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Geog 311 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

4 main causes of persistent poverty

A
  • unsupportive policy environment and weak implementation capacity
  • failure of economic reforms to lead to sustainable growth
  • budgetary allocation patterns biased against properly target and poverty focused interventions
  • poor access to real assets due to unfavorable land ownership laws and unfavorable land tenure system
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2
Q

3 ways poverty is measured

A

human development index
gender development index
gender empowerment measure

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3
Q

human development index

A

based on life expectancy, infant mortality, nutrition and literacy, etc
expressed as variables: longevity index, knowledge index, and standard of life index

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4
Q

gender development index

A

uses same variables as HDI and measures for disparities between genders
greater disparities mean lower GDI

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5
Q

gender empowerment measure

A

measures disparities between men and women in political and economic participation and decision making using relevant variables
reveals inequalities of opportunities

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6
Q

author suggestions for poverty reduction

A

create separate HDIs for specific groups based on gender, race, age, income status, etc

would give more detail about human deprivation in each country

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7
Q

water resource in colonial period

A
  • infrastructure developed by colonial powers oriented toward cities and elites
  • inadequate funding for water infrastructure
  • overlooked indigenous water knowledge, watershed management, water values, and water justice issues
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8
Q

colonial water resources

-infrastructure developed by colonial powers oriented toward cities and elites

A
  • uneven, reflected concern for protecting the health and spatial planning of Europeans
  • projects generated from African natural resources
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9
Q

colonial water resources

-inadequate funding for water infrastructure

A
  • poor governance and corruption in many states

- led to international financial institutions to support water privatization

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10
Q

water privatization

A
  • private companies raise money to fund new infrastructure for areas with little coverage and inefficient infrastructure
  • allowed powerful international corporations to enter African water market
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11
Q

water resource in post-colonial period

A
  • African urban areas ill equipped to deal with rapid urbanization
  • large water footprints
  • African governments continue to embrace western model of privatization
  • women and girls adversely affected
  • water sachet and ga’ruwa
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12
Q

post-colonial water resources

-large water footprints

A

inefficiencies and water waste causes cities to draw on water from near and far

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13
Q

post-colonial water resource

-African governments continue to embrace western model of privatization

A
  • land and water grabbing

- hydrocolonialism: control of an area by controlling the water supply

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14
Q

post-colonial water resource

-water sachet and ga’ruwa

A

African informal water economy entrepreneurs

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15
Q

why is water scarcity not a natural phenomenon?

A
  • colonial origins
  • high costs
  • population growth
  • factors beyond nature
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16
Q

unnatural water scarcity

-colonial origins

A

poor infrastructure planning

17
Q

unnatural water scarcity

-high costs

A
  • movement expensive and difficult

- shrinking water bodies due to deforestation and desertification

18
Q

unnatural water scarcity

–population growth

A
  • rapid urbanization and increased poverty

- lack of resources

19
Q

unnatural water scarcity

-factors beyond nature

A
  • agricultural production uses 85% of water withdrawal from continent; 70% of water used for irrigation is lost
  • higher standards of living
  • competition between sectors
20
Q

virtual water definition

A
  • complex interactions among water, commodities, and long distance trade
  • used to examine volume of freshwater needed to produce a product
  • considers international travels of water that is found in communities
21
Q

virtual water components

A
  • most of African water footprint accounted for by market produce, like meat
  • involves inequitable transfers from poor and water scarce rural areas to wealthy urban centers
22
Q

virtual water in crisis management

A
  • long term national security implications

- consider global consumption patterns and water footprints

23
Q

door to door water delivery system of Niger

A
  • ga’ruwa water sellers - men, usually refugees or men looking for work far from home (demeaning but necessary work) with standpipe managers)
  • sold in plastic containers using carts
  • little household water is available
  • apprenticeships because clients rely on relationships
24
Q

regional forces of ga’ruwa water selling

A
  • informal economy workers

- key social service for Nigeriens

25
Q

global forces of ga’ruwa water selling

A
  • commodification of water
  • use of modern appliances
  • leads to expanding inequality and water poverty (excludes women and uses consumption style as marker of class)
26
Q

5 reasons Africa is a net importer of food

A
  • poorly developed agricultural sector under colonialism
  • food production vulnerable to bad weather
  • low proportion of land under irrigation
  • poorly developed transportation networks
  • 23% of produce lost or wasted
27
Q

net importer

-poorly developed agricultural sector under colonialism

A

focus on minerals, forests, and tropical stimulants for European use

28
Q

net importer

-food production vulnerable to bad weather

A

95% of crops are rain fed

29
Q

net importer

-low proportion of land under irrigation

A

farmers struggle to find water for crops

30
Q

net importer

-poorly developed transportation networks

A

deficient road systems

31
Q

net importer

-23% of produce lost or wasted

A

spills, spoils, bruises or wilting

32
Q

foreign investment and global agri-food industry roles in Africa as net importer of food

A

-contemporary African land grab
land profitable when bundled with water rights or access to marine resources
-African motivation to seize investment
promise of new infrastructure
catalyze economic development and alleviate agricultural investment gap

33
Q

food security definition

A

economic and physical access to food, food self-sufficiency, security of access, and sustained access over a long period

34
Q

difficulties defining food security

A
  • food security and insecurity used interchangeably
  • food security and self-sufficiency used interchangeably
  • employed at household, local, national and regional levels
35
Q

3 conditions of food insecure regions

A
  • famine early warning systems (several different methods of measurement)
  • household income levels determine security (more than 50% of all secure households are in the highest income category)
  • lived poverty index
36
Q

lived poverty index

A

reliable, self-reported, multidimensional measure of deprivation based on how often a household reports food or living insecurities

37
Q

overlooked elements of food insecurity

A
  • immediate threat to food security is not availability but access
  • ignores predominantly urban transition
  • focus on small farmer production to alleviate poverty and hunger
38
Q

why food aid is problematic

A
  • produces unnecessary surplus
  • started as charity and is now a big business
  • dependency created (power imbalances, uneven distribution to countries and between urban and rural areas)
  • sometimes used as political means by African governments and international donors

Geog 311 (1 decks)

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