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Physiology Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

In negative feedback, an increase in the change of a controlled variable:

A

decreases (opposes) the change

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2
Q

In positive feedback, an increase in the change of a controlled variable _______ the change

A

Increases (causes an even greater change in variable)

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3
Q

In negative feedback, homeostasis _______

A

increases

positive feedback decreases homeostasis

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4
Q

As body temp, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels increase, negative feedback ______ these variables

A

decreases

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5
Q

As blood clotting, immune responses, and birth processes increase, positive feedback ______ these responses.

A

increases

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6
Q

As protons OR neutrons increase, atomic mass ______

A

increases

atomic mass is simply the sum of protons and neutrons

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7
Q

As ONLY protons increase, atomic number ______

A

increases

atomic number is simply the sum of protons

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8
Q

As the number of unpaired valence (outer shell) electrons increase, the number of bonds that atom can make ______

A

increase

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9
Q

As the number of electrons an atom gains increases, that atoms charge ______

A

Decreases (becomes more negative)

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10
Q

As the hydrophobicity of a molecule increases, its ability to dissolve in water _______

A

decreases

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11
Q

As the frequency of hydrolysis occurring on a proteins increases, the length of the protein ________

A

decreases

(hydrolysis is using water to BREAK bonds, while dehydration synthesis/condensation is the forming of bonds by the removal of water)

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12
Q

As a fatty acid becomes more saturated, it’s tendency to be liquid-like at room temperature _________

A

decreases

saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are liquid-like

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13
Q

As solute increases, concentration of that substance ______

A

increases

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14
Q

As strong acids are added to a solution, pH of that solution __________

A

decreases

Strong acids almost completely dissolve into H+ and anions

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15
Q

As acids react with bases, the number of salts _______

A

increases

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16
Q

As [H+] increases, pH _______ and [OH] ________

A

pH decreases and [OH] decreases

remember, the product of [H+] and [OH] is always 10 to the negative 14. As one increases, the other decreases

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17
Q

When pH increases by 1 unit, [H+] _______ by 10 times

A

decreases

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18
Q

As a strong acid is added to a phosphate buffer solution, the pH of the solution ________

A

stays the same

Generally. This is the entire purpose of buffers

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19
Q

As the amount of amino acids on a protein decreases in its number of side groups that function as weak acids/bases, the ability of that protein to act as a buffer __________

A

Decreases.

the ability of a protein to act as a buffer is due to side groups of amino acids that function as weak acids/bases

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20
Q

As the ratio of bicarbonate ion increases, the pH of the blood _________

A

increases.

the ratio of CO2/H2CO3 to HCO3- must be 1:20 for physiological pH to be possible

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21
Q

During alkalosis, the kidney ______ its secretion of bicarbonate and _______ its secretion of H+

A

increases secretion of bicarbonate and decreases its secretion of H+

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22
Q

As rate and depth of respiration increases, concentration of CO2 ________, concentration of H+ ________ and blood pH ________

A

CO2 decreases, H+ decreases, pH increases

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23
Q

As rate and depth of respiration decrease, concentration of CO2 ________, concentration of H+ ________ and blood pH ________

A

CO2 increases, H+ increases, blood pH decreases

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24
Q

As the kidneys retain bicarbonate, concentration of bicarbonate _______, concentration of H+ ______, and blood pH _________

A

increases, decreases, increases

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25
Q

As problems in pH arise from respiration, the respiratory system’s ability to fix the problem _______

A

decreases

if respiratory was the problem, it can’t be the solution, kidneys will do it

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26
Q

During respiratory acidosis, the rate of H+ secretion _________and the rate of bicarbonate recovery _________, causing pH to _______

A

increases, increases, increase

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27
Q

Metabolic acidosis can be caused by a(n) _______ of bicarbonate due to diarrhea or vomiting or a ________ in secretion of H+ and recovery of bicarbonate due to kidney failure

A

decrease, decrease

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28
Q

Due to metabolic acidosis, the rate of respiration _______

A

increases

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29
Q

Due to acidosis, the central nervous system ________ in activity

A

decreases

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30
Q

Due to hyperventilation, CO2 levels will ______, causing respiratory alkalosis, a(n) _______ in pH, which will be compensated by a(n) _______ in rate of bicarbonate secretion and H+ recovery

A

decrease, increase, increase

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31
Q

Due to metabolic alkalosis, the rate of respiration will _______ and the rate of H+ secretion and bicarbonate recovery will _________ in order to _______ pH

A

decrease, decrease, decrease

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32
Q

At the optimal range of a buffer, the pH will ______ after adding acid or base

A

stay the same

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33
Q

Alkalosis cause the central nervous system to ______ it’s activity

A

increase

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34
Q

As a phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic, the ability of CO2, O2, and steroid hormones to diffuse through _______, while that of ions and large molecules _______

A

Increase, decrease

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35
Q

If a cell has a rough ER that is malfunctioning, it’s ability to make fats _______

A

stays the same

fats are made in smooth ER, while proteins are made in rough ER

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36
Q

If a cell’s golgi complex is malfunctioning, it’s ability to exocytose ______

A

decreases

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37
Q

A cell with a malfunctioning mitochondria would see a _________ in ATP production

A

decrease

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38
Q

As glycogenolysis increases, blood glucose ______

A

increases

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39
Q

as glycogenesis increases, blood glucose ______

A

decreases

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40
Q

As gluconeogenesis increases, blood glucose _______

A

increases

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41
Q

As glycolysis increases, blood glucose ______ and pyruvate _______

A

decrease, increase

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42
Q

If oxygen is absent, pyruvate ______ it’s oxidation to Acetyl CoA

A

decreases

if O2 is absent, fermentation will occur

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43
Q

Lipogenesis results in a(n) ______ in fatty acids

A

increase

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44
Q

triglyceride synthesis results in a(n) ______ of glycerol, _______ of fatty acids, and a(n) _______ in triglycerides

A

decrease, decrease, increase

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45
Q

If Acetyl CoA is over-produced, the entry into the citric acid cycle is _______ and the formation of ketone bodies is _______, which can cause a _______ in pH

A

decreased, increased, decrease

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46
Q

Oxidative deamination causes a _____ in amino acids

A

decrease

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47
Q

Fatty acid oxidation results in a(n) _______ in acetyl CoA

A

increase

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48
Q

Glycerol, Lactate, and amino acids can all _______ blood glucose levels when glycogen storage ______

A

increase, decreases

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49
Q

Insulin causes ________ in gluconeogenesis

A

decrease

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50
Q

Insulin causes _______ in glycolysis, ______ in glycogenesis, _______ in lipogenesis

A

increase, increase, increase

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51
Q

Insulin causes _______ in blood glucose

A

decrease

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52
Q

Glucagon causes ______ in blood glucose

A

increase

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53
Q

glucagon causes _______ in glycogenolysis and _______ in gluconeogenesis, _______ in lipolysis, _______ in amino acid deamination

A

increase, increase, increase, increase

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54
Q

During fermentation, pH _______

A

decreases

due to lactic acid

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55
Q

In absence of O2, oxidation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA _______, ETC _____, fatty acid oxidation ______, krebs cycle _______, ketogenesis _______, and glycolysis ______

A

decreases, decreases, decreases, decreases, decreases, and STAYS THE SAME

(glycolysis does not require oxygen)

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56
Q

Without enzymes, reaction rates would _______ and would have to occur at _______ temperatures

A

decrease, increased

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57
Q

As electrons are transferred from one protein to the next in the electron transport chain, their energy states _______

A

decrease

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58
Q

pH decreases due to the _______ of ketone bodies

A

increase

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59
Q

As temperature increases, diffusion _______

A

increases.

Diffusion increases by higher temperature, smaller molecules, larger concentration gradient, larger electrical gradient, higher permeability, and smaller distance

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60
Q

During facilitated diffusion, the amount of energy used ______

A

stays the same

all diffusion occurs without energy, while all active transport uses energy directly or indirectly

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61
Q

As hydrostatic pressure increases, filtration ______

A

increases

62
Q

In very high temperatures, the net movement of water through a membrane permeable only to Na+ will _______

A

stay the same

Membrane must ONLY be permeable to water for osmosis to occur, in addition to a difference in solutes

63
Q

As the number of osmoles of a molecule increase, the osmolarity of that substance ________

A

increases

Osmolarity = molarity x osmoles

64
Q

As the number of particles per molecule placed in water increase, the number of osmoles ______

A

increases

65
Q

When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the movement of water into the cell ______

A

stays the same

66
Q

When a cell is placed in an hypotonic solution, the movement of water into the cell ______

A

increases

67
Q

When a cell is placed in an hypertonic solution, the movement of water into the cell ______

A

decreases

Because water LEAVES the cell in a hypertonic solution

68
Q

As conductance increases, resistance ______

A

decreases

69
Q

As conductance of a membrane to an ion increases, permeability of the membrane to that ion ______

A

increases

70
Q

A(n) ________ in pressure that causes movement of charged particles increases Voltage.

A

increase

71
Q

The higher the resistance, the more there is a(n) ______ in current

A

decrease

72
Q

The higher the voltage, the more there is a(n) _______ in current

A

increase

73
Q

When the electrical gradient equals the concentration gradient, movement of molecules ______

A

stays the same

74
Q

If a membrane divides 100mM KCL and 10 mM KCL, and is equally permeable to both K+ and CL-, the concentration of the 100mM KCL side will ______, and the side with 10mM KCL will _________

A

decrease, increase

75
Q

The Na+/K+ pump _____ the extracellular concentration of Na+ and _______ the extracellular concentration of K+

A

increases, decreases

76
Q

Hyperpolarization _______ the membrane potential

A

decreases

more negative

77
Q

Hypopolarization _______ the membrane potential

A

Increase (more positive)

78
Q

Depolarization _______ the membrane potential

A

increases

79
Q

repolarization ______ the membrane potential

A

decreases

80
Q

a sub-threshold stimulus will cause a(n) ______ in action potentials

A

stay the same

81
Q

A ______ in time between sub-threshold stimuli can cause a(n) ________ in action potentials

A

decrease, increase

82
Q

Hypopolarization of the membrane potential causes a(n) ________ in the permeability of voltage gated sodium channels, at the peak of the action potential, these channels _________ in permeability

A

increase, decrease

83
Q

An extremely large stimulus will cause a _______ in the magnitude of the action potential and a(n) _________ in the number of action potentials

A

stays the same, increase

84
Q

The axon hillock has a(n) _______ number of voltage gated Na+ channels, _______ it’s ability to propagate action potentials

A

increased, increasing

85
Q

leak channels, voltage-gated channels, and ligand-gated channels all ______ the excitability of a cell

A

increase

86
Q

If a neuron is myelinated more than other neurons, it would also have _______ speed of it’s conduction of action potentials

A

increased

87
Q

As myelination decreases, saltatory conduction ______

A

decreases

88
Q

As the diameter of a neuron increases, the conduction rate ______

A

increases

89
Q

When a neuron is stimulated, the frequency of action potentials _______

A

increase

90
Q

When a neuron is inhibited, the frequency of action potentials _______

A

decrease

91
Q

As frequency of action potential increase, the “tone of the neuron” _____

A

increases

92
Q

As an action potential reaches the synapse, voltage-gated Ca+ channels ______ in permeability, cause an ________ in intracellular Ca+, which causes a(n) _______ in release of vesicles (neurotransmitters) in to cleft

A

increase, increase, increase

93
Q

If the Na+/K+ pump was turned off, membrane potential would ________

A

increase (become more positive)

94
Q

EPSP’s cause the post synaptic membrane to _______ in potential

A

increase (more positive, hypo/depolarize)

95
Q

Acetylcholine esterases and peptidases both _______ the number of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

A

decrease (by destroying them)

96
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and histamine all _______ the amount of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

A

decrease (but instead of by destroying, it is by reuptake to the presynaptic neuron)

97
Q

EPSP’s ______ membrane potential while IPSP’s _____ membrane potential

A

increase (more positive/excited), decrease (more negative)

98
Q

Phasic receptors show a(n) ______ in adaptability why tonic receptors ______

A

increase, stay the same

99
Q

A stretch in the muscle spindles result in a(n) _______ of action potentials in the sensory neuron, which will result in _______ of the membrane potential of the motor neuron, causing a(n) ________ in action potentials in motor neuron, causing _______ of acetylcholine at NMJ resulting in contraction of muscle

A

increase, increase (EPSP’s), increase, increase

100
Q

Touching something hot will cause _______ of contraction of biceps and _______ contraction of triceps

A

increased, decreased

101
Q

If inhibition occurs at the muscle, muscle contraction will _________

A

stay the same

Inhibition MUST occur at the NEURON

102
Q

A divergent neuron pathway causes _______ in number activated neurons

A

increase (one-to-many)

103
Q

A converging neuron pathway results in ________ of the number of active neurons

A

decrease (many-to-one)

104
Q

Shock absorption by the brain _______ due to cerebrospinal fluid

A

increases

105
Q

The blood brain barrier _______ the ability of large molecules, most ions, and proteins to pass through

A

decreases

106
Q

tight junctions ______ the permeability of the blood brain barrier

A

decrease

107
Q

Lipid-soluble molecules and water _______ in their ability to cross the blood brain barrier

A

stay the same (diffuse through it)

108
Q

A(n) _______ in the activity of the medulla oblongata would results in a(n) _______ in conduction and activity of the reflex centers

A

Increase, Increase

The reflex centers in the medulla refer to the vasomotor center, cardiac center, respiratory center, as well as the gag, swallowing, coughing and sneezing reflexes.

109
Q

A(n) ______ in the activity of the Pons results in a(n) ________ in fine regulation of respiration

A

increase, increase

110
Q

An increase in the activity of the midbrain will result in ______ of arousal, attention, and awakeness

A

Stays the same.

the midbrain is associated with reactions to visual stimuli, such as avoiding a ball thrown at your head

111
Q

A decrease in alertness and arousal could be due to a(n) ________ in activity of what area of the brain stem?

A

decrease

The area of the brain stem that sends arousal and attention is the reticular activating system

112
Q

The ability to tell “how far, how fast, and when to put the brakes on” is ________ by what area of the brain?

A

Increased - by the cerebellum

The cerebellum monitors and makes corrective adjustments in motor activities

113
Q

Dysmetria, or the tendency to move a limb beyond the point of desire is caused by a ______ in the activity of the cerebellum

A

decrease

This can happen due to excess alcohol consumption.
The cerebellum also participates in posture

114
Q

Unimportant information being filtered out is caused by a(n) _______ in the activity of the Thalamus

A

increase

The Thalamus filters unimportant information while sending important sensory signals

115
Q

The Thalamus causes a(n) _______ in the perception of pain, heat, cold, and pressure and a(n) ______ in the locating and intensity perception of sensations

A

increase, STAYS THE SAME

The Thalamus allows us to perceive sensations but does not have the ability to locate or assign intensity to these sensations

116
Q

The hypothalamus _______ activity between the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system

A

increases

The hypothalamus manages the autonomic nervous system, regulates body temperature, osmolarity by producing ADH, produces oxytocin, regulates food intake with the appetite and satiation centers, regulates anterior pituitary gland, and influences rage and aggression

117
Q

A(n) ______ in rage and aggression is influenced by the hypothalamus

A

increase

118
Q

A high school student practices his free throws 100 times a day to fine-tune his form. This activity will cause a(n) ________ in what area of the brain?

A

Increase in the basal ganglia

The basal ganglia is responsible for trained movement and fine motor control

119
Q

A deterioration of the basal ganglia will cause a(n) ______ in the chances of having parkinson’s disease, which manifests as a(n) ______ in fine motor control

A

increase, decrease

120
Q

The primary motor cortex causes a(n) _______ in the coding of movement

A

STAYS THE SAME

primary motor cortex executes movements…it is the premotor cortex that codes for movement

121
Q

An injury to Broca’s area would result in a(n) ______ in one’s ability to read

A

stay the same

It is wernicke’s area that is responsible for written and spoken language

122
Q

Eminem, the rapper, would likely show a(n) ______ activity of Broca’s area

A

increase

Rapping is the rapid pronunciation of many words in succession. This would require high activity of broca’s area, which is the area in the premotor cortex that codes for speech

123
Q

The Somatosensory cortex results in _______ localization and intensity perception of sensations

A

increased

The somatosensory cortex is what allows us to localize and know the intensity of stimuli.

124
Q

The somatosensory cortex in a blind person would show ________ activity

A

increased

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for proprioception, the ability to perceive the position of the body without having to see it with the eyes

125
Q

Distinguishing shape and color would be the result of ________ activity of the primary visual cortex

A

increased

DOES NOT ASSIGN MEANING TO THEM

126
Q

Distinguishing pitch and rhythm would be the result of ________ activity of the primary auditory cortex

A

increased

DOES NOT ASSIGN MEANING

127
Q

Interpreting pitch and rhythm would be the result of ________ activity of the primary auditory cortex

A

STAYS THE SAME

it only distinguishes pitch and rhythm, does not interpret them

128
Q

Interpreting shape and color would be the result of ________ activity of the primary visual cortex

A

STAYS THE SAME

Interpretation does not happen here, only distinguishing of shape and color

129
Q

Interpreting shape and color would be the result of ________ activity of what brain area?

A

increased activity of the parieto-temporal-occipital association cortex

This is where the interpretation of shape, color, pitch and rhythm happens. This is where meaning is assigned.

130
Q

An increase in wernicke’s area activity would require the _____ in the activity of what brain area?

A

Increase in the Parieto-Temporal-Occipital Association cortex

This is because wernicke’s area is just a small section in the Parieto-Temporal-Occipital Association cortex

131
Q

An inability to plan for voluntary activities and thinking of consequences denotes a(n) ________ in activity of what area of the brain?

A

Decrease in the Prefrontal Association Cortex

This area is responsible for planning for voluntary activities, perceiving future consequences, and personality traits

132
Q

What is the limbic system and what are its functions?

A

Amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus.

The limbic system regulates emotion and motivational drive as well as feeding, mating, and fear

133
Q

An increase in the parasympathetic nervous system directly ________ norepinephrine release

A

stays the same

Parasympathetic nervous system only uses ACH, while it’ receptors determine function. All receptors will be nicotinic aside from effector organs

134
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine ______ excitement and anger

A

increase

135
Q

An increase in precise control of organs results from a(n) ______ in dual innervation

A

increase

136
Q

Excitement of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors results in the ________ of smooth muscle constriction

A

increase

137
Q

Excitement of beta 1 adrenergic receptors results in _______ of excitation at the heart

A

increase

138
Q

Excitement of beta 2 adrenergic receptors result in the ________ of smooth muscle constriction

A

decrease

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors cause relaxation of smooth muscle

139
Q

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in the _______ of the force of the hearts contraction

A

stays the same

parasympathetic can only decrease heart rate and conduction velocity, not contractility

140
Q

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in the ________ of the blood vessels of skeletal muscle, veins, and brain

A

stays the same

Parasympathetic NS can ONLY dilate vessels of penis and clitoris, NOTHING else

141
Q

Sympathetic NS causes the ________ of vasoconstriction of most body arterioles while ______ vasodilation of arterioles of skeletal muscle

A

increasing, increasing

142
Q

Sympathetic NS results in ______ of the bronchial muscle relaxation

A

increase

143
Q

Sympathetic NS _______ secretion of exocrine glands and endocrine glands of the pancreas

A

decreases

144
Q

Sympathetic nervous system ________ renin release while parasympathetic NS _______ renin release

A

increases, stays the same

145
Q

Sympathetic NS ______ erection and _______ ejaculation

A

stays the same, increases

Parasympathetic NS gives erection and has no effect on ejaculation while Sympathetic NS has no effect on erection but increases ejaculation

146
Q

Parasympathetic NS _______ metabolism while Sympathetic NS _______ gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis

A

Stays the same, increases

147
Q

A sympathetic agonist ______ the effects of norepinephrine while a sympathetic antagonist ______ the effects of epinephrine

A

stays the same(mimics norepinephrine), decreases

148
Q

A parasympathetic agonist ______ the effects of acetylcholine while a parasympathetic antagonist ______ the effects of acetylcholine

A

stays the same (mimics effects of acetylcholine), decreases

149
Q

At rest, the sarcomere is ________ in length

A

increased

150
Q

The H-zone and the I-band ______ in length during contraction

A

decrease

Physiology Final (1 decks)

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