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Bio 106 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Four main chemicals in cells

A

Adenine-Thymine
Cystosine-guanine
(Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA)

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2
Q

Why are proteins important to cells?

A

Proteins provide the traits associated with genes

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3
Q

Describe the flow of genetic information

A

DNA base pairs>genes>chromosomes >genomes>individuals >families >population

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4
Q

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic - no nucleus or other organelles

Eukaryotic- has organelles, including nucleus

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5
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are made up of cells. Cells characteristics are determined by proteins

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6
Q

Microbiome

A

All species in an area. Bacteria is included in the human microbiome

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7
Q

Chromatin Characteristics

A 
Open
Loosely packed
Normal state of DNA
Cell can get to info
Long thin
*DNA + Protein
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8
Q

Chromosome Characteristics

A 
Closed 
Tightly packed
Cell division only (Mitosis)
Cell can’t get to information 
23 pair
*DNA+ Protein
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9
Q

What is mitosis

A 
1cell becomes 2
1 parent into 2 daughter cells
Makes identical cells
Somatic cells
4 phases : prophase, metaphase,anaphase and telophase (PMAT)
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10
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

Spindle Apparatus forms( Made of microtubals
Chromatin become Chromosomes
Nucleus breaks down

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11
Q

What happens in Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at cell equator
Great tension
Shortest phase

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12
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Spindle contracts at both ends
Pulls apart sister chromatids
One copy pulls in each direction
(Centromeres part)

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13
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Spindle breaks down
Nucleus reforms
Chromosome back to chromatin

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14
Q

Cell Cycle and how growth is controlled

A 
G1 phase
S phase - 
G2 phase
Mitosis
Check points
Apoptosis-organized purposeful death of cell as a result of check point information
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15
Q

Types of Stem Cells

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Progenitors

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16
Q

Totipotent Stem Cells

A

Can become any cellDNA turned on

17
Q

Pluripotent stem Cell

A

Can become any adult adult cell

Embryonic DNA turned off

18
Q

What are the characteristics of meiosis? 

A

sexual reproduction
Gamate formation
Haploid- one copy of each chromosome
Cells produced not identical

19
Q

How does independent assortment work?

A

Chromosomes can line many different randoms ways during meiosis
Genetic diversity

20
Q

What are the 3 Germ layers

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

21
Q

Characteristics of Ectoderm germ layer

A

Outer layer
Nervous Epidermis
Skin hair nails

22
Q

Characteristics of the Mesoderm germ layer

A

Middle Layer
Connective, Muscle
Reproductive organs
Kidneys

23
Q

Characteristics of the Endoderm germ layer

A

Inner layer
Epithelial, glands
Lining of digestive track
Pancreas liver

24
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

Forms between day 5 thru second week
Hollow fluid filled ball form the trophoblast (outside) and the inner cell mass implants and flattens to form embryonic disk

25
Q

Lethal allele

A

Allele that leads to death and therefore is not represented in expected phenotype
*achondroplasia

26
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

Different DNA sequences have the same phenotype

27
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Two alleles blend into one phenotype in heterozygotes

28
Q

Co dominance

A

Both alleles expressed as in one blooedtype AB

29
Q

Characteristics of Mitochondrial DNA

A

From mom
mtDNA no crossing over , little DNA repair
Mutation rate is great
Used to link suspects to crimes and to ID war dead.

30
Q

Linkage

A

Two genes on same chromosome

Do not assort independently

31
Q

Mendels 3 Laws of inheritance

A
  1. Law of Dominance
  2. Law Of Segregation
  3. Law of Independent Assortment
32
Q

Law of Dominance

A

Only one copy of Dominant genotype needed to make a phenotype
2 recessive alleles needed to make genotype and express in

33
Q

Law of segregation

A

Two alleles for each trait separate during gamate formation each gamate gets one allele think punnet squares

34
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Considers two or more genes -the inheritance of one does not influence the chance of inheriting the other

Bio 106 (2 decks)

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