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ABP > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What do the phyla in the superphylum Cycloneuralia have in common?

A

They all have a ring of nerve tissue around the esophogus

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2
Q

Identify the 3 disadvantages of the Arthopod skeleton.

A
  • molting of the skeleton (ecdysis)
  • energetic cost
  • vulnerable during “soft” phase
  • period of inactivity after molt
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3
Q

Identify the functions of the arthropod exoskelton

FOUR

A
  • skeletal support
  • protective shield
  • enchanced motility
  • water tight barrier when coated with wax
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4
Q

What are the function of pharyngeal slits in the Chordata

A

Openings in the pharynx to allow for exchange of water

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5
Q

What evolutionary changes distinguish the Cephalaspidomorphi from the Myxini?

A

The Myxini do not have vetebrae.

The Myxini are the only are only lineage to have to have all 5 distinctive traits.

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6
Q

MAJOR INNOVATION : COELOM

4 main functions

A

fluid filled cavity lined by an internal membrane derived from the mesoderm. FUNCTIONS:

  1. hydrostatic skelton
  2. circulation
  3. organ attachment by mesentries
  4. protective space for internal organs.
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7
Q

MAJOR INNOVATION : ARTHROPOD SKELETON

three

A
  • it is a cuticle
  • has a complex composition, proteins, chitin, often contains calcium, sometimes coated with wax.
  • is articulated ( jointed)
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8
Q

Explain how a pseudocoelom is anatomically different from a coelom.

A

The pseudocoelom has no connecting mesoderm.

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9
Q

Explain how a pseudocoelom is functionally different from a coelom.

A

The pseudocoelom has all the same functions as the coelom except for the organ attachment by mesentaries.

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10
Q

What is the body symmetry of the Echinodermata. Explain why the phylum is placed in the Bilateria.

A

The larval stage of the echinoderms is bliateral though the adults have radial symmetry

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11
Q

How did jaws evolve in the Vertebrata.

A

After the Class Cephalospidomorphi.

Larger skeletal rods from further back eventually fused to the cranium.

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12
Q

Viviparity

A

Live birth - three membranes became the layers of the placenta

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13
Q

How did animals colonize land ( constraints )

FOUR

A
  1. dessication ( drying out )
  2. less support for the body mass
  3. temperture, highly variable
  4. UV radiation
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14
Q

Advantages of terrestrial habitats.

FOUR

A
  1. colonized by plants
  2. no predators
  3. no competition
  4. air contains 20x more o2 per volume than water.
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15
Q

4 trends in the evolution of the vetebrate body plans

A
  1. increased complexity, and increased protection of the nervous system.
  2. enhanced efficiency of locomotion and gas exchange
  3. increased feeding efficiency
  4. transition to life in air
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16
Q

What are the functions of the vertebrae?

THREE

A
  1. notochord ( skeletal support, point of attachment, flexibility for lateral movements.
  2. withstand much greater compression forces
  3. protection of the dorsal hollow nerve cord
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17
Q

The vermiform body design

TWO

A
  • convergent evolution
    1. very simple to design to grow and maintain.
    2. very effecient for moving between objects, especially tight spaces.
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18
Q

Trilobitomorpha - what are they apart of

A

Arachnata, all marine ocean floors, 3 lobes in their body, extinct.

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19
Q

Mandibulata

A
  • have antennae and mandibles

- includes the subphylya crustacea and tracheata.

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20
Q

Advantages of flight

FOUR

A
  1. increased ability to evade predators and find shelter
  2. greater access to food
  3. greater ability to find mates for reproduction
  4. ability to disperse more rapidly into new habitats.
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21
Q

Disadvantages of wings

FIVE

A
  1. energy to grow and operate
  2. weight ( moderate )
  3. increases visibility to predators
  4. fragile
  5. awkward when not flying
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22
Q

Class Entognatha

A
  • have the spring tail
  • mandibles and maxilla in the depression of the cephalon.
  • of the superclass hexapoda?
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23
Q

Limitation of the trachea?

A

If the trachea get too long, the air within can no longer get expelled to be replaced with fresh air, limiting body size.

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24
Q

Advantage of the trachea.

A

Trachea bring O2 directily to cells, and take co2 providing for very fast gas exchange.

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25
Q

What are the synapomorphies of the Subphylum Tracheata?

A

trachea for gas exchage,

tagmata - most common is cephalon thorax abdomen.

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26
Q

What is the only group with 2 pairs on antennae?

A

Subphlya Crustacea

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27
Q

Explain Parthogenesis.

A

female that produces oocytes, those eggs can reproduce without fertilization. ( mitosis eggs cannot be fertilized).

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28
Q

Lophophore

A

set of ciliated tentacles in the shape of a horseshoe surrounding the mouth

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29
Q

Direrious

A

in terms of reproduction, you have two seperate sexes.

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30
Q

Tagmatization

A

morphological alteration of groups of segments for the purpose of accomplishing specialized tasks

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31
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a closed circulatory system?

A

d: more costly to produce
a: rapid blood flow throughout the body necassary for active animals.

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32
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the open circulatory system?

A

a: low cost to produce
d: slow blood flow through the body sufficient for animals that are not that large

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33
Q

What is the ecology and feeding of the Phylum Nemertea?

A

aquatic mostly, 98% marine

predators, using probiscis. feed on small inveterbrates like annelid worms and crustaceans.

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34
Q

Body plan features of the phylum nemertea.

A

Probiscis, do not have sensory mechanisms, ribbon shape, some have closed circulatory system,

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35
Q

Rhynchocoel

A

Probiscis in the phylum nemertea. part of the body that extends outwards for feeding, is not part of the mouth.

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36
Q

What body structures do the coelom allow to function independently?

A

organs of the digestive system
coelomic organs, gonads, heart*, digestive glands
structure of the body wall ( skeletal muscles )

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37
Q

Essential features of the gills

FOUR

A
  • consist of live tissue with a moist surface
  • morphology that provides large surgace area ( threadlike )
  • vascularized
  • almost always positioned in a protective place
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38
Q

three synapomorphies of the phylum mollusca

A
  1. visceral mass
  2. mantle
  3. muscular foot
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39
Q

osphradium

A

patch of nerve cells, sensory organ in the mantle cavity

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40
Q

Advantages of CACO3 shell

THREE

A
  • protection
  • supports the body ( skeleton )
  • points of attachment for muscle and tissue
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41
Q

Disadvantages of the CACO3 shell

THREE

A
  • cost of energy to produce the shell
  • inflexible, limited movement
  • weight needs to be carried, slows down
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42
Q

Where did segmentation evolve in the metazoa ?

A
  • monoplacophora class
  • phylum annelida
  • pnarthropoda ( super phylum)
  • Metameria
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43
Q

Septa

A

partition membrane that seperates the coelom, connects with the body wall

44
Q

What organs and structures arise from mesoderm

FOUR

A
  • metanephridia
  • circulatory system
  • septa
  • circular muscles of the body wall

can be segmented

45
Q

Organs and structures that arise from the ectoderm

TWO

A
  • lateral appendages
  • nervous system

can be segemented

46
Q

organs and structures that arise from the endodermal
origin.
TWO

A
  • digestive system
  • digestive glands

can never be segmented

47
Q

Advantages of segmentation

THREE

A
  1. allowed independence of body movements through localized control of muscles (compartmentalization)
  2. more powerful movements
  3. redundancy or organs and functions
48
Q

Disadvantages of segmentation

A

efficiency, multiple small organs are not more efficient than one set of large ones, due to compartmentalization.

49
Q

The two morphological criteria for annelid classification.

A
  1. presence or absence of a clitellum

2. types of appendage they have

50
Q

Clitellum

A

enlarged structure of the body wall, secretes mucous, egg cocoon, and albumin

51
Q

What are the wastes ?

A

CO2
Nitrogenous waste ( ammonia, urea, uric acid)
Phosphates
Sulfates

52
Q

Disadvantages of torsion

A

dropping feces on the head

53
Q

possible advantages of torsion

FOUR

A
  • easier to sense and position body towards current to oxygenate, better control of gill oxygenation
  • better protection, head can be pulled into shell
  • repositioned weight of the shell, better center of gravity
  • better sensing for osphradium
54
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

Spiral shell, planispiral, conispiral,
torsion *
- only lineage in mollusca that developed ability to live in terrestial habitats.

55
Q

Class Monoplacophora

A

repetition of paired organs **

Mollusc

56
Q

Class Polyplacophora

A

shell divided into 8 overlapping plates ***
can roll up, paired muscles, pairs of nephridium
- chitons

57
Q

Class Aplacophora

A

worm like body ***

calcareous spicules embedded in the mantle **

58
Q

Class Bivalvia

A

shelled composed of two valves **
foot modified to tapered point **
enlarged gills **
no radula **

59
Q

Class Scaphopoda

A
    • tube like, conical shell

* * captacula

60
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A

***foot modified into a circle of tentacles and arms around the mouth.
- dorso ventral elongation of the body
- shell is most often reduced
squid, cuttlefish, octopods
- predators - advanced nervous system, eyes

61
Q

How do animals take a blood meal ?

A

Class Hirudenea, secrete hirudin into the body which interferes with the preys coaggulation process.

62
Q

Cryptobiosis. Who can do this ?

A

metabolic rate drops in the dormant state, egg.
adult - loses most of its water to become dormant.

phylum rotifera can do this.

63
Q

Phylum Rotifera

A
    • corona
  • ** mastax, trophi.

aquatic, marine and freshwater.
predators ( zoo plankton, or other rotifers )
filter feeders ( bacteria, phytoplankton )

64
Q

Superphylum Cycloneuralia

A
  • ring of nerve tissue around the esophogus
  • 5/6 have a vermiform body
  • include the nematoda
65
Q

What does the hemocoel lack that the coelom functions for?

A

The hemocoel has no organ attachment by mesentaries.

66
Q

Class Myxini

A
  • vermiform, no vertebrae
  • secrete gross thick slime jelly
  • only lineage of all vertebrates with all 5 distinctive traits
67
Q

5 distinctive traits Phylum Chordata

A
  • postanal tail
  • pharyngeal slits
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cord,
  • notochord
  • endostyle
68
Q

Subphylum Cehphalochordata

A
  • all 5 distinctive traits present through life
  • segementation - muscles, blood vessels, nervous system **
    all marine, benthic - filter feeders
69
Q

Subphylum Tunicata

A

2 openings ( buccal and atrial )
chamber is the pharynx
pharyngeal slits and endostyle present always
has the tunic **
filter feers, all marine, mostly sessile, benthic.

70
Q

Tunic

A

tough external layer protecting the body of the urochordata, subphlum tunicates.

71
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A
  • vermiform body
  • ends of body are tapered
  • thick proteinaceous cuticle
  • only longitudinal muscles in the body wall
  • diaecious but can be sexual or parthogenic
  • hemocoel
72
Q

Class Hirudinea

A

leeches, predators and parasites

  • front and back evolved suckers
  • feed on other invertebrates, worms, insects, crustaceans
  • take a blood meal
  • can be used on human tissues
73
Q

Class Oligochaeta

A

evolved to burrow in the soil

74
Q

Phylum Nematoda Ecology and Feeding

A

aquatic, free living in soils and sediments - interstiticial microhabitats.
parasitic. eat nearly every source of organic matter.

75
Q

Wuchereria baricroffti

A

Phylum Nematoda

  • microscopic larvae gets picked up by mosquito, placed into new human.
  • normal host is humans
  • elephantitis
76
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

phylum nematoda

  • mode of transmission is muscle tissue eaten with encysted larvae.
  • normal host is pigs and bears, adults live in the digestive system
77
Q

Ascaris suum, Ascaris lumbricoides

A

largest nematodes
- eggs passed through feces then digested
- normal host is pigs
(larvae go through the circulatory system for nutrients before being swallowed again to settle into digestive system)

78
Q

Toxocara

A

phylum nematoda

  • feces ingested, or picked up by alternate animal
  • cats and dogs normal host.
79
Q

Subphylum Cheliceratae

A

spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

  • cephalothorax and abdomen
  • no antennae
  • 1st pair chelicerae, 2nd pair pedipalps, 3rd walking legs
  • horseshoe crabs play important role in ensuring vaccine safety. (endotoxin - bad)
80
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

A

crabs

  • cephalothorax and abdomen
  • appendages
  • 1 and 2 antennae, 3 - mandibles, 4 and 5 maxillae
  • exoskeleton is often calcified (caco3)
81
Q

Subphylum Trachaetae

A

examples

  • cephalon thorax and cephalon thorax abdomen
  • 1st antennae, 2nd mandibles, 3rd maxilla
82
Q

How did wings evolve?

A

Exaptation

  • initial flaps for thermoregulation.
  • became larger, parachute like, used for gliding, falling on feet.
  • muscle structure began to increase creating the beating motion.
  • position changed over time
  • new joints and muscles allowed the wings to fold
83
Q

Metamorphosis advantages

THREE

A
  • can take advantage of the different environments
  • larval stage don’t compete with the adults
  • reduces competition of resources
  • catterpillar, butterfly, mosquito bee (larva)
84
Q

Metamorphosis disadvantages

TWO

A

slows down development because of the transition stage

increases vulnerability

85
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

seastars

  • dueterostome development
  • water vascular system
  • endoskeleton of caco3 ossicles
  • larva - bilateral, adult - radial
86
Q

Advantages of water vascular system

FIVE

A
  • locomotion
  • gas exchange
  • excretion
  • feeding
  • sensory input
87
Q

Disadvantages of water vascular system

A

hydrolytic system makes them slower, limits species to aquatic habitats as they need LOTS of water

88
Q

Ecdysis

A

molting - loss of outer cuticle

89
Q

Subphylum Vertebratae

THREE

A
  • 5 traits present in embryonic development
  • segmentation, muscles, blood vessels, nervous system
  • cranium
    found in all terrestrial and aquatic habitiats, all types fo feeding
90
Q

Class cephalaspidomorphi

A
  • cartilageous structure
  • no jaws
  • parasites
91
Q

Class Condrichthyes

A

sharks
bony skeleton, calcified Ca3(PO4)2
- swim bladder.

92
Q

Class Osteichethyes

A
93
Q

4 events of the colonization of terrestrial habitats.

A
  1. four limbs - class amphibia
  2. amniotic egg - class reptila
  3. homethermy - class aves
  4. viviparity - class mammalia
94
Q

functions of the swim bladder

A

evolved as an extension of the digestive system, used for neutral buoyancy

95
Q

Two functions of the jaws

A
  1. ability to chew food

2. increase ability to catch food

96
Q

Functions of the paired lateral appendages

A

enchanced control of direction of movement

97
Q

Explain how animals colonized land.

A

fish in lower water levels began to take in more air. appendages evolved for support, then eventually for locomotion. Gave rise to class amphibia. connection of the bones to support other bones, four appendages!

98
Q

3 characteristics of homeothermy

A
  • only birds and mammals
  • homogenous temperature
  • produces internal heat
99
Q

two characteristics on the amniotic egg

A
  1. has a large amount of energy reserves

2. three membranes

100
Q

Explain the three membranes of the amniotic egg

A

amnion - holds in water
chorion - promotes gas exchange
allantois - stores waste produced by the embryo

101
Q

Class Amphibia

A

four appendages

- still need water for reproduction, larval stage/ eggs must be in water

102
Q

Superclass Myriapoda

A

has class chilopoda and diplopoda, centipedes and millipedes

103
Q

Body plan features for Phylum Arthropoda

THREE

A
  • exoskeleton ( jointed appendages )
  • segemented with paired lateral appendages
  • tagmosis
    all 3 body designs
104
Q

Phylum Annelida

A
  • vermiform
  • segmented
  • cuticle
  • large coelom, hydrostatic skeleton
    Classes polychaeta, oligochaeta, and hirudinea
105
Q

meta–

A

something that follows many components, series

106
Q

–merism

A

partioning

107
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A 
with a reduced coelom, 
1. cavity surrounding the heart 
2. cavity surrounding the gonads 
3. mesentaries for structural support 
- respiratory system 
- circulatory system 
some have lungs

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