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Dinosaurs > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the closest types of living fish to tetrapods?

A

Lungfish + coelacanths. Lobbed fin fish are closer but are extinct :(

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2
Q

What are the closest types of extinct fossil fish to tetrapods?

A

Eusthenopteron

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3
Q

What is the (very general) arrangement of the bones in certain types of fossil lobe-finned fish compared to the oldest tetrapods? How does it compare to the bones of our own arm?

A

Paddle like legs with large amounts of digits

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4
Q

In what geological time period did the transition between fish and tetrapods occur?

A

Mid- Devonian period (Paleozoic)

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5
Q

The oldest tetrapods lived in what environment?

A

Aquatic environment

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6
Q

The oldest tetrapods were what type of group of vertebrates that needs water or moist conditions to reproduce?

A

Amphibians

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7
Q

The oldest amniotes had what important feature related to reproduction that allowed them to move into drier conditions?

A

Amniotic egg. Protected against desiccation.

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8
Q

What is the problem with the group traditionally called “reptiles” if using a cladistic classification?

A

They all do not come from the same branch in the tree, so the group really isn’t one solid group. Crocodiles are most closely related living thing to dinosaurs. Snakes and lizards are closely related, and turtles branch off this.

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9
Q

What is the relationship between the clade amniota and the group “reptiles”?

A

All reptiles are amniotes

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10
Q

In general terms, what did the oldest amniotes look like?

A

Large hips, large forearms, large hind limbs, stronger vertebrae column, and large shoulders.

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11
Q

In what important way did the oldest amniotes differ from most modern groups in terms of their temporal fenestrae?

A

Early amniotes had NO temporal fenestrae while modern groups have diapsids (two)

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12
Q

What are the four main groups of amniotes, based on their arrangement of temporal fenestrae?

A

Anapsid - none
Diapsid – 2
Euryapsid- 1 (dorsal)
Synapsid- 1 (ventral)

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13
Q

How are temporal fenestrae arranged for modern “reptiles”?

A

Modern reptiles have two (diapsids)

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14
Q

What group are dinosaurs assigned to based on their temporal fenestrae?

A

Diapsids

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15
Q

What group are the oldest amniotes assigned to based on their temporal fenestrae?

A

Anapsids (no fenestrae)

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16
Q

What are “mammal-like reptiles” and to what group are they assigned based on their temporal fenestrae?

A

A transitional organism that is like both a reptile and a mammal. These organisms are synapsids.

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17
Q

What are plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs generally like, and to what group are they assigned based on their temporal fenestrae?

A

They are marine a cross between a reptile and a fish. These organisms are euryapsids.

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18
Q

What are pelycosaurs? What ideas are there for the function of their dorsal “sails”?

A

Permian period sprawling reptiles. Their large sails were used for body temperature regulation.

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19
Q

What are the 5 main groups of diapsids? Which are extinct and which are extant? Of the living diapsids other than birds, which is more closely related to dinosaurs?

A

-Lepidosaurs
-Crocodiles
-pterosaurs (extinct)
-thecodonts (extinct)
-dinosaurs
Crocodiles are living thing closely related to dinos

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20
Q

Of all the diapsids other than birds (extinct or extant), which are most closely related to dinosaurs?

A

Pterosaurs and dinosaur morphs

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21
Q

What distinguishes archosaurs (Archosauria) from other diapsids? Which diapsids are grouped within Archosauria?

A

Archosaurs have fenestrae in front of their eye and in mandible. No teeth on the palate, and semi upright or upright posture. Includes dinosaurs and close relatives.

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22
Q

What are pterosaurs? Why are they sometimes called “finger fliers”?

A

Flying reptiles. Hand modified into wings. Phalanges are what internally strengthen the wing.

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23
Q

What are thecodonts?

A

Semi-upright archosaurs

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24
Q

What anatomical feature finally distinguishes between thecodonts and dinosaurs (for the definition used in this class)?

A

Advanced mesotarsal ankle.

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25
Q

What change in locomotion does this anatomical change represent?

A

Leg swings differently

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26
Q

Why is it so tricky to draw a line between dinosaurs and non-dinosaurs?

A

Some are very similar and only small details are what can defer the two into different groups.

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27
Q

In what part of the Triassic Period do the first dinosaurs appear during this transition?

A

Late part of the Triassic.

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28
Q

What are the two biggest divisions within the Dinosauria, and what anatomical feature is this division based upon?

A

Saurischian hips vs ornithischian hips. Based on hip shape

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29
Q

What are the 5 main sub-clades within the Dinosauria?

A 
Theropods (carnivorous bipeds) 
Sauropods (long necks)
Thyreophora (ankylosaurus + stego) 
Megalocephalia (Triceratops)
Ornithopod (duckbilled)
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30
Q

Within which of these 5 clades are birds (Aves) classified?

A

Theropods (aves comes from theropods)

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31
Q

What does the word Theropoda literally mean?

A

Beast foot

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32
Q

What are the main features of theropod dinosaurs?

A

Bipeds, carnivorous, 3 toed footprints, serrated teeth, big skulls

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33
Q

What functions do the main anatomical features of Theropoda allow them to do?

A

Increased mobility for scavenging and hunting. Effective biped motion. Stiff back, tail, and neck.

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34
Q

What is pneumatic bone? What biological process does it support?

A

Spaces of air sacs in bones. Shows link between dinosaurs and birds.

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35
Q

What related modern group also has pneumatic bone?

A

Birds

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36
Q

What is the name of the oldest dinosaur (recognized so far)?

A

Eoraptor

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37
Q

What 2 example features of the Herrarasauridae are typical of older dinosaur ancestors?

A

Fewer sacral vertebrae and manus with 5 digits

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38
Q

What feature of the ankle is typical of the Ceratosauria? What features do some of them have on their heads?

A

Horns on their head. Ankle and foot bone is fused together.

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39
Q

In what ways is the depiction of Dilophosaurus in the movie Jurassic Park inaccurate?

A

no evidence of a frill. Think notch could mean venom glands but very controversial.

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40
Q

What features of the tail of Clade Tetanurae lead to their name?

A

Stiff tail. Limited digits

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41
Q

What the public boot typical of the Clade Avetheropoda?

A

Extension of pubis.

42
Q

What is the difference between the third metatarsal bone of the foot in the Clade Carnosauria versus Clade Coelurosauria?

A

Third metatarsal extends to ankle in carnosauria, while third metatarsal is wedge shaped in coelurosauria.

43
Q

In which of these two groups are the biggest theropods known?

A

Group carnosauria (giganto) and group megalosauria (spino)

44
Q

How much bigger than Tyrannosaurus

were these largest theropods?

A

T-rex is quite big but a handful of theropods were bigger.

45
Q

What are the main characteristics of each of the 4 main groups in Coelosauria: the Arctometatarsalia, oviraptorids, therizinosauroids, and Maniraptora?

A

Arc- wedge shaped third metatarsal on pes,
Ovi- no teeth and maniraptiform hands
Zino-long ass claws
Mani-raptors- feathers (raptors and birds)

46
Q

What unusual feature of the saurischian hips of Maniraptora makes their hips similar to that of birds?

A

Modified saurischian hip that looks like birds. Pelvis weird

47
Q

What is wrong with the size of the “Velociraptor” dinosaurs in the movie Jurassic Park?

A

More of a size of a deinonychus

48
Q

Within the Maniraptora, what is the relationship between the Dromeosauriae (Velociraptor and its allies) and Aves (birds)?

A

Aves branches off from dromeosauriae

49
Q

What 3 features of the oldest bird, Archaeopteryx, that are not typical of modern birds?

A

Maniraptoran claw, long body tail, teeth

50
Q

What is the relative age of Archaeopteryx?

A

147 myo

51
Q

Are wishbones (fused clavicles) unique to birds?

A

Also present in theropod dinosaurs

52
Q

What is the difference between a glider and powered flight?

A

Glider climbs and uses gravity to help it fly. Powered requires fighting against gravity on ground.

53
Q

Roughly how many species of dinosaurs have been found with feathers?

A

11 species

54
Q

Using the current scientific understanding of bird relationships to dinosaurs, is it technically correct to say all dinosaurs are extinct?

A

No. Birds are theropods dinosaurs that still are living.

55
Q

What does the word “Sauropodomorpha” literally mean?

A

Lizard foot form

56
Q

What general characteristics are typical of the sauropodomorphs?

A

Long neck, 5 digits on manus, spatulate teeth

57
Q

Are they usually quadrupeds or bipeds? In what way does this posture change over time?

A

Biped and transitioned into quad

58
Q

Do they have saurischian or ornithischian hips?

A

Saurischian hips

59
Q

What group of dinos is closest related to sauropods?

A

Theropods

60
Q

What is the weight estimate for the heaviest sauropodomorphans? How does this compare to modern-day animals?

A

65 tons. Heaviest thing on earth is blue whale which is 75 tons. Elephants only weigh about 6 tons

61
Q

How has the skeleton been modified to lighten its structure?

A

Air sacs in bones like birds. Neural arch thinned.

62
Q

What kinds of teeth to sauropodomorphans have?

A

Spatulate peg like teeth.

63
Q

To what extent did they grind vegetation with their teeth?

A

Very little. Use rocks to digest. Rocks via gizzard.

64
Q

What features distinguish the Prosauropoda from later sauropodomorphans?

A

Prosaurpods have claws and maybe bipedal.

65
Q

What use did Prosauropoda have for the claws on their front limbs?

A

Digging for roots and other shrubbery. (Late triassic early juarassic)

66
Q

What features are typical of the Sauropoda?

A

BIG. 12 neck vertebrae, large muscles attached to pelvis, 45-80 tail vertebrae, neural arch thinned to be more lightweight

67
Q

Where are the nares in sauropods?

A

On top of the head

68
Q

What hypothesis is there for the function of the extremely long tails of some sauropods?

A

Used as a whip for self defence

69
Q

What elastic structure helped to support the neck of sauropod dinosaurs?

A

Nuchal ligament (Suspension bridge)

70
Q

How has the interpretation of the orientation of the body changed in the last decade or so?

A

It is thought the body could be on an upwards incline and not horizontal.

71
Q

What 3 hypotheses could explain the extremely large size of sauropod dinosaurs?

A

Food processing and harvesting, defense, thermal buffering

72
Q

When did grass first originate, according to recent discoveries?

A

Diverged in cretaceous period.

73
Q

What is meant by the “forward prong” of ornithischian dinosaur hips?

A

Extension of pubis.

74
Q

What dental features of the jaw are typical of ornithopods (and some other ornithischians)? Are all ornithischians herbivorous?

A

As of now, all ornithischians are herbivorous

Teeth are offset.

75
Q

How does the strategy for processing their herbivorous diet differ from plant-eating dinosaurs such as sauropodomorphans?

A

They do grind up food instead of swallowing it whole.

76
Q

What dental features are typical of the Heterodontosauridae?

A

Tusk shaped teeth. And dental battery.

77
Q

How do hypsolophodontids differ from heterodontosaurids?

A

Hypsolophodontids have a beak instead with tusks.

78
Q

What is pleurokinesis and how does it relate to feeding?

A

Sutures in skull can separate. Jaw works like a guillotine to chop up plant material.

79
Q

In what way is the Clade Iguanodontia modified in comparison to the hypsolophodontids? Why are hadrosaurids commonly referred to as the “duck-billed” dinosaurs?

A

Iguanodontia much bigger. Premaxillary known as duck bill.

80
Q

What function did the skull crests of some hadrosaurids serve?

A

What function did the skull crests of some hadrosaurids serve?

81
Q

What feature of their skin is typical of the Thyreophora? What functions did it usually serve?

A

Armor for defense, display for mates, and thermal regulation. Spikes behind eyes.

82
Q

Were the earliest thyreophorans bipeds or quadrupeds? What about later ones?

A

Biped to quads.

83
Q

What is wrong with the “traditional” interpretation of the spikes and tail of Stegosaurus?

A

Used for display, thermoregulation, or light defense. Primary would not have been defense. Might have been more of a scare tactic.

84
Q

What are the spikes at the end of stegos tail called?

A

Thagomizer

85
Q

How are the usual fenestrae of the skull and hips modified in the Ankylosauridae and Nodosauridae compared to other dinosaurs?

A

Fenestrae reduced in size.

86
Q

How do ankylosaurs differ from other thyreophorans in terms of their body armor?

A

Plates on back not fused together. Like a tank.

87
Q

Characteristics of marginocephalia?

A

horns, beak, large frill with spikes on end, dental battery

88
Q

Were they bi or quad? (MArgino)

A

Biped to quad

89
Q

What features were typical of ceratopsian dinosaurs when they achieved larger sizes and later in their history?

A

Their frill.

90
Q

What are the three parts of a dino hip?

A

Illium (dorsal), pubis (anterior), ischium

91
Q

What number digit is held up in dromeosaurs?

A

Digit 2

92
Q

Prolate egg shape?

A

Elongated in one direction

93
Q

In theropods, the middle digit on pes is what number?

A

Number 2

94
Q

The acetabullum has a…?

A

An open medial wall

95
Q

What nest type is typical with dinosaurs?

A

Mound type

96
Q

Are wave ripples symmetrical?

A

Yes and current ripples are asymmetrical

97
Q

What are dino eggs made of?

A

Calcium carbonate

98
Q

Dino bones are made of what?

A

Calcium phosphate

99
Q

What is an undertrack?

A

a track from a layer just beneath the real track surface

100
Q

Why was it thought zinos claws were so long?

A

Digging for termites

101
Q

What is the most fragile bone of the skeleton?

A

Skull

102
Q

How are dino eggs identified?

A

Finding embryos inside them

Dinosaurs (1 decks)

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