Final Flashcards

Question

Sunflower/Phomopsis Stem Canker Caused by

Answer 1

Diaporthe helianthi; D. gulyae and several other fungi Fungi survives on crop residues and can be seedborne

Answer 2

Favored by wet, humid conditions and moderate temperature of 20 to 25C Lack of **air movement** due to dense plant stands and closed leaf canopy favors disease

Answer 3

Fungal Pathogen

Answer 4

Free moisture (e.g. fog, dew) is critical for development of rust Symptoms usually found on the lower leaves and in small 'hot spots'

Answer 5

Can turn into an epidmeic very fast; produce new putsle with spores in 7 to 10 day Rust spores are dispered by wind

Answer 6

Classified by the way they ionize or split apart into ions

Answer 7

Passive sensors use natural energy from the sun

Answer 8

12 to 15 months latent period when symptoms are not visible

Answer 9

Pathogen Host Favorable Environment

Answer 10

Exhibit translaminar movement what means moving across the leaf blade

Answer 11

Yes, DMI and MBC fungicides are effective against frogeye leaf spot. Risk of fungicides resistance with these fungicide classes also exist

Answer 12

Most **damaging foliar disease** of soybean that regularly occurs in south east United States Overwinters on soybean and corn debris

Answer 13

Wet, Warm and humid weather Spores disseminated through wind and rain

Answer 14

Group 3, 7, 11

Answer 15

Formulations of living organsisms that are used to control the activity of plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria

Answer 16

Mode of action with biofungicides are micorbila disrupters of pathogen cell membrane Using biofungicides as a seed treatment is the most effective way to use it in agricultural

Answer 17

Diseases like gray leaf spot and northern corn leaf blight occur during some of the most important time of the growing season Applying fungicides during tasseling is important because grain is starting to develop during this period

Answer 18

Must be applied preventively or at early infection to to be effective Inhibitis sterol biosynthesis Are acropetally mobile Highly effective against powdery mildews, rusts and leaf spotting fungi

Answer 19

Used preventively and can inhibit early infections Broad spectrum Inhibit respiration in target fungi Acropetally mobile

Answer 20

Effective on spora germination and early growth Not effective against fungi growing inside the leaf tissue Applied preventively or at early infection to be effective May be locally systemic or acropetally mobile

Answer 21

(Pre-harvest interval) The minimum amount of time between the last application of a pesticide and when crop can be harvested Example → Triple Crown

Answer 22

(Re-entry interval) minimum amount of time that must pass between a pesticide has been applied to the crop and when a person can re-enter the field Example → Triple Crown (12 hour REI)/can range from 12 to 48 hours

Answer 23

Example → Headline can be sprayed more than once if the conditions are favorable/it's important conditions are favorable with applying another more than 1 application can cause plant damage

Answer 24

Example → Alto 100 SL recommends spreading/penetrator type adjuvant be added to the fungicide to enehance coverage and efficacy

Answer 25

Resistance to a fungus is likely to occur within fungal populations that have a high level of genetic diversity Fungi that have a short generation time Fungi that produce a large number of spores will associate the pathogen that leads to fungicide resistance

Answer 26

the dose that provides 50% inhibition of the isolate as compared to a no fungicide control

Answer 27

Graphed in a frequency histogram to determine the baseline Adequate sampling is necessary to measure the population sensitivity to the fungicide

Answer 28

Fungicidies with a single site are at a higher risk than fungicides with multiple sites of action that lead to resistance fungicides that typically are applied other disesas symptoms may be more prone to fungicide resistance

Answer 29

Important to establish a baseline Baseline describes the sensitivity of a given collection of isolates to a specific fungicide prior to them being exposed to that fungicide

Answer 30

Mushroom like tumor or galls "swelling" begins as small, whitish gray irregularities which expand and turn black when filled with spores

Answer 31

Describes the sensitivity of a given collection of isolates to a specific fungicide prior to them being exposed to that fungicide

Answer 32

Chlorothalonil is a tank-mixed with fungicides with higher risks of resistance development

Answer 33

Determine the amount of fungicide applied in an area, uniformity, coverage and drift Breaks liquid into droplets, determine spray pattern adn propels droplet in the right direction

Answer 34

_UAV_ → specified aerial vehicles/drones includes aerial vehicles and can be remotely run cars and submarines _UAS_ → includes unmanned aircraft, sensors and the technology on the ground

Answer 35

See scattered yellow, diffuses pots between veins Expand between veins to become brown lesions surrounded by chlorotic areas

Answer 36

Wheat Barley Oats

Answer 37

Quantitative

Answer 38

It decreased the population of nitrogen fixation bacteria and altered enzymatic activity

Answer 39

A branch of computer science based on the idea that human learning and problem solving can be defined and mimicked by computers

Answer 40

Have bi-directional mobility, some material moves in phloem out of the leaf where deposited upwards to other leaves and downwards to roots

Answer 41

Redistribute the fungicide from the upper sprayed leaf surface to the lower unsprayed surface

Answer 42

When repeating spore stage is missing

Answer 43

Bind at 3 different sites within cytochrome b Qoi acts at the quinone outside site of the inner membrane of complex III Qil acts at the Quinone "inside" binding site of complex III QoS binds at the Quinone "outside" site but bind to the stigmatellin subsite of complex III

Answer 44

Most of Qoi fungicides are moved by **translaminar** Translaminar redistribute the fungicide from the upper, sprayed leaf surface to the lower unsprayed surface

Answer 45

Helping to compensate for incomplete spray coverage (Important in crops with dense or difficult to spray canopies) Another consequence is curative disease control

Answer 46

G143A is most common mutation found in fungi Change from glycine to alanine at position 143 Mutation is **complete** Qoi resistance

Answer 47

F129L is less observed likely to have **partical** resistance to Qoi

Answer 48

Mutation happens rarely in fungi May have **partical** resistance

Answer 49

Demethylation Inhibitors (FRAC Code #3, SBI Class I) Amines (FRAC Code #5, SBI Class II) Keto-reducatase Inhibitors (KRIs, FRAC Code #7, SBI Class III) Squalene-Expoxidase Inhibitors (FRAC Cod #18, SBI Class IV)

Answer 50

When the levels were high the crop developed resistance to the tetraconazole because more fungicide was needed to control the disease More fungicide being applied the higher the risk you run of having resistant to the fungicide

Answer 51

Yes, the farmer used fluopyram or another SDHI in palce of boscalid because of the amount of resistnat still around at 200 to 500 EC Fluopyram is only showed on the graph until 4 EC suggust that the farmer is using Fluopyram Can be tank mixed and alternated with chemistries of different mode of action

Answer 52

SDHI → Complex II Qoi → Complex III

Answer 53

A fungicide thats translocated only in the xylem of the plant Moves upward from the point of entry trhough the plant's xylem Example → Banner Maxx

Answer 54

Fungicide Resistance Application Timing Application Rate Coverage Water Volume

Answer 55

Relatively inexpensive and easy to use Primarily used for applying pesticides to small areas

Answer 56

Trigger pump sprayers → used on indoor and small home yards

Answer 57

Compressed air sprayers → Used in commercial and residential applications

Answer 58

Wick applicators → Used for applying herbicide to emerged weeds

Answer 59

Backpack sprayers → Used in commercial and residential applications, holds 3 to 5 gallons

Answer 60

Covers a large outdoor area more quickly than hand-help equipment The spray pump is driven by a self-contained motor or powered by a tractor

Answer 61

Powered backpack sprayers → backpack with small gasoline engine

Answer 62

Low-pressure sprayers → the tanks hold up to 100 gallons and are mounted on a small vehicle

Answer 63

Controlled droplet applicators (ULV foggers) → may be hand-held or mounted on a spray boom

Answer 64

High-pressure hydraulic sprayers → can be mounted on a large trailer or tractor

Answer 65

granules and dust are applied dry and moved into soil with water or cultivation

Answer 66

Wheeled rotary applicators → pushed along the ground, the travel speed controls swath width

Answer 67

Drop spreaders → apply granules more precisely than rotary spreaders, granules are dropped straight down

Answer 68

Hand-operated applicators → usually strapped to the operator’s chest

Answer 69

Powered applicators → backpack applicators powered by small gas engines

Answer 70

Soil drenching and soil injection → used to apply root-absorbed systemic insecticides to soil around trees and small shrubs

Answer 71

Tree injection → drilling small holes through the trunk and placing a tube connected to a container of pesticide in each hole

Answer 72

Inexpensive Wear quickly from abrasion Replace frequently Do not use with abrasive sprays like wettable powders

Answer 73

Expensive Wear Slowly Resist Abrasion Do not corrode

Answer 74

Resist corrosion High suceptible to abrasion Should be avoided

Answer 75

Least expansion Resist corrosion Can sweel if exposed to organic solvents Should only be used with water-soluble pesticides Nozzles with stainless steel orifice reduce swelling More resistant to wear

Answer 76

Highly resistant to corrosion and abrasion Often used for high pressure and abrasive sprays

Answer 77

Most common along a boom Produce a fan shaped pattern with more droplets in the center than at the edge Spray overlaps Gaps eliminated Even pattern with multiple nozzles

Answer 78

Emit full pattern spray to one side Used on ends of spray booms

Answer 79

Provide uniform distribution of spray throughout the fan pattern Spray is not overlapped Apply separate bands of pesticide

Answer 80

Apply insecticides and fungicides to foliage Post emergent herbicides Hollow cone is mostly used Use solid cone for larger droplets to reduce drift

Answer 81

Used in high pressure hand sprays gun Low pressure crack and crevice units Produce a single solid stream Used primarily for structural pest control

Answer 82

Apply large volumes under low pressure Used mainly for liquid fertilizer Produce a wide fan angle

Answer 83

Used as a cluster on boomless sprayers Attached at one point Used where you cant use a boom but need a wide swath

Answer 84

Yes, because the rust count was low compared to the control group what was 106 and when using a fungicide program and with a adjuvants the counts were below 15 To control the rust i would say using the funigicide program + Latron AG-98 was the most effective to keep the rust count down

Answer 85

Green color shows a healthy leaf tisue Yellow is the border color of Cercospora Leaf Spot and Fusarium Head Blight Red color is the necrosis ceneter of Leaf spot and Head Blight

Answer 86

During pathogensis leaf pathogens influence leaf structural and chemical properties and cuase of this the leaf optics are altered

Answer 87

NDVI has a range from -1 to 1 Plant health helps determine the color and number is represented by the colorson the maps what is given to the farmer or applicator