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Social Research Methods > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main goals of qualitative research?

A

seeing through the eyes of the studied, emphasis on process, flexibility and limited structure

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2
Q

what is empathy in qualitative research?

A

seeing through the eyes of the people studied

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3
Q

what is naturalism in qual. research?

A

Observing people in their own environment; An approach that helps the researcher gain an understanding of the social context

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4
Q

what is “process” in qual. research?

A

showing how events and patterns unfold over time

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5
Q

how can “process” be achieved?

A

time in the field, semi-structures interviewing, unstructured interviewing, and life history approach

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6
Q

questions in qualitative research should be quite ________

A

general

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7
Q

what are the advantages of limited structure?

A

topics explored may change as the study progresses and allows the researcher to find new directions of study

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8
Q

what questions does qual. research answer?

A

what, how, and why

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9
Q

what are the elements of a research question in qual. research?

A
  1. how or what?
  2. describe participants
  3. discover, identify, describe, explore, or generate
  4. name central phenomenon
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10
Q

what are the 5 approaches to qual. research?

A
  1. ethnography
  2. phenomenology
  3. grounded theory
  4. case study
  5. narrative inquiry
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11
Q

what is ethnography?

A

a study of people and their culture in naturally occurring settings; Behaviour is observed in an unstructured way by carrying out in-depth discussions and interviews with the people studied

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12
Q

what is phenomenology?

A

explores the essential nature of a lived experience; aims to gain insider perspective of the phenomenon of study, subjective experiences and interpretations

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13
Q

what is grounded theory?

A

applies systematic and explicit data analysis techniques to textual information; e.g. what was central to the process? what caused the phenomenon to occur? then develops a theory of the process, action, interaction shaped by the views of participants

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14
Q

what is a case study?

A

collection and presentation of information on a particular person, group, organization or event; focus is upon depth and meaning in context

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15
Q

what is narrative inquiry?

A

experiences as expressed in lived and told stories and then relates them with temporal and spatial orientation; asks: what did people make of what happened?

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16
Q

what is the etic approach?

A

outside approach. deductive, top-down, start from the theory and then see if it applies to that population

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17
Q

what is the emic approach?

A

lets participants speak for themselves, insider, inductive, bottom-up, looking at emerging theories that come up

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18
Q

why does dill compare participant observation to double dutch skipping?

A

learning the ropes- positionality
planning both feet: conceptual frameworks
keeping time and rhythm: complicated, contextual and improvisational

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19
Q

what is participant observation?

A

synonymous with ethnography but a less inclusive term, ethnography includes participant observation but also other methods

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20
Q

what are the two types of field setting?

A

open/public settings and closed settings

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21
Q

what is overt ethnography?

A

The people being studied know they are being observed by a researcher

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22
Q

what is covert ethnography?

A

The people being studied do not know they are being observed by a researcher

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23
Q

what is a gatekeeper?

A

someone who knows key participants and controls access to the setting, introduces the researcher to the field

24
Q

what is a sponsor?

A

someone in the organization who can vouch for you

25
Q

what is a key informant?

A

participants who are particularly knowledgeable and cooperative

26
Q

what is complete participation?

A

the researchers adopts a secret role in the group

27
Q

what is participant-as-observer?

A

researcher adopts a role in the group and participants are aware who the researcher really is

28
Q

what is observer-as-participant?

A

researcher observes and interviews from the edge of the group

29
Q

what is a complete observer?

A

researcher does not engage the participants at all

30
Q

what are field notes?

A

detailed notes of events, conversations, and behaviour, and the researcher’s initial reflection on them– key source of data in ethnography

31
Q

what is a mental note?

A

remember and write it down later

32
Q

what is a jotted note?

A

scratch or rough notes, brief notes made at the time

33
Q

what is a full field notes

A

detailed notes of what was seen, heard, and reflection on situations

34
Q

what are analytic memos?

A

link observations to concepts, theories that may apply

35
Q

what is purposive sampling?

A

involves searching for people who are likely to be a rich source of information on the group or setting under study

36
Q

what is snowball sampling?

A

a viable contact is used to identify others who may be willing to provide information on the topic of the study, who are then used to establish further contacts

37
Q

what is theoretical sampling?

A

used in order to discover categories and their properties and to suggest the interrelationships into a theory

38
Q

what are the two main types of qualitative interview?

A

unstructured and semi-structured

39
Q

what are introducing questions?

A

“please tell me about when your interest in X first began”

40
Q

what are follow-up questions?

A

rephrase the interviewee’s answer and ask them to elaborate on the answer, “what did you mean by….”

41
Q

what are probing questions?

A

invites them to reflect more deeply

42
Q

what are specifying questions?

A

factual. “what did you do then?”

43
Q

what are direct questions?

A

interviewee perceptions, “do you find it difficult to….”

44
Q

what are indirect questions?

A

perception of others, “how do you feel about….”

45
Q

what are structuring questions?

A

“now I would like to move on to a different topic”

46
Q

what is the role of silence in an interview?

A

gives the interviewee an opportunity to reflect and amplify the answer

47
Q

what are interpreting questions?

A

“Do you mean that your leadership role had to change from one of encouraging others to a more directive one?”

48
Q

what is analytic induction?

A

a general research question is devised, some data are gathered, and a hypothesis is proposed, the researcher continues to gather data until no contradictory cases are found

49
Q

what are the features of grounded theory?

A

coding, constant comparison, theoretical saturation

50
Q

what is open coding?

A

identifies initial concepts that will be categorized together later

51
Q

what is axial coding?

A

data are reviewed for linkages and re-organized according to those connections, new codes may be developed

52
Q

what is selective coding?

A

selecting the main categories

53
Q

what is basic coding?

A

getting the simplest labels, such as negative and positive

54
Q

what is narrative analysis?

A

researching the stories people tell to understand their life and world

55
Q

what is theoretical saturation?

A

researchers reach a point in their analysis of data that sampling more data will not lead to more information related to their research questions.

56
Q

what is the process of selecting a research question?

A

start with research area, then narrow down to a select aspect of the research area, then create possible research questions, then select research questions

57
Q

what is the structure of a research report?

A
  1. title page
  2. acknowledgements
  3. table of contents
  4. abstract
  5. introduction
  6. literature review
  7. research methods
  8. results
  9. discussion
  10. conclusion
  11. appendices
  12. references

Social Research Methods (1 decks)

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