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Gender Psych > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Researchers are often concerned about measuring the true cause of an effect. That is, they are concerned with ___________ validity.

A

internal

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2
Q

Researchers are often concerned with being able to generalize their results to the real world. That is, they are concerned with ___________ validity.

A

external

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3
Q

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis?

A

A meta-analysis quantifies the results of a group of studies.

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4
Q

What is the social desirability response bias?

A

It is a form of participant effect where research participants try to appear normal and likable.

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5
Q

What are the two prominent trends in the most recent era (1982-present) of the psychology of gender?

A

The view of gender as multidimensional and an emphasis on social context.

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6
Q

The tension that develops when the expectations that accompany one’s gender role have negative consequences for the individual is called:

A

** Gender-role strain **

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7
Q

____________suggests that masculinity and femininity are categories constructed by society, and each society may have a different definition of masculinity and femininity.

A

Social constructionist approach

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8
Q

Which of the following best describes an egalitarian gender ideology?

A

Power is distributed equally between men and women.

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9
Q

Which of the following best describes a transitional gender ideology?

A

It is acceptable for women to devote energy to both work and family, but women should hold proportionally more responsibilities for the home and men should focus proportionally more energy on work.

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10
Q

Which of the following is true about modern sexism?

A

It includes the denial of any existing discrimination toward women.

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11
Q

Positive feelings toward women coupled with the notion that women are less competent than men and in need of men’s help is known as:

A

Benevolent sexism.

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12
Q

What is a gender-role stereotype?

A

A schema or set of behaviors containing the features we assign to men and women in our society.

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13
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

When stereotyping influences our behavior toward others in such a way that others confirm our stereotype.

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14
Q

What is the backlash effect?

A

The fact that when people display counterstereotypical behavior they may be penalized.

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15
Q

What spatial ability tends to be most in favor of men?

A

mental rotation

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16
Q

Which of the following is true about sex differences in empathy?

A

Findings depend on how empathy is measured.

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17
Q

Which of the following is true, according to the research on sex differences in aggression?

A

The sex differences in verbal aggression are less consistent than sex differences in physical aggression. ####

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18
Q

Which of the following is generally true about the research on sex differences in sexuality?

A

Findings generally depend on how sexuality is defined.

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19
Q

Which of the following statements is true of the research on testosterone and aggression?

A

** There is a clear correlational relationship between testosterone levels and aggression but no certain causal link. **

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20
Q

Which of the following is true regarding research on sex differences and the brain?

A

There are some sex differences in brain structure, but the meaning of those differences is not clear.

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21
Q

According to Social Learning Theory, what is modeling?

A

The tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by real-life or symbolic role models.

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22
Q

Which of the following statements is a fundamental assertion of Gender-Role Socialization Theory?

A

Agents in the environment encourage women to be communal and men to be agentic.

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23
Q

__________states that cognitive development is one factor in gender-role acquisition, but there are social influences as well.

A

Social cognitive theory

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24
Q

What is a schema?

A

A construct that contains information about the features of a category as well as its associations with other categories.

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25
Q

What is self-verification?

A

Our concern with behaving in ways consistent with our self-concept.

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26
Q

What is self-presentation?

A

Our concern with how our behavior appears to others.

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27
Q

The most important requirement for a fear of success is:

A

The person must associate achievement with negative consequences.

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28
Q

Female engineering students expressed a number of concerns about their future careers, including:

A

All of the above. (( Conflict between work and family. Lack of female role models. Lack of confidence, and discriminatory attitudes.))

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29
Q

The major factor that influences sex differences in self-confidence is:

A

** The nature of the task. **

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30
Q

The best explanation for the theory of stereotype threat which suggests that the salience of stereotypes may have a negative impact on performance is that:

A

Activating the stereotype increases the pressure on individuals during performance—pressure that arises due to fears of confirming the stereotype

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31
Q

It is possible that the effects of a stereotype threat may be nullified by:

A

Teaching people about it.

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32
Q

When a cause is assigned to a behavior it is called a(n):

A

Attribution.

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33
Q

The tendency to assign internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure is a(n):

A

Self-serving bias

34
Q

According to the expectancy / value model of achievement, we pursue areas of achievement:

A

That we value and in which we expect to succeed.

35
Q

Based on a summary of research findings, why do children prefer to play with others of the same sex?

A

Girls and boys have different styles of play and communication that are not always compatible.

36
Q

What is most useful in identifying the sex composition of a dyad?

A

** The topic discussed. **

37
Q

According to Brody & Hall (2008), studies examining differences in emotion using physiological measures suggests that:

A

Men are more physiologically reactive than women.

38
Q

When emotion is measured frequently across time:

A

** There are no differences in emotion reports **

39
Q

______ state(s) that group members form expectations about their own and others’ abilities which influence the nature of interactions.

A

Expectations states theory

40
Q

Which of the following research findings about the number of friends (network size) of boys and girls is true?

A

Most studies show that boys and girls have networks of friends similar in size and structure.

41
Q

The primary difference in the nature of men’s and women’s friendships is that ____________ is the focus of men’s interactions and ____________ is the focus of women’s interactions.

A

Activity, conversation

41
Q

The primary difference in the nature of men’s and women’s friendships is that ____________ is the focus of men’s interactions and ____________ is the focus of women’s interactions.

A

Activity, conversation

42
Q

Which of the following is true in reference to sex differences in intimacy?

A

There are more similarities than differences between women’s and men’s conceptions of closeness.

43
Q

Which of the following is true about self-disclosure in friendships?

A

Men are clearly capable of self-disclosure but seem to prefer not to engage in it.

44
Q

Which of the following statements is true about men and emotional expressiveness?

A

Men are not viewed as favorably as women when they self-disclose.

45
Q

Which of the following is true regarding conflict in friendships?

A

Girls say that they spend more time resolving conflicts with friends than boys.

46
Q

What is the emotional bond challenge to cross-sex friendships?

A

The friends question the nature of the relationship (Is the closeness called friendship or romantic love?)

47
Q

What are the primary motivating factors for entering romantic relationships?

A

Support and companionship

48
Q

Which of the following is true regarding sex differences in characteristics preferred in a mate?

A

Females are more likely than males to emphasize socioeconomic status.

49
Q

Which of the following is true regarding preferences in mate selection for gays and lesbians?

A

In general, gay men and lesbians look for the same characteristics in a mate as do heterosexuals.

50
Q

How does Social Role Theory explain sex differences in mate selection?

A

Society’s emphasis on a distinct division of labor between the sexes will be directly linked to sex differences in mate selection.

51
Q

How does Social Construction Theory explain sex differences in mate selection?

A

Social norms dictate what is desirable in a mate.

52
Q

Which relational maintenance strategies are wives more likely than husbands to use?

A

Taking on more than their share of the division of labor in the family.

53
Q

People often use emotional skills to maintain relationships. Which of the following are examples of these emotional skills?

A

Softening the delivery of a negative message,

54
Q

According to Social Exchange Theory:

A

Relationship satisfaction is partly determined by the benefits gained and costs incurred in a relationship.

55
Q

Which of the following is true about the relational satisfaction of homosexual couples?

A

Gay men and lesbians are as committed and satisfied with their relationships as heterosexuals.

56
Q

Which of the following is true regarding mortality in the U.S.?

A

More boys than girls die at every age.

57
Q

Your text identifies the role that artifacts play in sex differences in health. What are artifacts?

A

Factors that cause sex differences to appear that do not really exist.

58
Q

Women are more likely than men to believe in the value of preventive health care. (True/False?)

A

True

59
Q

Which features of men’s and women’s social roles seem to affect health?

A

Men’s social roles include more risky behaviors.

60
Q

The supposition that women’s roles require them to attend to the needs of others, which results in fatigue, exposure to illness, and not taking care of oneself when sick is the:

A

Nurturant role hypothesis.

61
Q

Which of the following is true about gender-related traits and health?

A

Agency is related to good health behavior and less psychological distress.

62
Q

Which of the following reflects a sex difference in support networks?

A

** Sex differences in social support may have to do with the female gender role more than female sex. **

63
Q

What are buffering effects in relation to the effects of marriage on health?

A

The notion that marriage indirectly affects health by providing resources to cope with stress

64
Q

Which of the following is true about marriage and social support?

A

Married women and men report higher levels of support than unmarried persons.

65
Q

Which of the following is true, according to Interpersonal Protection Theory?

A

Family and friends provide more support to women than men following widowhood.

66
Q

The point at which one feels uncomfortable with the adoption of some aspect of the other gender role is called the:

A

Gender tension line.

67
Q

How is intimate terrorism distinct from other forms of Intimate Partner Violence?

A

Intimate terrorism is rooted in control.

68
Q

What was the marital rape exemption clause?

A

The legal definition of rape as “the forcible penetration of the body of a woman, not the wife of the perpetrator.”

69
Q

The ________ states that differences in the kinds of roles men and women possess explain sex differences in health.
//
The idea that men and women are exposed to a different number of or kinds of stressors is called:

A

Differential exposure hypothesis

70
Q

The idea that certain stressors are more strongly linked to distress in one sex than the other is called:

A

Differential vulnerability

71
Q

Which of the following is true about the effects of working outside the home?

A

Doing more hours of work outside the home was associated with higher well-being for women.

72
Q

What is the role scarcity hypothesis?

A

Multiple roles have a negative effect on health because time and resources are limited and additional roles tap resources.

73
Q

What is the role expansion hypothesis?

A

The additional resources gained by multiple roles outweigh the increase in strains that might arise from more roles.

74
Q

Which of the following is true about the effects of paid worker roles on families?

A

A supportive job is associated with greater family satisfaction for both women and men.

75
Q

What is access discrimination?

A

When women or men are not offered a job or are offered a lesser job because of their sex

76
Q

What is the glass ceiling?

A

A form of treatment discrimination that refers to barriers to the advancement of women and minorities in organizations.

77
Q

According to your text, what does it mean to say that women are denying their discrimination?

A

Women agree that women in general are subject to discrimination and women do not receive the same salary as men for comparable work, but they deny any personal disadvantage.

78
Q

What is quid pro quo sexual harassment?

A

When one person offers work benefits or threatens work repercussions in exchange for sexual favors.

79
Q

The suggestion that expectations about men’s and women’s roles carry over to the workplace when they are not appropriate or are irrelevant is called:

A

Sex-role spillover theory.

80
Q

People who score high on unmitigated communion:

A

** Rely on others for self-esteem and internalize others’ views of themselves. **

81
Q

According to the text, the term depression has ___________ connotations; it implies a lack of self-confidence, a lack of control, and passivity—all of which contradict the traditional male gender role.

A

** Feminine **

Gender Psych (1 decks)

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