Final Flashcards
Characteristics of Engelmann spruce
square needles, long papery cones
characteristics of Ponderosa Pine
large, fat cones, long 3-fascicled needles
GB bristlecone pine
clumped needles go a long ways back on the branches
white fir
upright cones on branches, green cones, flat needles pointing up, not fascicled
douglas - fir
(pseudozuga = false hemlock) mouse tails, needles don’t always point up
Class G airspace
general, no restrictions
class E airspace
everywhere at 12000’ AGL unless special restriction: thick tapered maroon = 700’, dotted maroon = at surface
Class B airspace
Denoted by solid blue lines. “big city” or “busy” most restrictive airspace
Class D airspace
“dinky” or diminutive, marked by dotted blue line
Class C airspace
“city” controlled airpsace, has control tower. Marked by majenta line
rocky mountain juniper
smaller berries in clumps
When do you need a categorical exclusion in NEPA
maintenance you’re going to do but won’t have a big impact
When do you need an environmental assessment in NEPA
an action not believed to cause significant environmental effects
When do you need an EIS in NEPA
a project that will have significant environmental effects
Who makes the final decision in the NEPA process?
The district ranger
How does upland vegetation effect the health of the watershed
affects infiltration rates and slows erosion
Characteristics of healthy streams
steep, undercut banks. abundant riparian vegetation
Two causes of erosion
lack of vegetation, increasing slope
Why are horses so bad for watersheds?
non-cloven hooves compact soil. They are very heavy. They eat a lot bc hindgut fermenters. They are not managed. Horses are territorial.
What is the history of the beaver in the Great Basin?
fur trappers decreased their numbers but farmers (pioneers) finished them off by destroying their dams
Evidence of past overgrazing
upland vegetation abutting streambank
inset floodplains and cutbanks
why is the GSL salty?
calcareous soils formed from limestone formed under a shallow ocean
Know the definition of remote sensing
the acquisition of information about an object without coming into direct contact with it
Raster definition
simple grid structure. Each cell assigned one value. Simple data structure, faster to use
Vector definition
points, lines and polygons. more complex data structure.
LANDSAT features
30x30M resolution, 8 day temporal resolution. Smaller data file. Has more bands
three causes of conflicts
- information (we can fix this with good science)
- interests
- values
Conflict resolution
information fixes this. win/win
conflict management
requires compromise, everyone comes away with something
(conflict) litigation
negative experience for all, no one goes away happy
(conflict) violence
if people are really unhappy about something, it may come to this.
Strategies for protecting forests
Large-scale homogeneity (scale of 10s of Ks) and medium-scale heterogeneity (10s to 100s of meter)
Problems associated with NEPA
- adds considerably to the cost of doing projects. Less gets done
- adds a lot of time to projects
- makes decision making a public process
Rapid development of drone-releated technology
2003: drones first experimentally used for rangeland management
2006: first commercial use of drones
2017: Over 60,000 remote pilot certificate holders
Rapid development of drone-releated technology
2003: drones first experimentally used for rangeland management
2006: first commercial use of drones
2016: FAA requires drone fliers to acquire permits
2017: Over 60,000 remote pilot certificate holders
Rapid development of drone-releated technology
2003: drones first experimentally used for rangeland management
2006: first commercial use of drones
2016: FAA requires drone fliers to acquire permits
2017: Over 60,000 remote pilot certificate holders
Impacts of homogenizing forests
Not aesthetically pleasing, habitat loss for certain species, forests become more vulnerable to stresses, decrease long-term yield
Name some projections, their strengths and weaknesses
Planar projection - projects a small area of the spheroid onto a flat plane. This projection is good when the area of interest is small
Lambert’s conformal - This projection preserves angles, but distorts sizes and shapes. It’s a good one to use for navigating
Mercator - a cylindrical projection with the poles parallel to the long edge of the cylinder. Does not represent the poles well, so best suited for representing areas near the equator
Transverse Mercator - a cylindrical projection with the poles perpindicular to the long edge of the cylinder. Good for representing N-S oriented objects.
Equidistant projection - preserves all distances, but distorts shapes and sizes. Good for navigating when determinig distances is of most importance
