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Pathophysiology > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What are defensins?

A

“defense” peptides. Attracted to the phospholipids of pathogen and forms pores that disrupt intracellular compartment and kills pathogen

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2
Q

Steps recognition, recruitment, removal, and repair

A
  • Recognition: macrophages and mast cells recognize and release IL-1
  • Recruitment: complement activated activating vasodilation and recruiting t cells
  • Removal: phagocytosis on pathogens
  • Repair: WBCs stimulate fibrin, collagen, and fibroblasts
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3
Q

Know the resident macrophages

A

o Microglial Cells (CNS)
o Dust Cells (AKA alveolar macrophages in the lungs)
o Langerhans (skin)
o Kupffer cells (liver)

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4
Q

DAMPS and PAMPS

A
  • DAMPS: receptors on damaged cells

- PAMPS: on pathogens with things like peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, etc.

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5
Q

Cytokine and Chemokine

A
  • Cytokine: cell signaling; generates immune responses

- Chemokines: attracts leukocytes

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6
Q

Histamine and serotonin

A

Both cause vasodilation and come from mast cells

-Histamine causes inflammation

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7
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Effect first line defense: decreased saliva and decrease stomach acid

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8
Q

How do changes in BCOP and ICOP contribute to edema?

A

decrease in BCOP and increase in ICOP = accumulation of fluid

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9
Q

“Arachidonic Acid Metabolites”

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes-> eicosanoids-> inflammation

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10
Q

Complement System

A
  1. Classical
  2. Lectin
  3. Alternative
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11
Q

MALT->Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

A

initiates immune responses to specific antigens encountered along all mucosal surfaces

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12
Q

Haptens

A

molecules are too small and have to be paired with something else-> penicillin

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13
Q

Types of Hypersensitivity

A
  1. Type I: Allergies and anaphylaxis
  2. Type II: Antibody-> specific to one type of organ (myasthenia gravis) (graves disease)
  3. Type III: Immune complex-> antibody and antigen bind activating complement pathways (rheumatoid arthritis)
  4. Type IV: Delayed-> cell mediated (contact dermatitis)
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14
Q

Colony stimulating factor (CSF)

A

stimulates the production of blood cells

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15
Q

Neutropenia

A

abnormally few neutrophils

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16
Q

Benign ethnic neutropenia

A

seen in people with african decent-> duffy mutation

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17
Q

Kostmann Syndrome

A

causes the lack of neutrophils-> neutrophils die alot-> ear, skin, respiratory infections

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18
Q

Felty syndrome

A

“super rheumatoid disease”-> rheumatoid arthritis as well as neutropenia and splenomegaly

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19
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A
  • EBV/HHV-4

- CMV/HHV-5

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20
Q

4 types of leukemia

A
  1. acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)-> adolescents
  2. acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-> adults
  3. chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) -> adults & most common, NK cells
  4. chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-> mostly adults
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21
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A
  • chromosome 9 and 22 switch portions

- CML

22
Q

Leukemia

A

begins in bone marrow

23
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • NHL: more common and life threatening; humoral

- HL: more predictable; cell mediated

24
Q

What are Reed-Sternberg cells?

A
  • Large leukocytes found in the superficial cortex of lymph nodes
  • Hodgkin lymphoma
25
Q

What is multiple myeloma and what causes it

A

cancer that originates in the plasma cells

26
Q

What is an M-spike and Bence Jones proteins?

A

M-spike: number of gamma globulins found in the blood plasma

Bence Jones: small partially formed gamma globulins-> filtered in urine

27
Q

Symptoms of multiple myeloma

A

bone pain, frequent infections, constipation, loss of appetite

28
Q

Naturally occurring anticoagulants

A

antithrombin III, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), Prostacyclin, Nitric Oxide (NO), and ADPase

29
Q

tPA

A

converts plasminogen into plasmin

removes clots

30
Q

coumadin and warfarin and heparin

A
  • Coumadin or Warfarin: inhibits clotting factors (vit K)

- Heparin: increase antithrombin III

31
Q

Vitamin K

A

Needed for clotting factor VII (extrinsic)

32
Q

PT and INR (extrinsinc)

A
  • PT: test to see how fast you clot

- INR: how it is measured, (your INR/ regular INR)

33
Q

aPTT

A

measures intrinsic pathway

34
Q

Hemophilia

A

A: deficiency in factor VIII
B: deficiency in factor IX

35
Q

Factor V deficiency vs Factor V Leiden

A

Deficiency: not enough factor V
Leiden: Protein C cannot be broken down

36
Q

Von Willebrand Disease

A

Type 1: deficiency-> treatment DDVAP-> 3 to 5 times vWF

Type 2: not a deficiency but vWF is not functional

37
Q

DIC -> Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

abnormal activation of clotting factors throughout the body (infections, cancers)

38
Q

Thrombocytosis vs Thrombocytopenia

A
  • High platelet count

- Low platelet count

39
Q

ITP, HIT and HITT, TTP, HUS

A
  • ITP: autoimmune disease that destroys thrombocytes
  • HIT: antibodies against heparin (low platelets)
  • HITT: thrombosis-> stroke
  • TTP: platelets excessively activated
  • HUS: helmet cells, excessive platelets
40
Q

Iron

A
  • Iron 2: active form

- Ferric Iron: iron 3

41
Q

Hematocrit

A

packed red blood cells.

42
Q

Mean corpuscular volume or MCV

A

measures size of red blood cells

43
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration or MCHC

A

concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells-> pale RBC’s

44
Q

two forms of dietary iron

A
  1. first is heme iron or iron that is found in the porphyrin ring of the heme molecule
  2. non-heme iron or ferric iron (Fe3+) and is less readily absorbed than heme iron
45
Q

Hepcidin, Transferrin and Ferritin

A

Hepcidin: prevent the absorption of iron into the blood
Transferrin: recycled and used to make RBCs
Ferritin: storage form of iron

46
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

vitamin B-12(cobalamin)(binds to intrinsic factor) deficiency or a folic acid deficiency

47
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

abnormally high total red blood cell count with a hematocrit greater than 50%

48
Q

Lipids

A
  • Chylomicron: plasma lipoproteins
  • VLDL, LDL, IDL: very low or low density lipoprotein
  • HDL: high density lipoprotein
49
Q

Difference between Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

A

Pre: sudden spike in blood pressure
Eclamp: more severe and can include seizures or coma

50
Q

Rheumatoid heart disease

A

Because of molecular mimicry

Pathophysiology (10 decks)

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