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A&P I > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cerebrum control

A

the frontal lobe

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2
Q

4 fxns of the frontal lobe

A

executive fxn

attention

personality

problem solving

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3
Q

frontal lobe contains what 2 cortices

A

motor

premotor

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4
Q

where is Broca’s area located

A

frontal lobe

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5
Q

what does Broca’s area control

A

speech formation

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6
Q

what major cortex does the parietal lobe contain

A

somatosensory

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7
Q

what does the central sulcus separate

A

frontal and parietal lobes → motor/sensory cortices

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8
Q

what is Broca’s aphasia

A

lack of fluency of speech

preserved language comprehension

repetition

disordered syntax

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9
Q

occipital lobe contains what major cortex

A

visual association areas

primary visual cortex

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10
Q

major fxn of the temporal lobe

A

auditory association area

Wernicke’s area → language comprehension

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11
Q

what lobe houses the limbic system

A

inferior portion of the temporal lobe

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12
Q

5 functions of the limbic system

A
  1. emotions
  2. memory
  3. feeding
  4. mating
  5. homeostatic regulation → ANS and endocrine
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13
Q

contents of the limbic system

A

hippocampus

amygdala

cingulate gyrus

thalamus

epithalamus

mammary body

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14
Q

hippocampal damage causes

A

failure to convert short term memory to long term memory

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15
Q

basal ganglia include

A
  1. lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus, putamen)
  2. caudate nucleus
  3. substantia niagra
  4. subthalamic nucleus
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16
Q

the internal capsule is responsible for transmitting

A

motor and sensory fibers from the cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord

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17
Q

a small stroke to the internal capsule causes

A

extensive changes to motor fxn

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18
Q

the thalamus is responsible for

A

processing and relaying sensory information from the body to the cortex →

sleep/awareness

consciousness/arousal

motor role as well

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19
Q

what is the control center for the ANS

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

what is another fxn of the hypothalamus

A

emotion

physiologic responses

anger

fear

well being

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21
Q

the cerebellum connects the

A

spinal cord (sensory input) to the cortex

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22
Q

the cerebellum controls

A

balance

posture

muscle tone

coordination of voluntary motor fxn

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23
Q

s/sx of cerebellar injury are usually on the __ side

A

ipsilateral

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24
Q

the Reticular Activating System (RAS) controls

A

arousal

alertness

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25
Q

the RAS involves which CN

A

II

VIII

seeing and hearing

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26
Q

all major sensory pathways connect with the

A

ascending RAS

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27
Q

comatose states affect the

A

RAS

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28
Q

descending RAS controls

A

involuntary motor control

impulses from extrapyramidal motor system to voluntary muscles

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29
Q

motor fxn is divided into

A

pyramidal

extrapyramidal

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30
Q

pyramidal system __ movement

A

controls

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31
Q

the extrapyramidal system __ movement

A

coordinates

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32
Q

the extrapyramidal system connects the __

with the __

A

motor cortex

basal ganglia

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33
Q

extrapyramidal diseases include (4)

A
  1. Parkinson’s
  2. Tardive Dyskinesia
  3. Huntington’s
  4. Sydenham’s chorea
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34
Q

leptomeninges include

A

pia

arachnoid

2 innermost layers that cover the brain and the spinal cord

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35
Q

CSF is produced by

A

epithelial cells in choroid plexuses w. in ventricles

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36
Q

components of CSF (4)

A

water

glucose

O2

CO2

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37
Q

foramen of monroe connects

A

lateral and third ventricles

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38
Q

CSF is absorbed by

A

arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus

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38
Q

CSF is absorbed by

A

arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus

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39
Q

cisterns are formed by

A

openings in the subarachnoid space

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40
Q

hydrocephalus is

A

water in the brain

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41
Q

what is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in kids

A

congenital obstruction of the aqueduct of sylvius

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42
Q

idiopathic hydrocephalus is also called

A

normal pressure hydrocephalus

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43
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus triad

A

wacky, wobbly, wet

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44
Q

Cushing’s Dz is caused by

A

anterior pituitary tumor

trauma

hemorrhage

stroke

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45
Q

CN innervation of the dura

A

CN V

C1-C3

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46
Q

intracranial hemorrhages can be __

or __

A

intraaxial → in the brain or spinal cord

extraaxial → outside the brain and spinal cord

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47
Q

epidural hematoma is usually caused by __

and causes injury to the __

A

trauma

middle meningeal a

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48
Q

epidural hemorrhages are __ on CT

A

crescent/convexP

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49
Q

epidural hemorrhages are characterized by

A

lucid interval → quick decline

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50
Q

subdural hemorrhages are caused by

A

old age → atrophy

rupture of bridging cerebral veins

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51
Q

subdural hematomas appear __ on CT

A

banana shaped → concave

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52
Q

always CT a patient that is __

to catch __

A

>65 yo

subdural hemorrhage

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53
Q

subdural vs epidural hemorrhage

A

P

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54
Q

COW is incomplete in __% of people

A

50%

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55
Q

most common location for a berry (saccular) aneurysm

A

anterior communicating artery

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56
Q

Alzheimer’s Dz is characterized by

A

diffuse atrophy

enlarged sulci

thinned gyri

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57
Q

findings of increased ICP

A

Cushing’s Triad:

increased BP

decreased pulse

decreased RR

also, pupils fixed and dilated

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58
Q

Uncal herniation impinges on which CN

A

CN III

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59
Q

uncal herniation affects which structures

A

herniates into tentorial notch

may involve:
posterior cerebral artery

visual cortex -> +/- unilateral pupil dilation

may go through foramen magnum (cerebellar tonsils)

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60
Q

vascular distribution to the cerebrum and posterior fossa

A

vertebral arteries → combine to form basilar artery → divides into posterior cerebral arteries

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61
Q

ACA stroke affects

A

the legs

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62
Q

MCA stroke affects

A

arms

hands

head

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63
Q

ACA and MCA strokes involve __

so there will be __ paralysis

A

UMN

spastic

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64
Q

PCA supplies

A

occipital lobe

posterior parietal lobe

inferior medial temporal lobe

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65
Q

PCA stroke symptoms

A

vision loss

paresthesias

limb weakness

dizziness

memory loss

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66
Q

ACA stroke symptoms (5)

A

legs

disinhibition

primitive reflexes (grasping, sucking)

impaired judgement

contralateral weakness and sensory deficits

gait apraxia

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67
Q

what does the ACA supply

A

basal ganglia

frontal lobe

anterior parietal lobe

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68
Q

what does the MCA supply

A

lateral surfaces of the hemispheres

part of the internal capsule and basal ganglia

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69
Q

symptoms of MCA stroke

A

contralateral deficits in movement and sensation

dysphagia

impaired speech

hemianopia

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70
Q

vertebrobasilar artery stroke affects

A

pons

brainstem

medulla

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71
Q

symptoms of vertebrobasilar artery stroke

A

vertigo

fainting

dropping 2/2 to weak quadricepts

hemianopsia

dysphagia

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72
Q

mass effects of strokes can cause severe __

and __ through __

and/or __

A

severe edema

herniation

falx

tentorium

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73
Q

lacunar infarcts affect the

A

internal capsule

basal ganglia

thalamus

pons

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74
Q

symptoms of a lacunar stroke

A

hemiparesis

ataxia

sensory deficit

motor deficit of one arm

dysarthria

clumsy hand

purely motor

purely sensory

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75
Q

evaluation of stroke

A
  1. non contrast CT
  2. triple CT
  3. contrast MRI blood flow analysis
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76
Q

herniation under falx

A

cingulate herniation

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77
Q

uncal herniation

A

uncus and hippocampal gyrus herniate into tentorial notch

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78
Q

tonsillar herniation

A

cerebellar tonsils herniate thru foramen magnum

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79
Q

what type of imaging will differentiate hemorrhagic stroke vs ischemic stroke

A

CT w.o contrast

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80
Q

what imaging will show acute hemorrhage

A

triple CT

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81
Q

C2 dermatome

A

sleep area

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82
Q

C4 dermatome

A

shoulder pads

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83
Q

C6 dermatome

A

tip of thumb

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84
Q

C7 dermatome

A

tip of the index finger

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85
Q

C8

A

tip of the little finger

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86
Q

T1 dermatome

A

medial elbow

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87
Q

T4 dermatome

A

nipple

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88
Q

T10 dermatome

A

umbilicus

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89
Q

L1 dermatome

A

inguinal

1 for I

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90
Q

L2 dermatome

A

lateral thigh

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91
Q

L3 dermatome

A

inner anterior thigh

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92
Q

L4 dermatome

A

great toe

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93
Q

L5 dermatome

A

dorsum of foot

foot drop

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94
Q

S1 dermatome

A

little toe

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95
Q

S2 dermatome

A

posterior thigh

96
Q

S4/S5 dermatomes

A

perineum

coccyx

NOT anus

97
Q

coccyx 1 dermatome

A

anus

98
Q

making sense of dermatomes

A
99
Q

referred pain happens when __ info comes into the

spinal cord from one location but is interpreted by the CNS as having come from another location by the __

A

sensory

same spinal cord level

100
Q

heart pain is referred to

A

T1-T5

left side of jaw and left arm

101
Q

stomach pain is referred to

A

T5-T7

chest and groin

102
Q

where is appendix pain referred to

A

T10-T11

RLQ pain

103
Q

what anatomical landmark indicates the beginning of the aortic arch

A

sternal angle (Angle of Louis)

104
Q

what carries referred pain

A

visceral afferent fibers converge at a spinal cord level

somatic afferent fibers at the same spinal cord level refer the pain

105
Q

the anterior mediatsinum contains

A

thymus (behind manubrium)

internal mammary vessel

lymph nodes

loose CT

106
Q

the middle mediastinum contains

A

pericardia: fibrous, serous, visceral, parietal

heart vessels: aorta, SVC/IVC/pulmonary aa/vv

nerves: vacus, sympathetics, phrenics

trachea

107
Q

posterior mediastinum contains

A

descending aorta

esophagus

intercostal aa/vv

thoracic duct

azygos and hemozygous vv

108
Q

superior mediastinum is above the

A

sternal angle

109
Q

the superior mediastinum contains the

A

thymus

brachiocephalic vv

SVC

aortic arch and branches

trachea

esophagus

phrenic and vagus n

left recurrent laryngeal n

thoracic duct

110
Q

location of the descending aorta

A

posterior mediastinum

111
Q

location of the aortic arch and branches

A

superior mediastinum

112
Q

aortic arch arises from the ascending aorta and runs slightly __

to the __ of the trachea

A

posterior

left

113
Q

descending aorta

A

lower 9 posterior intercostal aa

114
Q

the main muscle of breathing is the

A

diaphragm

115
Q

the external intercostals move the ribs

A

up and out

116
Q

forced breathing occurs during

A

exercise

pathological states

117
Q

forced breathing involves which extra bones

A

upper 2 ribs

sternum

118
Q

expiration is primarily a __ process

A

passive

119
Q

the internal intercostals move the ribs

A

down and inward

120
Q

expiration involves which intercostals

A

internal intercostals

121
Q

muscles of active breathing

A

internal intercostals

abdominal rectus

external/internal obliques

transverse abdominus

122
Q

the medullary inspiration center is the

A

rhythm generator

123
Q

the medullary inspiration center involves which CN

A

sensory: IX, X

motor: phrenic

124
Q

the medullary expiration center is only active during

A

expiration

125
Q

most important determinants of normal breathing (3)

A
  1. central medullary chemoreceptors → pH of CSF
  2. increased PCO2
  3. decreased O2
126
Q

what is the most sensitive peripheral mechanism affecting ventilation

A

PaO2

127
Q

PaO2 of < __ causes increased ventilation

A

60 mmHg

128
Q

where is voluntary control of breathing mediated

A

cortex

129
Q

gold standard for pulmonary embolism dx

A

pulmonary angiography

129
Q

gold standard for pulmonary embolism dx

A

pulmonary angiography

130
Q

in a pneumothorax, air enters the space

causing __

A

pleural

atelectasis

131
Q

where is a chest tube inserted

A

4th intercostal space

mid axillary line

just above the rib

132
Q

where is the aortic (semilunar) valve auscultated

A

left sternal margin

2nd intercostal space

133
Q

where is the pulmonary semilunar valve auscultated

A

left sternal margin

2nd intercostal space

134
Q

where is the mitral valve auscultated

A

mid clavicular line

5th intercostal space

135
Q

where is the tricuspid valve auscultated

A

right sternal margin

5th intercostal space

136
Q

where do 75% of breast malignancies spread

A

axillary nodes

137
Q

where do 25% of breast malignancies spread

A

internal mammary (internal thoracic nodes)

138
Q

3 main places lung malignancies spread

A
  1. hllum
  2. subcarinal
  3. mediastinal pretracheal nodes
139
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

network of motor and sensory nerves

140
Q

the brachial plexus carries nerves from the __

to the __

and __

A

spinal cord

arms

hands

141
Q

C4 muscle movement

A

shoulder shrug

142
Q

C5 muscle movement

A

abducts arms at shoulder joing

143
Q

C6 muscle movement

A

flexion at elbow joint

144
Q

C7 muscle movement

A

extension of elbow joint

145
Q

C8 muscle movement

A

flexion of the fingers

146
Q

T1 muscle movement

A

abduction and adduction of the index, middle, ring fingers

147
Q

where is the apex of the heart

A

mid clavicular line 5th intercostal space

148
Q

the valsalva maneuver __ intrathoracic and intra abdominal pressures

A

increases

149
Q

the valsalva maneuver __ venous return to the heart

and __ cardiac output

A

decreases

decreases

150
Q

after valsalva pressure is released CO __

A

increases

151
Q

__ L of plasma per day pass out of the capillaries via filtration

A

20

152
Q

__ pressure causes

__ L of fluid to be reabsorbed into the capillaries

A

oncotic pressure

17

153
Q

the __ system returns the remaining

__ L of fluid to the venous system

A

lymph

3

154
Q

which chamber of the heart is most anterior

A

right ventricle

155
Q

which heart chamber is immediately in front of the esophagus

A

the left atrium

156
Q

passive breathing involves which 2 muscles

A

diaphragm

external intercostals

157
Q

during inspiration, the diaphragm __, the

volume of the thoracic cavity __,

and intrathoracic pressure

A

contracts

increases

decreases

158
Q

during expiration, the diaphragm __,

the volume of the thoracic cavity __,

and intrathoracic pressure __

A

relaxes

decreases

increases

159
Q

muscles of active inSpiration

A

scalenes

sternocleidomastoid

pectoralis major and minor

serratus anterior

latissmus dorsi

160
Q

most people are __ coronary artery dominant

A

right

161
Q

the rca supplies the

A

RA

RV

portions of LA and LV

posterior 1/3 of IVS

SA node

AV node

162
Q

LCA supplies

A

LA

LV

most of IVS

Bundle of His and its branches

163
Q

which CN innervates the anterior sensory portion of the scalp

A

CN V

164
Q

branches of CN V that innervate the anterior portion of the scalp

A

supratrochlear

supraorbital

zygomaticotemporal

auriculotemporal

165
Q

which CN controls motor innervation of the scalp

A

CN VII

166
Q

CN VII innervates which facial muscles

A

frontalis

occipital

167
Q

the lymphatic system collects fluid lost from the

A

capillary beds

168
Q

left and right jugular lymph trunks drain the

A

side of the head and neck

169
Q

right and left subclavian trunks drain the

A
  1. upper limbs
    1. superficial regions of the thoracic and upper abdominal wall
170
Q

the left and right bronchomediastinal trunks drain teh

A

lungs

bronchi

mediastinal structures

thoracic wall

171
Q

largest lymphatic vessel in the body

A

thoracic duct

172
Q

the thoracic duct is in the __ area

A

pre vertebral

173
Q

6 lymph nodes of the body

A
  1. cervical
  2. axillary
  3. deep
  4. precranial ring
  5. tracheal
  6. inguinal
  7. femoral
174
Q

the thoracic duct flows into the

A

subclavian trunk

175
Q

what lymph structure drains the abdominal viscera, abdominal walls, pelvis, perineum, and lower limbs

A

cisterna chyli

176
Q

the jugulardigastric node is in the __ area

A

tonsilar

177
Q

the jugular omohyoid nodes are in the __ area

A

tongue

178
Q

the apical nodes join the __ trunks

and drain into the right __ trunk

and left __ trunk

A

subclavian

subclavian

thoracic

179
Q

25% of breast drainage is to the __

into the __ on the left and

__ on the right

A

parasternal

thoracic (mammary)

subclavian

180
Q

parasternal chain lymph nodes include the

A

internal thoracic/internal mammary

181
Q

intrathoracic drainage enters the __ on the left

A

thoracic duct

182
Q

in fetal circulation, 75% of blood from the __

and the __ is directed through

the __

into the __

A

ductus venous

IVC

foramen ovale

left atrium

183
Q

PIOPED studies

A

Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis

184
Q

PIOPED studies signs of pulmonary embolism

A

tachypnea → 70%

rales → 51%

tachycardia → 30%

4th heart sound

accentuation of 2nd heart sound

185
Q

purpose of 3 fetal circulation shunts

A
  1. bypass the lungs and liver
186
Q

foramen ovale is in between the __ and

bypasses the __

A

atria

lungs

187
Q

in fetal circulation, the __ moves blood from the

__ to

the __

A

ductus arteriosus

pulmonary artery

aorta

188
Q

in fetal circulation the __ bypasses the

__ to the

__

A

ductus venosus

liver

IVC

189
Q

the papillary muscles attach to the __

and __

via the

__

A

tricuspid valve

mitral valve

chordae tendinae

190
Q

what is the function of the papillary m

A

prevents regurgitation of ventricular blood

prevent prolapse and inversion during systole

191
Q

components of the circle of willis

A

l/r anterior cerebral artery

anterior communicating artery

l/r internal carotid artery

l/r posterior cerebral

l communicating artery

192
Q

CN V pathway

A

V1 → opthalmic

V2 → maxillary

V3 → mandibular

193
Q

CN V has __ and

__ fxn

A

somatic

autonomic

194
Q

sensory fxn of V1

A

innervation of:

eye

cornea

conjunctiva

skin of upper face and anterior scalp

mucous membranes

nasal cavity

195
Q

afferent limb of the corneal blink reflex

A

V1

195
Q

afferent limb of the corneal blink reflex

A

V1

196
Q

V2 sensory fxn

A

innervation to the:

sinuses

nasal cavity

palate

mid face

197
Q

sensory fxn of V3

A

innervation of the:

mandibular teeth

mouth/buccal mucosa

meninges

external ear

198
Q

which branch of V3 innervate the meninges

A

V3 → maxillary

199
Q

which nerve provides sensation not taste to the anterior ⅔ of the tongue

A

lingual n → branch of V3

200
Q

sensation to anterior ⅔ of the tongue is controlled by

A

lingual n via V3

201
Q

which nerve provides taste to the anterior ⅔ of the tongue

A

chorda tympani via CN VII

202
Q

somatic skeletal fxn of CN V

A

biting

chewing

mastication

203
Q

muscles of mastication are innervated by

A

V3

204
Q

what are the muscles of mastication

A

masseter

temporalis

lateral/medial pterygoid

205
Q

muscle innervation of CN V

A

masseter

temporalis

medial/lateral pterygoid

mylohyoid

tensor velli palatini

tensor tympani

anterior digastric

206
Q

what is the fxn of the mylohyoid

A

lifts posterior tongue

seals nasopharynx

207
Q

tensor tympani fxn

A

dampens sound

208
Q

important branches of CN V

A

alveolar n

maxillary n

auriculotemporal n

lingual n

mandibular n

208
Q

important branches of CN V

A

alveolar n

maxillary n

auriculotemporal n

lingual n

mandibular n

209
Q

where are dental blocks administered

A
  1. superior alveolar n -→ CNV → maxillary teeth
  2. inferior alveolar n → CN V → mandibular teeth
210
Q

which muscle acts as a diaphragm in the floor of the mouth to confine bleeding w. a skull fx

A

mylohyoid → CN V

211
Q

trigeminal neuralgia is also called

A

tic douloureux

212
Q

CN V tests

A
  1. sensation to face
  2. movements of mandible
213
Q

CN VII pathway

A

Temporal branch

Zygomatic branch

Buccal branch

Mandibular branch

Cervical branch

214
Q

sensory innervation of CN VII

A

concha

external auditory meatus

skin behind ear

215
Q

somatic motor fxn of CN VII

A

muscles of facial expression

dampening of sound in ear

216
Q

which CN VII muscle dampens sound in the ear

A

stapedius

217
Q

PSNS motor fxn of CN VII

A

lacrimal gland

submandibular gland

sublingual

efferent blink reflex

218
Q

somatosensory fxn of CN VII

A

sensation from skin on concha and posterior auricular skin

218
Q

somatosensory fxn of CN VII

A

sensation from skin on concha and posterior auricular skin

219
Q

which salivary glands are innervated by CN VII

A

submandibular

sublingual

220
Q

damage to CN VII can be caused by

A

acoustic neuroma

stroke

tumor

hemorrhage

Bell’s Palsy

221
Q

symptoms of CN VII damage

A

Bell’s Palsy

loss of salivary gland secretion

hyperacusis

loss of sensation from concha/external ear

222
Q

CN VII tests

A

muscles of facial expression

taste from anterior ⅔ of tongue

223
Q

what muscle innervates the platysma

A

CN VII

224
Q

what is the fxn of the platysma

A

draws skin around lower part of mouth down or out

225
Q

muscle innervation of CN VII

A

frontalis

orbicularis oculi

buccinator

orbicularis oris

platysma

posterior belly of the digastric

stapedius

226
Q

cavernous sinus → OTOMCAT

A

oculomotor n

trochlear n

ophthalmic n

maxillary n

carotid a (internal)

abducens

227
Q

meckel’s cave connects the __ to the

__ cistern

A

cavernous sinus

prepontine cistern

228
Q

meckel’s cave houses the

A

trigeminal n ganglion

228
Q

meckel’s cave houses the

A

trigeminal n ganglion

229
Q

the cavernous sinuses sit on either side of the

A

sphenoid bone

230
Q

the cavernous sinus extends from the posterior aspect of the orbit to the __ part of the temporal bone

A

petrous

231
Q

why is the cavernous sinus called the danger zone

A

infxns of the nose and injuries around the nose can easily spread here and result in cavernous sinus thrombosis

232
Q

the veins of the face drain into the __

via the __

A

cavernous sinus

superior ophthalmic vein

233
Q

what does the LCX supply

A

LA

LV

A&P I (1 decks)

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