FINAL

Question 1

What are defensins?

Answer 1

“defense” peptides. Attracted to the phospholipids of pathogen and forms pores that disrupt intracellular compartment and kills pathogen

Question 2

Steps recognition, recruitment, removal, and repair

Answer 2

• Recognition: macrophages and mast cells recognize and release IL-1
• Recruitment: complement activated activating vasodilation and recruiting t cells
• Removal: phagocytosis on pathogens
• Repair: WBCs stimulate fibrin, collagen, and fibroblasts

Question 3

Know the resident macrophages

Answer 3

o Microglial Cells (CNS)
o Dust Cells (AKA alveolar macrophages in the lungs)
o Langerhans (skin)
o Kupffer cells (liver)

Question 4

DAMPS and PAMPS

Answer 4

• DAMPS: receptors on damaged cells

- PAMPS: on pathogens with things like peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, etc.

Question 5

Cytokine and Chemokine

Answer 5

• Cytokine: cell signaling; generates immune responses

- Chemokines: attracts leukocytes

Question 6

Histamine and serotonin

Answer 6

Both cause vasodilation and come from mast cells

-Histamine causes inflammation

Question 7

Anticholinergics

Answer 7

Effect first line defense: decreased saliva and decrease stomach acid

Question 8

How do changes in BCOP and ICOP contribute to edema?

Answer 8

decrease in BCOP and increase in ICOP = accumulation of fluid

Question 9

“Arachidonic Acid Metabolites”

Answer 9

prostaglandins and leukotrienes-> eicosanoids-> inflammation

Question 10

Complement System

Answer 10

1. Classical
2. Lectin
3. Alternative

Question 11

MALT->Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Answer 11

initiates immune responses to specific antigens encountered along all mucosal surfaces

Question 12

Haptens

Answer 12

molecules are too small and have to be paired with something else-> penicillin

Question 13

Types of Hypersensitivity

Answer 13

1. Type I: Allergies and anaphylaxis
2. Type II: Antibody-> specific to one type of organ (myasthenia gravis) (graves disease)
3. Type III: Immune complex-> antibody and antigen bind activating complement pathways (rheumatoid arthritis)
4. Type IV: Delayed-> cell mediated (contact dermatitis)

Question 14

Colony stimulating factor (CSF)

Answer 14

stimulates the production of blood cells

Question 15

Neutropenia

Answer 15

abnormally few neutrophils

Question 16

Benign ethnic neutropenia

Answer 16

seen in people with african decent-> duffy mutation

Question 17

Kostmann Syndrome

Answer 17

causes the lack of neutrophils-> neutrophils die alot-> ear, skin, respiratory infections

Question 18

Felty syndrome

Answer 18

“super rheumatoid disease”-> rheumatoid arthritis as well as neutropenia and splenomegaly

Question 19

Infectious Mononucleosis

Answer 19

• EBV/HHV-4

- CMV/HHV-5

Question 20

4 types of leukemia

Answer 20

1. acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)-> adolescents
2. acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-> adults
3. chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) -> adults & most common, NK cells
4. chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-> mostly adults

Question 21

Philadelphia chromosome

Answer 21

• chromosome 9 and 22 switch portions

- CML

Question 22

Leukemia

Answer 22

begins in bone marrow

Question 23

Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 23

• NHL: more common and life threatening; humoral

- HL: more predictable; cell mediated

Question 24

What are Reed-Sternberg cells?

Answer 24

• Large leukocytes found in the superficial cortex of lymph nodes
• Hodgkin lymphoma

Question 25

What is multiple myeloma and what causes it

Answer 25

cancer that originates in the plasma cells

Question 26

What is an M-spike and Bence Jones proteins?

Answer 26

M-spike: number of gamma globulins found in the blood plasma | Bence Jones: small partially formed gamma globulins-> filtered in urine

Question 27

Symptoms of multiple myeloma

Answer 27

bone pain, frequent infections, constipation, loss of appetite

Question 28

Naturally occurring anticoagulants

Answer 28

antithrombin III, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), Prostacyclin, Nitric Oxide (NO), and ADPase

Question 29

tPA

Answer 29

converts plasminogen into plasmin | removes clots

Question 30

coumadin and warfarin and heparin

Answer 30

- Coumadin or Warfarin: inhibits clotting factors (vit K) | - Heparin: increase antithrombin III

Question 31

Vitamin K

Answer 31

Needed for clotting factor VII (extrinsic)

Question 32

PT and INR (extrinsinc)

Answer 32

- PT: test to see how fast you clot | - INR: how it is measured, (your INR/ regular INR)

Question 33

aPTT

Answer 33

measures intrinsic pathway

Question 34

Hemophilia

Answer 34

A: deficiency in factor VIII B: deficiency in factor IX

Question 35

Factor V deficiency vs Factor V Leiden

Answer 35

Deficiency: not enough factor V Leiden: Protein C cannot be broken down

Question 36

Von Willebrand Disease

Answer 36

Type 1: deficiency-> treatment DDVAP-> 3 to 5 times vWF | Type 2: not a deficiency but vWF is not functional

Question 37

DIC -> Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Answer 37

abnormal activation of clotting factors throughout the body (infections, cancers)

Question 38

Thrombocytosis vs Thrombocytopenia

Answer 38

- High platelet count | - Low platelet count

Question 39

ITP, HIT and HITT, TTP, HUS

Answer 39

- ITP: autoimmune disease that destroys thrombocytes - HIT: antibodies against heparin (low platelets) - HITT: thrombosis-> stroke - TTP: platelets excessively activated - HUS: helmet cells, excessive platelets

Question 40

Iron

Answer 40

- Iron 2: active form | - Ferric Iron: iron 3

Question 41

Hematocrit

Answer 41

packed red blood cells.

Question 42

Mean corpuscular volume or MCV

Answer 42

measures size of red blood cells

Question 43

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration or MCHC

Answer 43

concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells-> pale RBC's

Question 44

two forms of dietary iron

Answer 44

1. first is heme iron or iron that is found in the porphyrin ring of the heme molecule 2. non-heme iron or ferric iron (Fe3+) and is less readily absorbed than heme iron

Question 45

Hepcidin, Transferrin and Ferritin

Answer 45

Hepcidin: prevent the absorption of iron into the blood Transferrin: recycled and used to make RBCs Ferritin: storage form of iron

Question 46

Megaloblastic anemia

Answer 46

vitamin B-12(cobalamin)(binds to intrinsic factor) deficiency or a folic acid deficiency

Question 47

What is polycythemia?

Answer 47

abnormally high total red blood cell count with a hematocrit greater than 50%

Question 48

Lipids

Answer 48

- Chylomicron: plasma lipoproteins - VLDL, LDL, IDL: very low or low density lipoprotein - HDL: high density lipoprotein

Question 49

Difference between Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

Answer 49

Pre: sudden spike in blood pressure Eclamp: more severe and can include seizures or coma

Question 50

Rheumatoid heart disease

Answer 50

Because of molecular mimicry