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Therio > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

4 signs of pregnancy?

A
  1. Membrane slip
  2. Amniotic vesicles
  3. Fetus
  4. Placentomes
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2
Q

What can you detect >30 days?

A

Fluctuance, membrane slip

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3
Q

What can you detect 35-60 days?

A

amniotic vesicle

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4
Q

What can you detect >65 days?

A

fetus

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5
Q

What can you detect >90 days?

A

placentomes

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6
Q

What is fremitus and when do you detect it?

A

vibration on palpation due to hypertrophy of middle uterine artery. Occurs around 4 months of gestation.

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7
Q

What do you do if you see twins in cows?

A

DO NOT crush, this will harm both! Monitor because cow likely to undergo dystocia, milk fever or metritis

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8
Q

What is 99% effective in identifying open cows?

A

P4

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9
Q

What is associated with viral infection, has no bacterial contamination or endometrial inflammation?

A

fetal mummification

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10
Q

What is associated with infection, bones remain & endometrial inflammation present?

A

Fetal maceration

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11
Q

Between uterine and vaginal prolapse, which one requires a purse string suture?

A

vaginal prolapse; not part of question but can also use purse string for rectal prolapse.

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12
Q

When should you induce parturition in cow?

A

> 282 days. Do so with prostaglandin + dexamethasone

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13
Q

What are the stages of labor?

A
  1. Dilation
  2. Expulsion
  3. Expulsion of fetal membrane
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14
Q

Dilation phase

A

oDuration: 2-6 hr
oOccurrence: cervical dilation starts & uterine contractions begin
oSigns: cow is restless & isolates with raised tail
oCalf rotates to upright position

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15
Q

Expulsion phase

A
  • Duration: 15-90 minutes (avg. 45 min.)
  • Occurrence: rupture of chorioallantois & protrusion of amniotic sac (interval b/w ruptures is 15 minutes)
  • Signs: Fetus enters birth canal (steps occur in 15-minute intervals)
  • 1st: front feet & head protrude
  • 2nd: shoulders protrude
  • 3rd: calf delivered
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16
Q

What labor stage has is there a difference between 1st calving and mature cow?

A

Dilation phase

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17
Q

Expulsion of fetal membrane stage

A
  • Duration: 2-12 hrs.
  • > 12 hr. means retained fetal membrane (retained placenta)
  • Immune system produces proteases that breakdown collagen
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18
Q

What are the main causes of dystocia? (5)

A 
Fetopelvic disproportion
Abnormal PPP
Twins
Fetal monsters
Other: weather/metabolic
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19
Q

What are the cardinal rules of obstetrics?

A

Cleanliness & lubrication

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20
Q

Eutocia

A

Presentation-
longitudinal: anterior or posterior

Position- Dorso-sacral

Posture- Normal

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21
Q

Anterior presentation: Alive vs Dead

A

Swallow reflex, pedal reflex, blinking reflex

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22
Q

Posterior presentation: Alive vs. Dead

A

pedal reflex, anal reflex or pulsating umbilical cord

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23
Q

How much colostrum should calves have?

A

10% body weight within 1-2 hr of calving (3-4 L)

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24
Q

Fertilization failure

A

interferes with semen & oocyte for actual fertilization to occur. (5-15%)

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25
Q

Early embryonic death

A

loss of embryo (<42 days of gestation) 15-30%

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26
Q

Abortion

A

expelling fetus before normal parturition- before full term (42-260 days of gestation)

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27
Q

Stillborn

A

viable animal that dies close to parturition or 24-48 hours after birth. (260 day- 24-48 hours after birth)
o Classified as antemortem death & death post parturition

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28
Q

What is major cause of abortion in dairy cows?

A

Neospora caninum

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29
Q

Of the lepto spp. which are most concerning for abotion in cattle in the 3rd trimester?

A

Pomona (incidental), Hardjo (maintenance)

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30
Q

Most common cause of infertility in canines?

A

improper timing of breeding

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31
Q

When does the bitch ovulate?

A

24-28 hours after LH peak

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32
Q

When is the bitch most fertile?

A

4-6 days after LH peak

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33
Q

Time of parturition from onset of cytological diestrus in the bitch?

A

57+/- 1 day

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34
Q

When should you breed the bitch?

A

4-6 days after lH peak

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35
Q

What do the P4 values mean?

A

 2-2.9 ng/mL: LH peak occurs
 4-10 ng/mL: ovulating (all other spp. would be out of heat/post ovulation)
 >10 finished ovulating

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36
Q

What is the 2-2-2-2 rule?

A

When progesterone is 2 ng/mL (assume LH peak), 2 days later she will ovulate, breed 2 days later & breed again 2 days later

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37
Q

Time of parturition from LH peak in the bitch?

A

65 +/-1 days from peak

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38
Q

What is unique to canine cylce?

A

P4 rises before ovulation, as does LH & FSH

- in other animals, P4 rises after ovulation!

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39
Q

Vaginal cytology is used for ovulation timing or to ID when she is most fertile? True/False

A

False, just helps ID where bitch is in cycle.

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40
Q

What indicates the onset of cytological diestrus?

A

sharp transition from cornification to non-cornification + neutrophils

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41
Q

What is the feline & canine placenta type?

A

endothelial, zonary & deciduate

- feline do not have uteroverdin

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42
Q

Relaxin

A

used to diagnose pregnancy (dog & cats), produced by placenta
- check once at 28 days post LH peak

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43
Q

When should you take rads?

A

the last week to 10 days of gestation! (45 days to see calcification and 61 for teeth)

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44
Q

Gestation Length (Dog)

A

65+/-1 LH peak
57+/- post diestrus cytology
57-72 days from 1 breeding
- whelp within 1 day of body temp drop (99)

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45
Q

When is it appropriate to supplement calcium for a bitch?

A

whelping and lactation! NOT Pregnancy!

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46
Q

Canine herpes virus

A

o Causes: mummies, abortion, stillborn & premature delivery

- Pathognomonic- spotted kidneys on neonatal puppy

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47
Q

Avg. length of gestation for cat?

A

65-67 days

48
Q

When can you detect palpable pregnancy in a dog and cat?

A

Dog: 1 mo post LH/ovulation
Cat:>2 wks gestation

49
Q

What days can you see fetal heart beat in dog and cats?

A

dog- 25 days post LH peak

cat- 16 days

50
Q

When can you see calcification on radiographs for cat?

A

38-43 days gestation to see calcification,

molars at 56-63 days

51
Q

What is mammary gland hypertrophy?

A
  • Affect young queens, under progesterone influence that can develop gland hypertrophy
  • Treat for mastitis & decrease progesterone- spay to remove ovaries or prostaglandin injections
52
Q

What are the whelping stages for canine?

A
  1. Preparation
  2. Fetal expulsion phase: active labor; see uteroverdin during delivery
    a. Often puppy get stuck down the vestibule (need manual assistance)
  3. Placental passage
53
Q

Dystocia rules: Stage 1 & 2

A

Stage 1 >4 hr

Stage 2>4 hr no pup or hard contractions >30 min

54
Q

What does frank vulvar hemorrhage mean during parturition?

A

uterine laceration

55
Q

What does green vulvar discharge mean during parutition?

A

suggest abortion (meaning placental separation!)

56
Q

What is uterine inertia?

A

inability of uterine muscle to contract (even with oxytocin!)

  • Primary: vagina & passage fine, but instead is hypocalcemic or singleton pup syndrome
  • Secondary: has obstruction and can’t push adequately! DONT USE OXYTOCIN with obstruction!
57
Q

What happens if you if oxytocin administer with obstruction?

A

Uterine laceration

58
Q

What are three forms of fetal oversize?

A

singleton litters and hydrocephalus (water on brain) or anasarca (edema over puppy bodies & can’t pass- common in bull dogs with unknown reason)

59
Q

Breech position

A

presenting butt first with no front or hind limbs entering the birth canal.

60
Q

Oxytocin

A

2-5 u for average dog (SQ or IM) every 30 minutes

  • after 3 doses not whelping–> c section
  • if is whelping continue until litter out!
  • ** DO NOT GIVE WITH OBSTRUCTION***

+/- calcium gluconate to improve oxytocin efficiency

61
Q

What RX should you avoid during a C-section?

A

Ketamine, Xylazine, Methoxyflurane, Acepromazine

62
Q

What does meconium staining mean?

A

puppy stained yellow, indicates puppy had in-utero diarrhea-indicates fetal distress
- Recommend antibiotics in case of meconium aspiration

63
Q

How long does whelping take?

A

30 minutes/puppy

64
Q

When are you ready for a C-section?

A

puppies can be taken out 2 days before due date!

  • P4 <2.0 ng/mL
  • Fetal HR <180
  • give corticosteroids for final fetal lung & gut maturation*
65
Q

Fetal resuscitation

A 
o	Vigorous rubbing- stimulate breathing
o	Airway- suction 
o	Breathing- supplement O2. 
o	Circulation
* NO SWINGING*
66
Q

Agalactia

A

lack of milk production or let-down.

- Can use acepromazine to facilitate let down!

67
Q

What is the normal uterine involution for a canine?

A

3 mo + non odorous lochia discharge (4-6wk)

68
Q

Hypocalcemia or Eclampsia

A

affects small breed with multiple puppies later in lactation:

  • Occur 1-4 weeks postpartum
  • Signs: nervous, seizures, dilated pupils & death
  • TX: IV calcium (slowly) & supplementation
69
Q

What flora can you find in prebreeding culture (dog)?

A

Staph, strep, e.coli & pasturella

70
Q

What is the most effective/ reliable method of diagnosing vaginal strictures/stenosis or tissue bands?

A

digital examination

71
Q

Why is AMH measured?

A

determine if gonad (intact/remnant ovary or crytorchid) present. * must be post-pubertal age*

72
Q

How long is bleeding normal?

A

<8 weeks

- can have ovarian cyst, GCT or exogenous estrogen that can cause bleeding to be greater than 8 weeks (proestrus/estrus)

73
Q

What is source of AMH in females?

A

Ovarian granulosa cells

74
Q

What is source of AMH in males?

A

testicular sertoli cells

75
Q

When does P2 rise in cats?

A

post ovulation!

76
Q

What are the three sperm fractions for canines?

A

prostatic (1,3) & sperm rich

77
Q

What is the correct scrotal orientation for a dog?

A

tail of epididymis toward tail (caudal)

78
Q

Azoospermia

A

Ejaculation of seminal fluid

that does not contain sperm

79
Q

Oligospermia

A

Low total number of sperm

80
Q

Teratozoospermia

A

Decreased percentage

of morphologically normal sperm

81
Q

Asthenozoospermia

A

Progressive motility

of less than 70%

82
Q

Did you get a complete ejaculate?

A

Can check for alkaline phosphatase from epididymis; if you got all 3 fractions should be high
o 1 fraction or bilateral obstruction= low ALP

83
Q

Gestation length for sow?

A

3 mo, 3 weeks, 3 days

estrous cycle last 21 days

84
Q

When is the best time to breed sows?

A

12-36 hours after start of standing heats, because have highest fertility

85
Q

Do you prefer vaginal insemination for a sow?

A

NO, instead use cervical, uterine body, post cervical or deep horn insemination.

86
Q

AI technique in sow & volume

A
  • Optimal dose: 2-5 x109 motile sperm in 80-100 mL SLOWLY (don’t want back flow)
  • Inseminate: 12 hr. from start of standing heat & re-inseminate 6-16 hrs. later.
87
Q

What is a bacteria causing major reproductive failure in sows? * hint- reportable/ zoonotic*

A

Brucella suis

88
Q

What is #1 virus affecting pig population (swine industry enemy)?

A

o Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

89
Q

Do you get abortions with porcine parvovirus?

A

NO, it is a reproductive disease but mainly observe SMEDI- Stillbirth, mummified fetuses, embryonic death & infertility

90
Q

If you take blood to measure P4 at 100 days in ewe, what would the value be?

A

Low, because luteoplacental shift at gestation day 60, where CL regresses & placenta takes over~ take blood at day 100 won’t see progesterone

91
Q

Of this spp. which is not CL dependent to term?

Goat, sheep, dog, cat

A

Sheep

92
Q

What is Biopryn?

A

Pregnancy specific protein B found in ruminant placenta used to detect pregnancy.
- done when >30 GD

93
Q

inducing parturition in sheep

A

Induce when >142 GD with glucocorticoids (dexamethasone)~ parturition will occur 36-48 hr.

94
Q

inducing parturition in goats

A
  • Induction use glucocorticoids (>140 days)
  • Prostaglandin (>144 GD)
  • combination (dex first, then PGD-2a 24 hrs. later) & parturition should occur 32-36 hrs. later
95
Q

What is a major cause of reduced fertility in rams?

A

Epididymitis: lamb & ram (ram is reportable)

96
Q

What opportunistic bacteria causes lamb epididymitis?

A

Ascending infection caused mostly by actinobacilius seminis or histophilus somni

97
Q

Other terms for balanoposthitis

A

“pizzle rot” or enzootic posthitis

98
Q

What bacteria is associated with balanoposthitis?

A

Corynebacterium renale- produces urease that breaks urea from high protein diet into ammonia.

99
Q

When to intervene in dystocia for small ruminant?

A

30-30-30 rule
- Kidding started (placenta/fetal part); wait 30 minutes, if no problem, wait an additional 30 minutes before assisting with delivery. Also, wait 30 minutes between each kid!

100
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia in small ruminant?

A

head in lateral flexion or forelimb with carpal/elbow flexion

101
Q

When is fetal membrane considered retained in small ruminant?

A

> 12-18 hr

TX: normally nothing (Can give prostaglandin +/- abx)

102
Q

Of the infectious causes of abortion in Small ruminant, which is reportable & zoonotic?

A

Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)

- Toxoplasmosis, Campylobacterosis are only zoonotic

103
Q

How do you induce ovulation in camelids

A

Vasectomized male, GnRH, hCG, seminal plasma injection (IM)

104
Q

When can you perform AI in camelids?

A
  • before ovulation (22-24 hr. after induction of ovulation) more convenient & feasible
  • after ovulation (w/i 2 hr. after ovulation detected)
105
Q

Where is camelid pregnancy located (right or left horn)?

A

Left horn & will only be one fetus ( no twins)

106
Q

Where do you look for camelid pregnancy transabdominally?

A
  • 60-90 days of gestation: check left side

- >90 days: right side

107
Q

What type of follicle is common in cows and horses?

A

Cow: cystic follicle
Horse: hemorrhagic follicle

108
Q

How is a mucometra different in a camelid than in small ruminant?

A

Small ruminant- associated with CL

Camelid- associated with vaginal aplasia ( no contact between uterus and vagina so secretions trapped)

109
Q

What are the common camelid culture organisms?

A

there is no predominant organism so may be: streptococcus, E. coli, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Bacteroides & Fusobacterium necrophorum

110
Q

What is the testosterone concentration for a camelid?

A

testosterone concentration (900-2450 pg/mL), which concentration correlates with testicular size.

111
Q

Periparturient problem in camelids?

A

Uterine torsion occurring after 9 mo gestation.

112
Q

What is the most common uterine torsion in camelids?

A

caudal to cervix- can detect with vaginal speculum and manual palpation.

113
Q

What is the most common uterine torsion in cows?

A

cows have torsion caudal to cervix

114
Q

What is the most common uterine torsion in horses?

A

horses have torsion cranial to cervix

115
Q

What is the main cause of dystocia?

A

caused by lateral flexion of head (70%) & posterior position or dorso-pubic position (30%)

116
Q

When should you intervene with dystocia in camelid?

A

Stage 1 >6 hr.

Stage 2 >2 hr.

Therio (1 decks)

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