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microbial ecology > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

oxygenic phototsynthesis

A

○ Photot 2 strong oxidizer electron from H2o
§ Short wavelength and high energy light
○ Falling along to photosystem on genertae atp
○ Photot sys 1
§ Reduce NADP+ to NADPH non-cyclic
§ Or cyclic electron flow falls between the two phot systems and then back to phtotsys

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2
Q

anoxygenic photosynthesis

A 
green sulfur, purple sulfer, and green and purple non sufur 
		○ No electron from H2O 
		○ Electron from different source 
			§ H2S, Sulfur, H2, organic compounds 
			§ H2s, sulturm H2: LITHOTROPHS
			§ Organic compound: organotroph 
		○ Only uses photosystem one 
		○ Does both cyclic and non-cyclic
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3
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

○ Chlorphyll a
○ 2 photosystems
○ Carbon from CO2 and sometimes organic
○ Electron donor H2O something H2S or organs
○ Produce O2
○ Oxygenic photosynthesis
○ No aerobic dark growth (need energy from light, terminal electron is O2)
top of wingrad column absorbs the shortest (highest energy) wavelength

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4
Q

purple sulfur bacteria

A

○ Bacterial chlororphyl a or b
○ One phtotsystem
○ Carbon source CO2 sometimes organ ic
○ Electron donors: H2S and S or H2 and organic compounds
○ No aerobic dark growth

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5
Q

purple non sulfur bacteria

A

○ Bacterial chlororphyl a or b
○ One phtotsystem
○ Carbon source: organic compounds sometimes co2
○ H2 or oranic compounds electron donors
○ They do do areobic dark growth

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6
Q

green sulfur bacteria

A 
○ Bacterial chlororphyl c,d or e
		○ One phototsystem 
		○ Co2 and organic compounds sometime scarbon source 
		○ H2s or S electron donors 
		○ No aerobic dark growth
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7
Q

green non sulfur bacteria

A

○ Bacterial chlorophyl c, d or chlorophyl a
○ One phototsystem
○ Carbon source CO2 organic carbon prefered (ca
○ H2S’s electron donors
Yes aerobic dark growth

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8
Q

Halobacterium

A

actually archea ○ Bacterial rodopsin: light driven proton pump only works in anaerobic conditions
○ No co2 fixation
○ Aerobically, chemoheterotroph

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9
Q

Proteodopsin

A

light driven proton pump in bacteria

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10
Q

bacteriorhodopsin

A

light driven proton pump for not in bacteria

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11
Q

cycophiles

A

microbes that like cold temps -10 C

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12
Q

Mesophiles

A

medium temps (4-50)

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13
Q

thermopiles

A

40-110

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14
Q

acid mine drainage

A

iron Fe2+ when it come into contract with oxygen oxidizes to Fe3+ (very acidic )
○ Porducts: bad for envionment H2SO4, FeOH3
Fe2+ is the reduced from,

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15
Q

thermacidophile

A

○ hot themps, low pH, they do sulfur reduction S to H2S
○ Sulfur reduction(under anaerobic conditions) s to H2s or
○ H2s or S to SO4 in aerobic conditions

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16
Q

extreme halophiles

A

Eurarcheota, ○ Two pigments depending on envionemnt
○ Only grow under aerobic conditions generate energy via chemoorganothrophic aerobic respiration
○ aerobic: red pigment
○ Anaerobic: get purple pigment, contains bacteriorodopsin (how they get their energy)
○ Grow in aerobic

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17
Q

methanogens

A

○ Strict anaerobes!!
○ Make methane
○ Important role in the carbon cycle convert CO2 to ch4
○ H2 is electron donor,
○ Fermetation feeds methanogens (why they are found in animal - microbe: i.e. found in rumen)

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18
Q

thaumarcheota

A

○ New phylum of archea: thaumarcheota
§ Nitrifiers, add nitrogen (nitrification- amonium oxydizing NH4 to No2- maybe some the second step)
Found in soils and marine

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19
Q

Bdellovibrio

A
  • gram neg, attack other gram neg bacteria.
  • follow fungal hyphae
  • aerobic
  • live in soils marine sewage anywhere there is prey
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20
Q

Bdellovibrio: attack phase

A
  • cell are fast, blind impact,
  • LPS and LPS of the other gram neg prey interact allowing it to get in
  • twist to penetrte through pore and then lose the flagella
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21
Q

Bdellovibrio: protein synth

A
  • secrete muramides, glycases, lipases breakdown cell walll lipids form bdelloplasts (osmotically stable)
    insert pore protein into host membrane and uptake host hutrients into bdell
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22
Q

Bdell: growth

A

-absorb nutrients
-grows without divsion gets some lipids straight from the host
-DNA replication requires host
-

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23
Q

Bdell: cell division

A

-large Bdell divides into several cells like sausage links

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24
Q

Bdell genes

A
  • genes dont transfer from host sps
  • geners for attacking and consuming
  • no prey detection
  • basic pathways (make own energy)
  • make DNA
  • only make some amino acids and but need some from the host
25
Q

Myxobasteria

A

-predator, gram neg, rods
- heteotropically consume prey
-gliding motility
-kill everything
- live in soil, dung, decaying plant material
-lots of competition
- neutral pH, mesophilil
global range

26
Q

Myxo: genetics

A
  • big genesomes
27
Q

Myxo: life cycle

A
  • multicellular and cooperative
  • veg cells are heterothrophic or predatory
  • team with other cells to digest
  • bigger the quorum the bigger the exoenzymes can be produced,
  • they track down the prey together
  • chemotaxis and cell-cell contact leads to communication
28
Q

A - motility

A
  • individual cells,
29
Q

s - motility

A
  • groups of cells moving,
  • communicate via contact
  • type IV pilli
30
Q

chemotaxis

A
  • swarms detect prey
  • detect via rippling behavior
  • prey [ ] decreases the rippling decreases
  • identify the prey and react accordingly
  • with flagella move toward atractant or away from repellant
  • tactic behavior: swarms of cells move toward colonies and inert objects
31
Q

fruiting body formation

A
  • in response to starvation
  • collectively decides when starving
  • starvation = stress response
  • individual cell will then stop growth come together and cooperate to create a frutiing body
  • chemical and tatcile cell- cell communication
  • then cellular differetiation
  • resources pooled, leads to the more spores being released letting them find more nutrient rich areas
32
Q

starvation: stringent response

A
  • starvation sensed at rhibosomes activated RelA triggering response,
  • Rela = gggPgg, [ ] treshold reached then they have then produe signal A, then once reaches certain [ ]
33
Q

Signal A: quorum sensing

A
  • signal A reaches certain [ ] (relative to pop density)

- then if pop is large enough: aggregation, fruiting body, pooling resources and veg cells turn into myxospores

34
Q

Vibrio Fisceri

A
  • gram neg
  • produce light
  • hawian bobtail squid is the symbiont
  • counter illumination predators cant see them now
  • light adjusted throughout the night
  • light organ detects how much light they needs
  • fresh culture everyday 90% disspelled
35
Q

inoculation:

A
  • host symbiont can detect each other,
  • bact i cripts (pur ecultures) where they get blood and host cells
  • creat biofilm,
  • host gives bact organic carbon amino acids and energy
  • only feeds the symbiont not other bact
36
Q

quorum sensing

A
  • encoded in luxR-luci gene
  • autoinducers
  • light produed at hella high concentration
  • expressed at high density and starvation
  • happens often cause lots of cells means less food
  • autoinducer synthesis by luxI and will (at high [ ] bind to LuxR protein and induce reaction
37
Q

Light reaction

A
  • vis luciferase coded by luxAB

- consumes ATP and NADPH

38
Q

catabolite repression

A
  • cAMP-CRP repressies the gene expression due to its concentration
  • when starving the cAMP-CRP increases so gotta make it so the bacteria can create ATP but still be starving
39
Q

autoinducer control

A
  • high density so the A1 and luxr are active
  • autoinduction: lux gene controlled by gene product AI
  • amplification: Lux expressed occurs as the [AI- LuxR] increases
  • repression: at super high concentrations the lux expression is inhibited
40
Q

N2 fixation

A

N2 to NH+ by nitrogenase

41
Q

ammonium assimilation

A
  • GS-GOGAT system
  • net reaction leads to glutamate
  • sensitive and needs ATP and NADH
  • opposite is ammonification
42
Q

Nitrification

A
  • 2 steps
  • soils, waste water, deep ocean
  • in areobic: autotrophs, aerobic, microaerobic not commonly anaerobic
  • ammonium oxidation NH4+ to NO2- (most energy)
  • mitrite oxidation: NO2- to NO3- (gives off less)
43
Q

Comammox

A
  • complete ammonium oxidation ONE step
  • at low [O2] and low [NH4+]
  • 2 enzymes in one species
44
Q

Nitrate assimilation

A
  • requres for cellular growht
  • limited by end product
  • you only need some n to grow
45
Q

dissasimilatory nitrate reduction

A
  • anaerobic
  • not inhibites by end product
  • favulative anaerobes do this so they can use NO3- as TEA instead of O2
46
Q

Denitrification

A
  • NO3- to N20 or N2 gas

faculative denitrification under anaerobic conditions

47
Q

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia

A
  • ammonification
  • common in polluted water
  • aerobic and anaerobic
48
Q

Anammox

A
  • anaerobic ammonium oxidation
  • NH4+ and NO2- to N2
    slow growing
49
Q

NItrogen fixation

A

-v importatn
- nitrogenase
lots of energy to break n tripple bond
- balanced by denitrification

50
Q

root nodule formation

A
    1. species flavanid signals
      1. rhizobial response: sense singals and colonide near the root hair tips
      2. when the nod singlas/ nod factor root hair curling and then the cell division and creation of npde
      3. infection the plants penetrate the cell
      4. nodule and bacterial evelopment (leghemogloin tp protect from O2,
      5. nutrient exchange: plant gives sugans and reducing power to rizobia
51
Q

desulfurization

A

decomp of organic mat = H2S

52
Q

sulfur respiration

A

anaerobic

reduction of S0 as terminal electron acceptor cretes H2S

53
Q

dissimilatory sulfur reduction

A
  • by SRB

-

54
Q

Tube worms

A
  • deep hydro vents
  • worms have no guts the bcteria live in them (SOB)
  • red due to hemoglobin which transfers the O2 and H2s to the bacteria
    -the bacteria fix CO2
    -
55
Q

gutless clams

A
  • estuary
  • C and So4-
  • chemolithoautotrophs
  • SOBs in them
  • give clms organic compounds
56
Q

mussels and symbionts

A
  • deep sea cold seeps and hydrothermal vents
  • specific bact symbionts
  • methantrophic or sulfude oxidizzing chemolithoautotrph
57
Q

Rumen ecology

A
    1. degredation of cellulose
      1. fermatation of sugar and acids
      2. absorbtion of organic acids
      3. methogenesis H2 and CO2
      4. predation by protazoa on bact
      5. digestion
        needs to happen sothe cows can get thier nutreints
58
Q

rumen microbial community

A 
- degreade: cellulose
ferment sugars 
arechea: methanogens 
protozoa : cililtes ferment sugar 
10^10 microbil cells per g LOTS OF DIVERSITY
59
Q

rumen benefits

A 
- lots of food 
consistatn pH and p via salivaton 
constnt temp
rechewing and movement mixes ruman 
toxic waste absorbed 
low ocygen

microbial ecology (1 decks)

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