial and residential applications

86
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Hand-operated equipment

A

Wick applicators → Used for applying herbicide to emerged weeds

87
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Hand-operated equipment

A

Backpack sprayers → Used in commercial and residential applications, holds 3 to 5 gallons

88
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Powered Application Equipment

A

Covers a large outdoor area more quickly than hand-help equipment

The spray pump is driven by a self-contained motor or powered by a tractor

89
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Powered Application Equipment

A

Powered backpack sprayers → backpack with small gasoline engine

90
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Powered Application Equipment

A

Low-pressure sprayers → the tanks hold up to 100 gallons and are mounted on a small vehicle

91
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Powered Application Equipment

A

Controlled droplet applicators (ULV foggers) → may be hand-held or mounted on a spray boom

92
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Powered Application Equipment

A

High-pressure hydraulic sprayers → can be mounted on a large trailer or tractor

93
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Dust and granule application equipment

A

granules and dust are applied dry and moved into soil with water or cultivation

94
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Dust and granule application equipment

A

Wheeled rotary applicators → pushed along the ground, the travel speed controls swath width

95
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Dust and granule application equipment

A

Drop spreaders → apply granules more precisely than rotary spreaders, granules are dropped straight down

96
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Dust and granule application equipment

A

Hand-operated applicators → usually strapped to the operator’s chest

97
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Dust and granule application equipment

A

Powered applicators → backpack applicators powered by small gas engines

98
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Soil Drench and Injection, Tree Injection

A

Soil drenching and soil injection → used to apply root-absorbed systemic insecticides to soil around trees and small shrubs

99
Q

Pesticide Application Equipment

Soil Drench and Injection, Tree Injection

A

Tree injection → drilling small holes through the trunk and placing a tube connected to a container of pesticide in each hole

100
Q

What are nozzles made of

Brass

A

Inexpensive

Wear quickly from abrasion

Replace frequently

Do not use with abrasive sprays like wettable powders

101
Q

What are nozzles made of

Stainless Steel

A

Expensive

Wear Slowly

Resist Abrasion

Do not corrode

102
Q

What are nozzles made of

Aluminum & Nickel-Copper Alloy

A

Resist corrosion

High suceptible to abrasion

Should be avoided

103
Q

What are nozzles made of

Plastic

A

Least expansion

Resist corrosion

Can sweel if exposed to organic solvents

Should only be used with water-soluble pesticides

Nozzles with stainless steel orifice reduce swelling

More resistant to wear

104
Q

What are nozzles made of

Tungsten Carbide & Ceramic

A

Highly resistant to corrosion and abrasion

Often used for high pressure and abrasive sprays

105
Q

What are the different types of nozzles

Flat Spray or Flat Fan

A

Most common along a boom

Produce a fan shaped pattern with more droplets in the center than at the edge

Spray overlaps

Gaps eliminated

Even pattern with multiple nozzles

106
Q

What are the different types of nozzle

Off-Center Flat Spray

A

Emit full pattern spray to one side

Used on ends of spray booms

107
Q

What are the different types of nozzles

Even Flat-Spray

A

Provide uniform distribution of spray throughout the fan pattern

Spray is not overlapped

Apply separate bands of pesticide

108
Q

What are the differenty types of nozzle

Cone

A

Apply insecticides and fungicides to foliage

Post emergent herbicides

Hollow cone is mostly used

Use solid cone for larger droplets to reduce drift

109
Q

Different Types of Nozzles

Solid or Pin Stream

A

Used in high pressure hand sprays gun

Low pressure crack and crevice units

Produce a single solid stream

Used primarily for structural pest control

110
Q

Different Types of Nozzle

Flood

A

Apply large volumes under low pressure

Used mainly for liquid fertilizer

Produce a wide fan angle

111
Q

Different Types of Nozzles

Broadcast

A

Used as a cluster on boomless sprayers

Attached at one point

Used where you cant use a boom but need a wide swath

112
Q

Do you think adding an adjuvant to the fungicide program can help manage dry bean rust at 21 days since the final application of fungicide

A

Yes, because the rust count was low compared to the control group what was 106 and when using a fungicide program and with a adjuvants the counts were below 15

To control the rust i would say using the funigicide program + Latron AG-98 was the most effective to keep the rust count down

113
Q

What do the different colors indicate in the two hyperspectral images

A

Green color shows a healthy leaf tisue

Yellow is the border color of Cercospora Leaf Spot and Fusarium Head Blight

Red color is the necrosis ceneter of Leaf spot and Head Blight

114
Q

Changes in reflectance of light from leaf tissue of the plants can occur as a result of infection by powdery mildew, rust and leaf spot pathogens. Is there any difference in how the light reflects when these differetn pathogen infect?

A

During pathogensis leaf pathogens influence leaf structural and chemical properties and cuase of this the leaf optics are altered

115
Q

Based on the prescription map, it is recommended to the grower that they spray fungicides in the green portion of the map. How reliable is NDVI to determine fungicide efficacy and to provide fungicide recommendations to growers in soybean?

A

NDVI has a range from -1 to 1

Plant health helps determine the color and number is represented by the colorson the maps what is given to the farmer or applicator

Field Crop (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions