Final Flashcards
_ supplies body with O2 and disposes of CO2 through respiration
respiratory system
_ is the movement of air into/out of lungs
pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
_ is the movement of oxygen from lungs to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to lungs
external respiration
_ is when the circulatory system carries oxygen to body tissues and carbon dioxide to lungs
transport of respiratory gasses
_ is movement of oxygen from blood to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to blood
internal respiration
_ is respiratory passageways that provide rigid conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites
conduction zone
_ (microscopic structures) the actual site of gas exchange
respiratory zone
_ keeps food out of respiratory pathway by covering trachea and directing food to esophagus
epiglottis
_ is a space that opens-closes during vibrations; role in speech development and pronunciation
glottis
right lung has _ lobes; left lung has _ lobes
3; 2
_ (unique to left lung) is an indentation to provide space for the heart
cardiac notch
_ is a double-layered serosa surrounding the lungs; produces serous fluid
pleura
_ (outer layer) covers thoracic wall and superior diaphragm
parietal pleura
_ (inner layer) covers external lung surface
visceral pleura
in _, pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood [to lungs]
pulmonary circulation
in _, bronchial arteries provide oxygenated [systemic] blood to lung tissue
bronchial circulation
_ is bringing air into lungs (Ppul < Patm)
inspiration
_ is expelling air from lungs (Ppul > Patm)
expiration
a _ is used to measure respiratory volume
spirometer
_ is air inhaled-exhaled in resting conditions
tidal volume (TV)
tidal volume = _ml
500
_ is the total amount of exchangeable air; max amount that can be exhaled after max inspiration (= TV + IRV + ERV)
vital capacity (VC)
vital capacity = _ml
4800
_ is the amount of air that can be expelled from lungs after normal tidal volume expiration
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
expiratory reserve volume = _ml
1200
_ is the amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
inspiratory reserve volume = _ml
3200
_ = tidal volume * respirations/min
minute respiratory volume
_ is the amount of air that remains in the lungs; keeps alveoli open and prevents lung collapse
residual volume (RV)
residual volume = _ml
1200
_ is the sum of all lung volumes
total lung capacity
during _, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract (increase volume, decrease pressure)
inspiration
during _, diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax (decrease volume, increase pressure)
expiration
_ are sounds produced by air rushing through large respiratory pathways (trachea, bronchi)
bronchial sounds
_ are rustling/muffled sounds from air filling alveolar sacs
vesicular breathing sounds
_ is the passage through cells lining gastrointestinal tract into blood
absorption
_ is the break down of food into smaller particles; mechanical (chewing, churning, segmentation) or chemical (enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis)
digestion
_ (alimentary canal, GI tract) is a hollow tube from mouth to anus
digestive system
_ are organs that produce secretions released into GI tract
accessory digestive organs
digestion and absorption occur in the _
alimentary canal
secretions and physical breakdown of food occur in _
accessory digestive organs
_ is taking food into digestive tract
ingestion
_ means chewing; _ means swallowing
mastication; deglutition
_ is the action that moves food through the alimentary canal (includes swallowing and peristalsis)
propulsion
_ involves waves of contraction-relaxation of muscles in organ walls
peristalsis
_ increases surface area of ingested food to physically prepare it for chemical digestion
mechanical breakdown
_ involves mixing food with digestive juices to make absorption more efficient
segmentation
_ is the passageway of digestive end-products from GI tract lumen through mucosal cells
absorption
_ eliminates indigestible substances from the body (i.e., feces)
defecation
_ is a food passageway to the stomach; food conduction is achieved through peristalsis (no function in digestion/absorption)
esophagus
_ restricts tongue movement and distorts speech (tongue tie), and can be corrected by snipping the frenulum
ankyloglossia (fused tongue)
_ is a passageway for food, fluid, and air; posterior to mouth
pharynx (throat)
_ is a burning, radiating substernal pain that occurs when stomach acid regurgitates into esophagus
heartburn (acid reflux)
_ is a temporary storage tank where mechanical-chemical breakdown continues; upper left quadrant (abdominal cavity)
stomach
as proteins are chemically broken down, the bolus (food) is converted into a creamy paste called _
chyme
_ (stomach) is near the heart; where food enters stomach from esophagus
cardiac region
_ is the dome part of the stomach beneath the diaphragm
fundus
_ is the midportion of the stomach
body
_ between stomach and small intestine controls stomach emptying
pyloric sphincter
_ are wrinkly folds in the stomach that appear when stomach is empty (disappear when full); causes ‘growling’
rugae
_ empties the stomach through esophagus and pharynx, then out of mouth
emesis (vomiting)
_ is the major digestive organ (site of most nutrient absorption); from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve and suspended by a double layer of peritoneum
small intestine
small intestine is the longest part of the GI tract = _m
2-4
_ is the beginning of the small intestine
duodenum
duodenum = _cm
25
_ is the middle of the small intestine
jejunum
jejunum = _m
2.5
_ is the end of the small intestine that enters large intestine via ileocecal valve
ileum
ileum = _m
3.6
large intestine = _m
1.5
_ absorbs remaining water from indigestible food residues, temporarily stores them, and eliminates them as feces
large intestine
_ has a role in immunity (storehouse for bacteria)
vermiform appendix
_ is the last part of the large intestine, ending at anus
anal canal
_ is inflammation of appendix
appendicitis
_ can occur from any condition that rushes food residue through large intestine before it could absorb remaining water
diarrhea (watery stool)
_ is when food remains in colon for long periods of time, too much water is absorbed, and stool becomes difficult to pass
constipation
_ (accessory organ) largest gland in body and produces bile
liver
_ emulsifies - breaks up - fat so enzymes can act on them
bile
_ contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
bile
_ is a green, muscular sac that stores bile (expels it to cystic duct)
gallbladder
_ form due to the crystallization of cholesterol (caused by too much cholesterol or too few bile salts)
gallstones
the pancreas has _ (produces pancreatic juice) and _ (produces insulin-glucagon) functions
exocrine; endocrine
_ function to excrete nitrogenous waste, maintain electrolyte balance, maintain pH, and fluid balance
kidneys
_ are the passageway of urine from kidneys (produce urine) to urinary bladder (store urine)
ureters
urine leaves the bladder into the _ (which is part of the reproductive system in males) to flow outside the body
urethra
_ is a condition in individuals with low body fat where the fat layer can be lost and kidneys fall
nephroptosis
_ are the structural-functional units of kidneys; filter blood, form urine
nephrons
_ is a ball of fenestrated capillaries that is part of the renal corpuscle
glomerulus
_ is a lack of voluntary control over external urethral sphincter (we gain control at about 2y); often in older adults or people with spinal injuries, bladder infections, or urinary tract pathologies
incontinence
the urethra in individuals assigned female at birth is _cm, compared to those assigned male at birth _cm
4; 20
_ urethra has 3 regions: prostatic, intermediate, and spongy
male
nephrons produce _L of urine per day
1-1.8
_ is the inflammation of the kidney(s) and can cause high specific gravity
pyelonephritis (nephritis)
_ occur when solutes reach saturation level and precipitate out of solution to form crystals
kidney stones (renal calculi)
_ is the presence of glucose in urine (caused by uncontrolled diabetes or excess carbohydrates)
glucosuria
_ is the presence of protein in urine (caused by hypertension, kidney disease, poisoning or bacterial toxins, kidney injury, excess exercise, pregancy)
proteinuria (albuminuria)
_ is excess production of intermediates of fat metabolism and can lead to acidosis (caused by uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, low carbohydrates)
ketonuria
_ is the presence of RBC in urine (caused by UTI or injury)
hematuria
_ is the presence of RBC fragments in urine (caused by hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction, severe burns, venomous bites, renal disease)
hemoglobinuria
_ is when bacteria break down nitrates (caused by UTI)
nitrinuria
_ is the presence of bilirubin in urine (caused by liver damage, cirrhosis, bile duct blockage)
bilirubinuria
_ is the presence of WBC or pus in urine (caused by UTI gonorrhea)
pyuria
_ are hardened cell fragments
casts
primary gonads (sex organs): _ and _
testes; ovaries
gonads produce gametes (sex cells): _ and _
sperm; eggs (ova)
gonads secrete hormones _ and _
androgens; estrogen-progesterone
_ is the first cell of a new individual (all body cells arise from this)
zygote
_ (‘sperm factories’) consist of stratified epithelium surrounded by lumen
seminiferous tubules
_ (where sperm matures) stores immature sperm until ejaculation
epididymis
_ runs upward from epididymis into pelvic cavity; forms ampulla and ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
each ejaculatory duct enters _, then empties into urethra
prostate
seminal vesicles produce _% of seminal fluid
70
_ has milky secretion and activates sperm
prostate
_ secrete thick, alkaline mucus that neutralizes urine remaining in urethra
bulbourethral glands
_ are the primary reproductive organ in female
ovaries
ovaries produce _ (egg) and _ (estrogen-progesterone) products
exocrine; endocrine
a fertilized egg (with embryo/fetus) is implanted in the _
uterus
_ is a thick mucosal lining that responds to cyclic changes in ovarian hormones (every 28d)
endometrium
_ is a thin fold of mucous membrane that partially covers vaginal opening
hymen
vaginal opening is bordered by _ (lubricates vagina)
mucus secreting greater vestibular glands
_ of endometrium is sloughed off at menstruation; new one forms each month
functional layer (stratum functionalis)
_ of endometrium is retained during menstruation as a source for regeneration of functional layer
basal layer (stratum basalis)
_ is a smooth muscle layer that enlarges during pregnancy; contraction helps push fetus out
myometrium
_ is made of thin layer of connective tissue covered by mesothelium
perimetrium
in _, single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
mitosis
_ is the combination of meiosis with the maturation of sperm-egg
gametogenesis
gametes are produced only in _ or _
testis; ovary
gametes with half the normal chromosome number are _
haploid (n)
human gametes have _ chromosomes instead of 46 like other body tissues
23
the zygote is a _, meaning it has 23 pairs of chromosomes
diploid (2n)
_ is when homologous chromosomes from each parent exchange DNA segments
crossing over (chiasmata)
_ is the production of spermatids
spermatogenesis
spermatids undergo _ to become spermatozoa (sperm)
spermiogenesis
spermatogenesis occurs in _ (in testes)
seminiferous tubules
_ influences mitotic division of spermatogonium to produce one primary spermatocyte
FSH
_ is a saclike structure where immature ovum develop
follicle
_ (hormone) influences follicles to undergo maturation
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
estrogen _ release of gonadotropic hormones from anterior pituitary gland
inhibits
_ (passive process) portion of blood passes from glomerular bed into capsule; filtrate enters proximal convoluted tubule where tubular reabsorption-secretion begins
glomerular reabsorption
_ (passive or active process) many filtrate components move through the tubule cells and return to blood in peritubular capillaries
tubular reabsorption
_ (reverse process) substances move either from blood of peritubular capillaries through tubular cells OR from tubular cells into filtrate to be disposed of in urine.
tubular secretion
_ is when urine is emptied from bladder
micturition (voiding)
_ involves involuntary smooth muscle; when contractions increase in force-frequency, urine is forced past sphincter into superior part of urthera
internal urethral sphincter
_ involves skeletal muscle and is voluntarily controlled; if a person feels not to void then sphincter can be inhibited and reflex contractions of bladder cease temporarily –> when convenient, sphincter relaxes and stored urine is flushed
external urethral sphincter
_ is when meiosis combines with maturation of egg-sperm
gametogenesis
_ are egg-sperm chromosomes that carry genes for same traits
homologous chromosomes
_ (nuclear division) is the formation of gametes and results in 4 unique daughter cells
meiosis
_ is a process in ovaries that begins with a primitive stem cell (oogonia) in ovarian cortices; undergo mitosis
oogenesis
in prophase I, homologous chromosomes from each parent pair “attach” to each other, known as _ (allows parents to exchange DNA segments)
synapsis
_ (menstrual cycle) sloughing off thick layer of uterine lining accompanied by bleeding; 1-5days
menses (menstrual phase)
_ is when a sperm’s pronucleus combines with the pronucleus of a secondary oocyte to form a zygote (in ampula of fallopian tube)
fertilization
_ is a fertilized egg; the unicellular stage of embryo
zygote
part of endometrium beneath the embryo becomes _
deciduas basalis
part of endometrium surrounding the uterine cavity face of implanted embryo forms _
deciduas capsularis
_ (in blastula stage) is a fluid-filled hollow sphere
blastocyst
_ develops elaborate chorionic villi, which lie in blood-filled intervillus spaces, in the stratum functionalis of the endometrium.
chorion
_ is a period of rapid mitotic divisions of zygote without growth of cells (makes daughter cells become smaller)
cleavage
_ is a process involving cellular rearrangements and migrations, forming extraembryonic membranes and the primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
gastrulation
_ (outer skin) forms structures of nervous system and [skin] epidermis
ectoderm
_ (middle skin) forms bones, skeletal muscle, kidneys, etc.
mesoderm
_ (inner skin) forms digestive and respiratory tracts, and urogenital systems
endoderm
_ is a small cluster of 20 to 30 cells located on one side
inner cell mass (ICM)
_ become the chorion which forms the fetal portion of the placenta
trophoblasts
_ develops chorionic villi which come into contact with maternal blood
chorion
_ provides a fluid-filled environment for embryo to withstand physical trauma and maintain constant homeostatic temperature
amnion
_ is structural base for umbilical cord (which links embryo to placenta) and eventually becomes the urinary bladder
allantosis
_ = study of external surface of body as well as the internal organs that relate to external surface landmarks as seen/felt through skin
surface anatomy
_ is feeling (through touch) internal structures through skin with the fingers
palpation
_ is tendon line that runs from umbilicus superiorly to the xiphoid process; can be cut without damaging muscle tissue and does not bleed much
linea alba
_ is when linea alba weakens and coils of the intestine protrude through the opening (congenital)
umbilical hernia
_ (superficial to gall bladder) standard point for incision in gallbladder surgery
linea semilunaris
_ (superficial to appendix) most common incision point for appendectomy
mcburney’s point
_ can be felt when examiner pushes upward into pubic tubercle
inguinal hernia
balloon (ventilation model) represents
lungs
clear dome (ventilation model) represents _
thoracic cavity (thorax)
_ are the main site of gas exchange in lungs
alveoli
_ is the opening in center of small intestine
lumen
_ occupies the floor of the mouth and is composed of skeletal muscle
tongue
_ is the small projection that hangs at back of mouth
uvula
renal corpuscle consists of _ and _
glomerulus; glomerular capsule
_ is composed of: water, urea, proteins, ions, creatinine, uric acid, etc
urine
_ is the most abundant component of urine (95%)
water
_ is homologous to penis
clitoris
_ is the sac of skin encasing testes
scrotum
_ (urinalysis) compares weight of solution to weight of distilled water
specific gravity
