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A&P2 Lab > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

_ supplies body with O2 and disposes of CO2 through respiration

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

_ is the movement of air into/out of lungs

A

pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

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3
Q

_ is the movement of oxygen from lungs to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to lungs

A

external respiration

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4
Q

_ is when the circulatory system carries oxygen to body tissues and carbon dioxide to lungs

A

transport of respiratory gasses

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5
Q

_ is movement of oxygen from blood to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to blood

A

internal respiration

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6
Q

_ is respiratory passageways that provide rigid conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites

A

conduction zone

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7
Q

_ (microscopic structures) the actual site of gas exchange

A

respiratory zone

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8
Q

_ keeps food out of respiratory pathway by covering trachea and directing food to esophagus

A

epiglottis

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9
Q

_ is a space that opens-closes during vibrations; role in speech development and pronunciation

A

glottis

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10
Q

right lung has _ lobes; left lung has _ lobes

A

3; 2

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11
Q

_ (unique to left lung) is an indentation to provide space for the heart

A

cardiac notch

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12
Q

_ is a double-layered serosa surrounding the lungs; produces serous fluid

A

pleura

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13
Q

_ (outer layer) covers thoracic wall and superior diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

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14
Q

_ (inner layer) covers external lung surface

A

visceral pleura

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15
Q

in _, pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood [to lungs]

A

pulmonary circulation

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16
Q

in _, bronchial arteries provide oxygenated [systemic] blood to lung tissue

A

bronchial circulation

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17
Q

_ is bringing air into lungs (Ppul < Patm)

A

inspiration

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18
Q

_ is expelling air from lungs (Ppul > Patm)

A

expiration

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19
Q

a _ is used to measure respiratory volume

A

spirometer

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20
Q

_ is air inhaled-exhaled in resting conditions

A

tidal volume (TV)

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21
Q

tidal volume = _ml

A

500

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22
Q

_ is the total amount of exchangeable air; max amount that can be exhaled after max inspiration (= TV + IRV + ERV)

A

vital capacity (VC)

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23
Q

vital capacity = _ml

A

4800

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24
Q

_ is the amount of air that can be expelled from lungs after normal tidal volume expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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25
Q

expiratory reserve volume = _ml

A

1200

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26
Q

_ is the amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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27
Q

inspiratory reserve volume = _ml

A

3200

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28
Q

_ = tidal volume * respirations/min

A

minute respiratory volume

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29
Q

_ is the amount of air that remains in the lungs; keeps alveoli open and prevents lung collapse

A

residual volume (RV)

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30
Q

residual volume = _ml

A

1200

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31
Q

_ is the sum of all lung volumes

A

total lung capacity

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32
Q

during _, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract (increase volume, decrease pressure)

A

inspiration

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33
Q

during _, diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax (decrease volume, increase pressure)

A

expiration

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34
Q

_ are sounds produced by air rushing through large respiratory pathways (trachea, bronchi)

A

bronchial sounds

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35
Q

_ are rustling/muffled sounds from air filling alveolar sacs

A

vesicular breathing sounds

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36
Q

_ is the passage through cells lining gastrointestinal tract into blood

A

absorption

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37
Q

_ is the break down of food into smaller particles; mechanical (chewing, churning, segmentation) or chemical (enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis)

A

digestion

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38
Q

_ (alimentary canal, GI tract) is a hollow tube from mouth to anus

A

digestive system

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39
Q

_ are organs that produce secretions released into GI tract

A

accessory digestive organs

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40
Q

digestion and absorption occur in the _

A

alimentary canal

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41
Q

secretions and physical breakdown of food occur in _

A

accessory digestive organs

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42
Q

_ is taking food into digestive tract

A

ingestion

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43
Q

_ means chewing; _ means swallowing

A

mastication; deglutition

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44
Q

_ is the action that moves food through the alimentary canal (includes swallowing and peristalsis)

A

propulsion

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45
Q

_ involves waves of contraction-relaxation of muscles in organ walls

A

peristalsis

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46
Q

_ increases surface area of ingested food to physically prepare it for chemical digestion

A

mechanical breakdown

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47
Q

_ involves mixing food with digestive juices to make absorption more efficient

A

segmentation

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48
Q

_ is the passageway of digestive end-products from GI tract lumen through mucosal cells

A

absorption

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49
Q

_ eliminates indigestible substances from the body (i.e., feces)

A

defecation

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50
Q

_ is a food passageway to the stomach; food conduction is achieved through peristalsis (no function in digestion/absorption)

A

esophagus

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51
Q

_ restricts tongue movement and distorts speech (tongue tie), and can be corrected by snipping the frenulum

A

ankyloglossia (fused tongue)

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52
Q

_ is a passageway for food, fluid, and air; posterior to mouth

A

pharynx (throat)

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53
Q

_ is a burning, radiating substernal pain that occurs when stomach acid regurgitates into esophagus

A

heartburn (acid reflux)

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54
Q

_ is a temporary storage tank where mechanical-chemical breakdown continues; upper left quadrant (abdominal cavity)

A

stomach

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55
Q

as proteins are chemically broken down, the bolus (food) is converted into a creamy paste called _

A

chyme

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56
Q

_ (stomach) is near the heart; where food enters stomach from esophagus

A

cardiac region

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57
Q

_ is the dome part of the stomach beneath the diaphragm

A

fundus

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58
Q

_ is the midportion of the stomach

A

body

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59
Q

_ between stomach and small intestine controls stomach emptying

A

pyloric sphincter

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60
Q

_ are wrinkly folds in the stomach that appear when stomach is empty (disappear when full); causes ‘growling’

A

rugae

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61
Q

_ empties the stomach through esophagus and pharynx, then out of mouth

A

emesis (vomiting)

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62
Q

_ is the major digestive organ (site of most nutrient absorption); from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve and suspended by a double layer of peritoneum

A

small intestine

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63
Q

small intestine is the longest part of the GI tract = _m

A

2-4

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64
Q

_ is the beginning of the small intestine

A

duodenum

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65
Q

duodenum = _cm

A

25

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66
Q

_ is the middle of the small intestine

A

jejunum

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67
Q

jejunum = _m

A

2.5

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68
Q

_ is the end of the small intestine that enters large intestine via ileocecal valve

A

ileum

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69
Q

ileum = _m

A

3.6

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70
Q

large intestine = _m

A

1.5

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71
Q

_ absorbs remaining water from indigestible food residues, temporarily stores them, and eliminates them as feces

A

large intestine

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72
Q

_ has a role in immunity (storehouse for bacteria)

A

vermiform appendix

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73
Q

_ is the last part of the large intestine, ending at anus

A

anal canal

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74
Q

_ is inflammation of appendix

A

appendicitis

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75
Q

_ can occur from any condition that rushes food residue through large intestine before it could absorb remaining water

A

diarrhea (watery stool)

76
Q

_ is when food remains in colon for long periods of time, too much water is absorbed, and stool becomes difficult to pass

A

constipation

77
Q

_ (accessory organ) largest gland in body and produces bile

A

liver

78
Q

_ emulsifies - breaks up - fat so enzymes can act on them

A

bile

79
Q

_ contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids

A

bile

80
Q

_ is a green, muscular sac that stores bile (expels it to cystic duct)

A

gallbladder

81
Q

_ form due to the crystallization of cholesterol (caused by too much cholesterol or too few bile salts)

A

gallstones

82
Q

the pancreas has _ (produces pancreatic juice) and _ (produces insulin-glucagon) functions

A

exocrine; endocrine

83
Q

_ function to excrete nitrogenous waste, maintain electrolyte balance, maintain pH, and fluid balance

A

kidneys

84
Q

_ are the passageway of urine from kidneys (produce urine) to urinary bladder (store urine)

A

ureters

85
Q

urine leaves the bladder into the _ (which is part of the reproductive system in males) to flow outside the body

A

urethra

86
Q

_ is a condition in individuals with low body fat where the fat layer can be lost and kidneys fall

A

nephroptosis

87
Q

_ are the structural-functional units of kidneys; filter blood, form urine

A

nephrons

88
Q

_ is a ball of fenestrated capillaries that is part of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus

89
Q

_ is a lack of voluntary control over external urethral sphincter (we gain control at about 2y); often in older adults or people with spinal injuries, bladder infections, or urinary tract pathologies

A

incontinence

90
Q

the urethra in individuals assigned female at birth is _cm, compared to those assigned male at birth _cm

A

4; 20

91
Q

_ urethra has 3 regions: prostatic, intermediate, and spongy

A

male

92
Q

nephrons produce _L of urine per day

A

1-1.8

93
Q

_ is the inflammation of the kidney(s) and can cause high specific gravity

A

pyelonephritis (nephritis)

94
Q

_ occur when solutes reach saturation level and precipitate out of solution to form crystals

A

kidney stones (renal calculi)

95
Q

_ is the presence of glucose in urine (caused by uncontrolled diabetes or excess carbohydrates)

A

glucosuria

96
Q

_ is the presence of protein in urine (caused by hypertension, kidney disease, poisoning or bacterial toxins, kidney injury, excess exercise, pregancy)

A

proteinuria (albuminuria)

97
Q

_ is excess production of intermediates of fat metabolism and can lead to acidosis (caused by uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, low carbohydrates)

A

ketonuria

98
Q

_ is the presence of RBC in urine (caused by UTI or injury)

A

hematuria

99
Q

_ is the presence of RBC fragments in urine (caused by hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction, severe burns, venomous bites, renal disease)

A

hemoglobinuria

100
Q

_ is when bacteria break down nitrates (caused by UTI)

A

nitrinuria

101
Q

_ is the presence of bilirubin in urine (caused by liver damage, cirrhosis, bile duct blockage)

A

bilirubinuria

102
Q

_ is the presence of WBC or pus in urine (caused by UTI gonorrhea)

A

pyuria

103
Q

_ are hardened cell fragments

A

casts

104
Q

primary gonads (sex organs): _ and _

A

testes; ovaries

105
Q

gonads produce gametes (sex cells): _ and _

A

sperm; eggs (ova)

106
Q

gonads secrete hormones _ and _

A

androgens; estrogen-progesterone

107
Q

_ is the first cell of a new individual (all body cells arise from this)

A

zygote

108
Q

_ (‘sperm factories’) consist of stratified epithelium surrounded by lumen

A

seminiferous tubules

109
Q

_ (where sperm matures) stores immature sperm until ejaculation

A

epididymis

110
Q

_ runs upward from epididymis into pelvic cavity; forms ampulla and ejaculatory duct

A

vas deferens

111
Q

each ejaculatory duct enters _, then empties into urethra

A

prostate

112
Q

seminal vesicles produce _% of seminal fluid

A

70

113
Q

_ has milky secretion and activates sperm

A

prostate

114
Q

_ secrete thick, alkaline mucus that neutralizes urine remaining in urethra

A

bulbourethral glands

115
Q

_ are the primary reproductive organ in female

A

ovaries

116
Q

ovaries produce _ (egg) and _ (estrogen-progesterone) products

A

exocrine; endocrine

117
Q

a fertilized egg (with embryo/fetus) is implanted in the _

A

uterus

118
Q

_ is a thick mucosal lining that responds to cyclic changes in ovarian hormones (every 28d)

A

endometrium

119
Q

_ is a thin fold of mucous membrane that partially covers vaginal opening

A

hymen

120
Q

vaginal opening is bordered by _ (lubricates vagina)

A

mucus secreting greater vestibular glands

121
Q

_ of endometrium is sloughed off at menstruation; new one forms each month

A

functional layer (stratum functionalis)

122
Q

_ of endometrium is retained during menstruation as a source for regeneration of functional layer

A

basal layer (stratum basalis)

123
Q

_ is a smooth muscle layer that enlarges during pregnancy; contraction helps push fetus out

A

myometrium

124
Q

_ is made of thin layer of connective tissue covered by mesothelium

A

perimetrium

125
Q

in _, single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

126
Q

_ is the combination of meiosis with the maturation of sperm-egg

A

gametogenesis

127
Q

gametes are produced only in _ or _

A

testis; ovary

128
Q

gametes with half the normal chromosome number are _

A

haploid (n)

129
Q

human gametes have _ chromosomes instead of 46 like other body tissues

A

23

130
Q

the zygote is a _, meaning it has 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

diploid (2n)

131
Q

_ is when homologous chromosomes from each parent exchange DNA segments

A

crossing over (chiasmata)

132
Q

_ is the production of spermatids

A

spermatogenesis

133
Q

spermatids undergo _ to become spermatozoa (sperm)

A

spermiogenesis

134
Q

spermatogenesis occurs in _ (in testes)

A

seminiferous tubules

135
Q

_ influences mitotic division of spermatogonium to produce one primary spermatocyte

A

FSH

136
Q

_ is a saclike structure where immature ovum develop

A

follicle

137
Q

_ (hormone) influences follicles to undergo maturation

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

138
Q

estrogen _ release of gonadotropic hormones from anterior pituitary gland

A

inhibits

139
Q

_ (passive process) portion of blood passes from glomerular bed into capsule; filtrate enters proximal convoluted tubule where tubular reabsorption-secretion begins

A

glomerular reabsorption

140
Q

_ (passive or active process) many filtrate components move through the tubule cells and return to blood in peritubular capillaries

A

tubular reabsorption

141
Q

_ (reverse process) substances move either from blood of peritubular capillaries through tubular cells OR from tubular cells into filtrate to be disposed of in urine.

A

tubular secretion

142
Q

_ is when urine is emptied from bladder

A

micturition (voiding)

143
Q

_ involves involuntary smooth muscle; when contractions increase in force-frequency, urine is forced past sphincter into superior part of urthera

A

internal urethral sphincter

144
Q

_ involves skeletal muscle and is voluntarily controlled; if a person feels not to void then sphincter can be inhibited and reflex contractions of bladder cease temporarily –> when convenient, sphincter relaxes and stored urine is flushed

A

external urethral sphincter

145
Q

_ is when meiosis combines with maturation of egg-sperm

A

gametogenesis

146
Q

_ are egg-sperm chromosomes that carry genes for same traits

A

homologous chromosomes

147
Q

_ (nuclear division) is the formation of gametes and results in 4 unique daughter cells

A

meiosis

148
Q

_ is a process in ovaries that begins with a primitive stem cell (oogonia) in ovarian cortices; undergo mitosis

A

oogenesis

149
Q

in prophase I, homologous chromosomes from each parent pair “attach” to each other, known as _ (allows parents to exchange DNA segments)

A

synapsis

150
Q

_ (menstrual cycle) sloughing off thick layer of uterine lining accompanied by bleeding; 1-5days

A

menses (menstrual phase)

151
Q

_ is when a sperm’s pronucleus combines with the pronucleus of a secondary oocyte to form a zygote (in ampula of fallopian tube)

A

fertilization

152
Q

_ is a fertilized egg; the unicellular stage of embryo

A

zygote

153
Q

part of endometrium beneath the embryo becomes _

A

deciduas basalis

154
Q

part of endometrium surrounding the uterine cavity face of implanted embryo forms _

A

deciduas capsularis

155
Q

_ (in blastula stage) is a fluid-filled hollow sphere

A

blastocyst

156
Q

_ develops elaborate chorionic villi, which lie in blood-filled intervillus spaces, in the stratum functionalis of the endometrium.

A

chorion

157
Q

_ is a period of rapid mitotic divisions of zygote without growth of cells (makes daughter cells become smaller)

A

cleavage

158
Q

_ is a process involving cellular rearrangements and migrations, forming extraembryonic membranes and the primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

A

gastrulation

159
Q

_ (outer skin) forms structures of nervous system and [skin] epidermis

A

ectoderm

160
Q

_ (middle skin) forms bones, skeletal muscle, kidneys, etc.

A

mesoderm

161
Q

_ (inner skin) forms digestive and respiratory tracts, and urogenital systems

A

endoderm

162
Q

_ is a small cluster of 20 to 30 cells located on one side

A

inner cell mass (ICM)

163
Q

_ become the chorion which forms the fetal portion of the placenta

A

trophoblasts

164
Q

_ develops chorionic villi which come into contact with maternal blood

A

chorion

165
Q

_ provides a fluid-filled environment for embryo to withstand physical trauma and maintain constant homeostatic temperature

A

amnion

166
Q

_ is structural base for umbilical cord (which links embryo to placenta) and eventually becomes the urinary bladder

A

allantosis

167
Q

_ = study of external surface of body as well as the internal organs that relate to external surface landmarks as seen/felt through skin

A

surface anatomy

168
Q

_ is feeling (through touch) internal structures through skin with the fingers

A

palpation

169
Q

_ is tendon line that runs from umbilicus superiorly to the xiphoid process; can be cut without damaging muscle tissue and does not bleed much

A

linea alba

170
Q

_ is when linea alba weakens and coils of the intestine protrude through the opening (congenital)

A

umbilical hernia

171
Q

_ (superficial to gall bladder) standard point for incision in gallbladder surgery

A

linea semilunaris

172
Q

_ (superficial to appendix) most common incision point for appendectomy

A

mcburney’s point

173
Q

_ can be felt when examiner pushes upward into pubic tubercle

A

inguinal hernia

174
Q

balloon (ventilation model) represents

A

lungs

175
Q

clear dome (ventilation model) represents _

A

thoracic cavity (thorax)

176
Q

_ are the main site of gas exchange in lungs

A

alveoli

177
Q

_ is the opening in center of small intestine

A

lumen

178
Q

_ occupies the floor of the mouth and is composed of skeletal muscle

A

tongue

179
Q

_ is the small projection that hangs at back of mouth

A

uvula

180
Q

renal corpuscle consists of _ and _

A

glomerulus; glomerular capsule

181
Q

_ is composed of: water, urea, proteins, ions, creatinine, uric acid, etc

A

urine

182
Q

_ is the most abundant component of urine (95%)

A

water

183
Q

_ is homologous to penis

A

clitoris

184
Q

_ is the sac of skin encasing testes

A

scrotum

185
Q

_ (urinalysis) compares weight of solution to weight of distilled water

A

specific gravity

A&P2 Lab (2 decks)

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