Final Flashcards
1-2 months big milestones
head to 45
symmetrical kicking
3 mo big milestones
sustains prone on elbows
head elevated to 45-90
4 mo big milestones
prone: head ext to 90 and weight on forearms
ulnar grasp
roll from supine
5 mo big milestones
rolls to supine
palmar grasp
6 mo big milestones
independent sitting
sitting: stability of legs, protective ext forward
7 mo big milestones
sitting can be assumed from quad
8 mo big milestones
crawling, reciprocal extremity movements
cruising sideways with body facing forward
9 mo big milestones
quadruped crawling
kneeling with more active hip ext
10 mo big milestones
3-jaw pincer
can cruise across open spaces
11 mo big milestones
stands alone
neat pincer
12 mo big milestones
walks independently
Newborn age
38 - 42 weeks
during pointing…
all segments are controlled as a unit
during reaching..
hand controlled independently of other arm units
power grip
finger/thumb pads are directly towards palm to transmit force to object
precision grip
forces are directed between thumb and fingers to do object manipulation
grasp
4-5 mo
more accurate reaching/grasp
5 mo - visually guided reaching
grasp
9-13 mo
pincher grip
*higher cog aspects begin around 12 mo
grasp
0-2 mo
ext of arm, opening of hand, difficulty grasping
reaction time
reduces with age until 16-17
head-eye coordination
infant
tracking completed with saccadic eye movement - limited smooth persuit
head-eye coordination
2 mo
head and arm movements become coupled
head-eye coordination
3 mo
eyes stay on object most of the time
head-eye coordination
5 mo
predictive ability
ATNR
asymmetrical tonic neck reflex - when turning head to right (right extension, left arm flexion)
Extension on side of head turn and flexion on contralateral side
TLR
tonic labyrinthine reflex
STNR
symmetrical tonic neck reflex
ex. head and arms flex, legs extent
ex. head and arms extend, legs flex
phasic bite (28 weeks)
elicited witch pressure to gums, responsible for early munching patterns
rooting
rub on baby’s cheek and will turn to that side
galant
concavity on side PT is stroking babys back –> scoliosis
sucking (36 weeks)
infant instinctively sucks anything that touches roof of mouth
oral motor development
birth - 3 mo
- reflex to protect airway
- responds to stim around mouth (rooting)
- coordinates breathing w sucking
- steady head control
oral motor development
3-6 mo
- open mouth when spoon approaches
- brings hands to bottle
- begins eating some cereal and pureed fruit (uses tongue)
- sucking foods rather than biting
- reaching, oral exploration of objects
oral motor development
6-9 mo
- holds bottle independently
- clean spoon w upper lip
- tongue lateralization to help move food
- trunk control for independent sitting
- transfer toys from hand to hand
oral motor development
9-12 mo
- lip closure while swallowing liquids
- self feeding
- drink through straw
- poking foods with index (pincer grasp)
oral motor development
12-18 mo
- coordinates sucking/swallowing for longer sequences
- eatings finely chopped foods
- moves food to side of mouth while chewing
oral motor development
18-24 mo
feeds self with spoon - may need assist
oral motor development
24-36 mo
- variety of liquids, solids
- straw and open mouth cup
- independent with feeding skills
oral motor development
36 mo - 5 years
- chews and swallows many textures
- uses fork
- open mouth cup with no assist
cog development
birth - 3 mo
- explores basic senses
- orients towards sounds, sees all colors
- demos anticipatory behaviors (sucking at site of nipple)
cog development
3-6 mo
- stronger sense of perception (peek a boo)
- understand cause and effect
- uses mouth to explore
cog development
6-9 mo
- understands difference between animate and inanimate objects
- depth perception
cog development
9-12 mo
- physically adapt to explore world around them
- understands object permanence
- manipulates objects
- imitate and respond to gesture/sounds
cog development
1-2 years
- understand/responds to words
- points at familiar objects
- knows difference between ppl
cog development
2-3 years
- sort, order, name objects
- imitate adult actions
- identify self in mirror
cog development
3-4 years
- awareness of past and present
- organize by shape/size
- group/match by color
- 5-15 min attention span
how are bones formed
Bones formed by endochondral (more common) or intramembranous ossification
primary ossification
Diaphysis ossified by birth, epiphyses remain cartilaginous at birth
secondary ossification
early in childhood at epiphyses (ossified by 20 y/o), bone grow at epiphyseal plate
appositional growth
increase in size (diameter) from bone accumulation on outside
Wolff’s Law
bones develop internal trabecular structure in response to mechanical forces placed on it
Hueter-Volkmann Principle
increased growth in response to tension and decreased growth with excessive compression
Flexure drift
strain on curved bone by repeated loading moves bone in concavity direction (straighten out
- bone reabsorbed from convex side, laid down on concave side
Criterion referenced tests
comparison to specific criteria rather than comparison to normal group
Compare performance of child with external criteria or standards
Most appropriate for evaluation of effects of PT and treatment planning
- serves as a measures of direct effects of PT
Norm Referenced tests
comparison btw specific child and an average child
Compare development to typical child same age
Appropriate when purpose is to determine if infant has motor delay – determine eligibility for early intervention
- enable PT to document the infant’s level of development and to monitor general progress
cerebellum
procedural learning
- predictive control of grip forces
temporal lobes
auditory, vision, memory
implicit learning
learning of complex info in an incidental manner, w/o awareness of what has been learned
Ex: pretend like a string is pulling you up
Unintentional
segmentation
partitioning a movement skill according to certain spatial/temporal criteria
Ex. Practice parts separately until level of success, then combine to the whole
simplification
various aspects of skill/environment are simplified
fractionalization
two/more components normally performed simultaneously are practiced in isolation
- not very successful - ex. breaking a jumping jack into two parts
Fitts Three Stages
- Cognitive: learner attempts to understand how to perform skill
- Intermediate: learner begin to modify/adapt movement pattern
- Autonomous: becomes more automatic – attention can be diverted – distractors introduced
Neo-Bernsteinian
degrees of freedom
Novice: simplifies movement by taking out available degrees of freedom
Advanced: learner begin to release additional degrees of freedom
Expert: additional degrees of freedom released – additional passive forces exploited
distributed practice
amount of time that learner is resting is equal or more than time in practice
massed practice
amount of time learned is engaged in practice is greater than time devoted to rest
regulatory features of environment
aspects of the environment that shape the movement itself
ex. size and weight of a cup
nonregulatory features of environment
may affect performance but movement does not have to conform to these features
ex. background noise
non associative learning
learning that occurs in response to one single stim or event, unlike associative
associative learning
Classical conditioning – stimulus to stimulus
Operant conditioning – behavior to consequence
procedural learning
well learned
Learning task that can be performed automatically w/o attention/conscious
Ex. Riding bike, walking
habituation
decrease in responsiveness that occurs as result of repeated exposure to nonpainful stimulus
declarative or explicit learning
Knowledge that can be consciously recalled – required awareness, attention, reflection
Repetition can transform declarative into procedural knowledge
AIMS
birth - 18 mo
screening tool
age equivalent score - criterion referenced
PDMS
birth - 6 years
gross/fine motor
norm referenced eval
BOT
4 - 21 years
norm referenced - test development and eval
gross and fine motor
vision at 3 mo
eyes can stay on object most of the time
